Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases General Field Procedures ... · California quail, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297 Call, change in tone of 319 Canada goose aflatoxin poisoning

400 Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases: Birds

Index

AAcanthocephaliasis 189, 241–243Acanths, see AcanthocephaliasisAcaricides 285Acid precipitation 339Aflatoxicosis, see Aflatoxin poisoningAflatoxin poisoning 129, 260, 267–269Agricultural waste 131Air, gasping for 105Air sacs, cheesy plaques in 131–132Alachlor 285Albatross

plastic debris in stomach of 363tick paralysis in 258

Alcids, chlamydiosis in 111Aldicarb 285, 287, 292, 351Aldrin 295–297, 303Algacides 285Algal bloom 261, 263–264Algal toxins 261, 263–266Alkali poisoning, see Avian botulismAllergic disease 128All-terrain vehicle 21, 27

disinfection of 33transport of live animals in 64–65

American avocet, lead poisoning in 320American black duck

duck plague in 143sarcocystis in 220

American cootalgal toxin poisoning in 264aspergillosis in 130gizzard worms in 236lead poisoning in 320salmonellosis in 103trematodes in 251, 253

American egret, chlamydiosis in 112American goldeneye, avian pox in 163American goldfinch, mycoplasmosis in 115American kestrel

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296staphylococcosis in 123

American wigeonalgal toxin poisoning in 264nasal leeches in 245sarcocystis in 220

American woodcock, woodcock reovirus

disease in 185–186Amidostomiasis, see Gizzard wormsAmidostomum, see Gizzard wormsAmphibians, Eustrongylides in 223–224Analytical laboratories 371–372Anatoxin 263, 265Anemia 195, 207–208, 231, 257–258, 309–310Anesthesia

as chemical restraint 58euthanasia with inhalant anesthetics 50

Animal Care and Use Committees, institutional 54Animal containers 65–66Animal lists 19Animal marking 44, 61–63

criteria for 61–62professional and ethical considerations in 62–63

Animal population data 19, 22Animal release guidelines 70Animal relocation 32–34, 69Animal Welfare Act (1985) 53–54, 71Anoxia 344Antimycin 285Apapane, hemosporidiosis in 194, 196–197Appearance, unthrifty 95, 105, 208, 257Appetite, loss of 118, 154, 195, 223, 268Arbovirus 171Aroclor® 303, 305Arsenic 285Arthritis 107, 185Ascites 172Aspergillosis 96, 127–133Aspergillus, see AspergillosisAspergillus flavus, see Aflatoxin poisoningAspergillus niger 137Aspergillus parasiticus, see Aflatoxin poisoningAsper mycosis, see AspergillosisAsphyxiation 129Ataxia 172, 177, 290Atrazine 285Auk

avian cholera in 79oil toxicosis in 311

Avian botulism 4, 55, 74, 260, 271–281Avian cholera 74–92Avian diphtheria, see Avian poxAvian hemorrhagic septicemia, see Avian choleraAvian influenza 140, 181–184

Index 401

Avian malaria, see HemosporidiosisAvian pasteurellosis, see Avian choleraAvian pox 140, 163–169Avian trichomoniasis, see TrichomoniasisAvicides 285Avitrol® 285Azinphos-methyl 287

BBacillary white diarrhea, see SalmonellosisBacterial diseases 74Bald eagle

avian pox in 163, 165, 168barbiturate poisoning in 349–350chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296, 298cyanide poisoning in 342electrocution of 359eustrongylidiosis in 225herpesvirus disease in 159lead poisoning in 317, 319–321mercury poisoning in 338–339oil toxicosis in 314pesticide poisoning in 292scoliosis in 355, 367staphylococcosis in 123

Ballast waters 264Band-tailed pigeon, trichomoniasis in 201, 203Barbiturate poisoning 349–350, 353Barn owl, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296Barred owl, avian pox in 165Bay ducks

lead poisoning in 318oil toxicosis in 311

Bayluscide® 285Bean goose, heartworm of swans and geese in 234Beaver, tularemia in 124Behavior, altered 290Benzene hexachloride 303Beuthanasia-D Special® 51Bewick’s swan, heartworm of swans and geese in 234Big game, Pasteurella multocida in 77Bill

blood-stained 146cheesy lesions around 203discharge from 122, 319rapid opening and closing of 131scratching at 245

Bioaccumulation 295Biomagnification 295Biotoxins 260–261Bird banding activity 109, 123Bird feeding stations 100, 103–105, 107–109, 116, 119,

130–131, 164–165, 202–203, 206Birds of prey

acanthocephaliasis in 242avian cholera in 75eustrongylidiosis in 223mycoplasmosis in 115–116trichomoniasis in 203, 206tuberculosis in 93–94

Bird tick 257Biting fly 193Biting louse 233–234Biting midge 193, 195Bittern, oil toxicosis in 311Blackbird

aspergillosis in 130erysipelas in 121pesticide poisoning in 288salmonellosis in 100, 103

Black-crowned night heron, mercury poisoning in 338Black duck

aflatoxin poisoning in 267chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 301duck plague in 143–144lead poisoning in 321mercury poisoning in 340necrotic enteritis in 122trematodes in 249

Black fly 193–195Black-footed albatross, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning

in 295Black-footed penguin, herpesvirus disease in 159Blackhead, see HistomoniasisBlack-necked stilt, lead poisoning in 320Blindness 105, 118, 247, 267, 290Blood, thin and watery 195, 197Blood lead level 323, 332Blood sample 8

collection from live animals 57–59shipment of blood tubes 14–15

Blood smear, in hemosporidiosis 198Bluebird, pesticide poisoning in 288Blue-green bloom 261Blue grouse, tularemia in 124Blue jay

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296mycoplasmosis in 119

Blue-winged tealaflatoxin poisoning in 267avian pox in 164chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296duck plague in 141trematodes in 249

Bobwhite quailavian pox in 164, 169chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297, 301gizzard worms in 236


herpesvirus disease in 159histomoniasis in 257lead poisoning in 320, 333polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 305tularemia in 124

Body temperature, reduced ability to regulate 290Bomyl® 285Booted eagle, herpesvirus disease in 159Botulinum toxin 271–281Botulism, avian, see Avian botulismBrachial vein, blood collection from live animals 57Brain

cholinesterase levels in 375–376reddening of surface of 348

Brandt’s cormorant, algal toxin poisoning in 264Brant’s goose, lead poisoning in 318Breathing

impaired 165, 168, 195, 223, 247, 290rapid 105, 290

Brevetoxin 263–265Broadifacoum 285Brolga crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in 153Brooder pneumonia, see AspergillosisBrown-headed cowbird

polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 305salmonellosis in 104

Brown pelicanalgal toxin poisoning in 264–265erysipelas in 121lead poisoning in 317, 321mercury poisoning in 338oil toxicosis in 311

Budgerigar, candidiasis in 135Bufflehead, nasal leeches in 245Buildings, collisions with 365Bullfinch, avian pox in 169Bumblefoot 123Burial of carcasses 21, 32Burn marks 359–360Bursa of Fabricus, atrophy of 305–306Buteo, electrocution of 357Buzzard, tuberculosis in 93–94

CCadmium 285California gull, lead poisoning in 320California herring gull, Newcastle disease in 175California quail, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297Call, change in tone of 319Canada goose

aflatoxin poisoning in 267–268aspergillosis in 130avian cholera in 81, 91avian pox in 163–164

caught in plastic debris 363chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296–297duck plague in 141, 143, 146gizzard worms in 236, 238heartworm of swans and geese in 234histomoniasis in 257ingestion of dry soybeans 356lead poisoning in 317–319, 321, 324, 327, 331, 333necrotic enteritis in 122oil toxicosis in 313–314transport of live animals 66tumor in 364weather-related losses of 366

Canaryerysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 159salmonellosis in 100

Candida albicans, see CandidiasisCandidiasis 128, 135–136Canker, see TrichomoniasisCannon net 35Canvasback

gizzard worms in 236nasal leeches in 245oil toxicosis in 311

Cape cormorant, avian cholera in 81Captan 285Captive-reared animals, release of 70Capture devices 33, 35–36Capture myopathy 58, 60, 364Carbamate pesticides 4, 287–293, 351Carbaryl 287Carbofuran 285, 287, 289, 292, 351Carbon dioxide, euthanasia with 50–51Carbon dioxide projected dart 61Carbon-in-pulp mill process 342, 345Carbon monoxide, euthanasia with 50–51Carcass, see also Specimen

disposal of 21–32, 43dogs to aid in locating 21euthanized, barbiturate poisoning in scavengers

349–350fish 280labeling of 12lines of dead birds 276, 278removal of 21, 41, 43plastic bags/containers 21, 25, 43specimen to submit to laboratory 7transport of 21, 25vertebrate 272, 279–280

Carcass-maggot cycle, of avian botulism 272–273, 279Carnivores

Pasteurella multocida in 77Sarcocystis in 219–222

Index 403

Cassin’s finch, salmonellosis in 104Castor beans 261, 356Cat(s), Mycobacterium avium in 93Catalogued collections 56–58Cattle, see LivestockCecal cores 257Cedar waxwing

avian cholera in 80salmonellosis in 104

Ceratopagonid fly 193–195Cervical dislocation, as euthanasia method 49–50Cestodes 189, 254Cheilospirura spinosa, see Gizzard wormsChemical euthanasia 50–51Chemical ice pack 14Chemical names 382–384Chemical restraint 58, 61Chemical toxins 284–285

miscellaneous 351–353sources of assistance for investigating mortality events

370–372Chestnut-backed chickadee, salmonellosis in 104Chicken

aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 275avian cholera in 82avian influenza in 181, 183avian pox in 165candidiasis in 135erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 157–158histomoniasis in 257inclusion body disease of cranes in 153–154intestinal coccidiosis in 210mