Fig. 15-00

Fig. 15-01a

Precambrian

Common ancestor toall present-day life

Origin ofEarth

Earth cool enoughfor crust to solidify

Oldest prokaryotic fossils

Atmospheric oxygenbegins to appear dueto photosyntheticprokaryotes

Millions of years ago4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500

Fig. 15-01b

Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

Bacteria

Archaea

Plants

Fungi

Animals

Pro

ka

ryote

sE

uk

ary

ote

s

Pro

tists

Oldest eukaryoticfossils

Origin ofmulticellularorganisms

Oldestanimalfossils

Plants andsymbiotic fungicolonize land

Extinction ofdinosaurs

First humans

Millions of years ago

Cambrianexplosion

2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0

Fig. 15-02Humans

Origin of solarsystem and Earth

1 4

0

2 3

Present

Animals

Colonizof land

ation

Mu

lti

euka

r

cellu

lar

yotes

Sing

euka

r

cel

yote

s

le-

led

Atmo

oxyspheric gen

Bilarsons of

ago

yeli ka

ryo

tes

Pro

Fig. 15-03

Fig. 15-04

Stanley Miller re-creatinghis 1953 experiment

Miller and Urey’s experiment

“Sea”

H2O

Sample forchemical analysis

Cooled watercontaining organicmolecules

Cold water

Condenser

Electrode

“Atmosphere”

Water vaporCH4

NH3 H2

Fig. 15-04a

Stanley Miller re-creating his1953 experiment

Fig. 15-04b

Miller and Urey’s experiment

“Sea”

H2O

Sample forchemical analysis

Cooled watercontaining organicmolecules

Cold water

Condenser

Water vaporCH4

NH3 H2 Electrode

“Atmosphere”

Fig. 15-05

Original “gene”

ComplementaryRNA chain

Fig. 15-06

Fig. 15-07

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-08

SHAPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Spherical (cocci) Rod-shaped (bacilli) Spiral

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Fig. 15-08a

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-08b

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-08c

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Fig. 15-09

(a) Actinomycete (b) Cyanobacteria (c) Giant bacterium

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

LM

LM

Fig. 15-09a

(a) Actinomycete

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-09b

(b) Cyanobacteria

LM

Fig. 15-09c

(c) Giant bacterium

LM

Fig. 15-10

Plasmamembrane

Cell wall

Rotary movement ofeach flagellum

Flagellum

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Fig. 15-11

Endospore

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-12

MODES OF NUTRITION

Light Chemical

ChemoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs

Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs

Energy source

Elodea, an aquatic plant

Rhodopseudomonas Little Owl (Athene noctua)

Bacteria from a hot spring

Org

anic

co

mp

ou

nd

s

Car

bo

n s

ou

rce

CO

2

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Fig. 15-12a

Fig. 15-12b

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Fig. 15-12c

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Fig. 15-12d

Fig. 15-13

(a) Salt-loving archaea (b) Heat-loving archaea

Fig. 15-13a

(a) Salt-loving archaea

Fig. 15-13b

(b) Heat-loving archaea

Fig. 15-14

Haemophilusinfluenzae

Cells of nasallining

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-15

“Bull’s-eye” rash

Tick that carries theLyme disease bacterium

Spirochete that causesLyme disease

SE

M

Fig. 15-15a

“Bull’s-eye” rash

Fig. 15-15b

Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium

Fig. 15-15c

Fig. 15-15d

Spirochete that causes Lyme disease

SE

M

Fig. 15-16

Fig. 15-17

Liquid wastes Outflow

Rotatingspray arm

Rock bed coatedwith aerobicprokaryotes andfungi

Fig. 15-18

Fig. 15-19

Fig. 15-20

(a) Origin of the endomembrane system (b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Plasmamembrane

Ancestralprokaryote

DNA

Cytoplasm

Endoplasmicreticulum

Membraneinfolding

Nucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Cell with nucleus andendomembrane system

Photosyntheticeukaryotic cell

Photosyntheticprokaryote

Aerobicheterotrophicprokaryote

Endosymbiosis(Some cells)

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Fig. 15-20a

(a) Origin of the endomembrane system

Plasmamembrane

Ancestralprokaryote

DNA

Cytoplasm

Endoplasmicreticulum

Membraneinfolding

Nucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Cell with nucleus andendomembrane system

Fig. 15-20b

(b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Photosyntheticeukaryotic cell

Photosyntheticprokaryote

Aerobicheterotrophicprokaryote

Endosymbiosis(Some cells)

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Fig. 15-21

A flagellate: Giardia

A foram An apicomplexan A ciliate

An amoebaAnother flagellate: trypanosomes

Food beingingested

Pseudopodiumof amoeba

RedbloodcellL

M

TE

M

LM

LM

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Apical complex Cilia

Oralgroove

Fig. 15-21a

A flagellate: Giardia

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-21b

Another flagellate: trypanosomes

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-21c

An amoeba

LM

Fig. 15-21d

A foram

LM

Fig. 15-21e

An apicomplexan

TE

M

Fig. 15-21f

A ciliate

LM

Fig. 15-22

Fig. 15-23

LM

Amoeboidcells

Slug-like colony

Reproductivestructure

Fig. 15-23a

LM

Fig. 15-23b

Fig. 15-23c

Fig. 15-24

(a) A dinoflagellate, with its wallof protective plates

(c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellulargreen alga with a pair of flagella

(b) A sample of diverse diatoms,which have glossy walls

(d) Volvox, a colonial green alga

Co

lori

zed

SE

MS

EM

LM

LM

Fig. 15-24a

(a) A dinoflagellate, with its wall of protective plates

SE

M

Fig. 15-24b

(b) A sample of diverse diatoms, which have glossy walls

LM

Fig. 15-24c

(c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga with a pair of flagella

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 15-24d

(d) Volvox, a colonial green alga

LM

Fig. 15-25

Green algae Red algae Brown algae

Fig. 15-25a

Green algae

Fig. 15-25b

Red algae

Fig. 15-25c

Brown algae

Fig. 15-26-1

Unicellularprotist

Colony

Fig. 15-26-2

Unicellularprotist

Colony

Locomotorcells

Food-synthesizingcells

Early multicellular organismwith specialized, interdependent cells

Fig. 15-26-3

Unicellularprotist

Colony

Locomotorcells

Food-synthesizingcells

Early multicellular organismwith specialized, interdependent cells

Later organism withgametes and somatic cells

Somaticcells

Gamete

Fig. 15-UN01

Bacteria

Archaea

Prokaryotes

Eukarya

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

Fig. 15-UN02

Bacteria

Archaea

Prokaryotes

Eukarya

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

Fig. 15-UN03

Major episode Millions of years ago

All major animal phyla established

Plants and fungi colonize land

Origin of Earth

First multicellular organismsOldest eukaryotic fossils

Accumulation of O2 in atmosphereOldest prokaryotic fossils

5005301,2001,800

2,4003,5004,600

Fig. 15-UN04

Inorganic compounds

Abiotic synthesisof organic monomers

Abiotic synthesisof polymers

Formationof pre-cells

Self-replicatingmolecules

Membrane-enclosed compartment

Complementarychain

Polymer

Organic monomers

Fig. 15-UN05

Spherical Rod-shaped Spiral

Fig. 15-UN06

Nutritional Mode Energy Source Carbon Source

Photoautotroph

Chemoautotroph

Photoheterotroph

Chemoheterotroph

Sunlight

Inorganic chemicals

Sunlight

Organic compounds

CO2

Organic compounds

Fig. 15-UN07

Bacteria

Archaea

Prokaryotes

Eukarya

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

Fig. 15-UN08

Bacteria

Archaea

Prokaryotes

Eukarya

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals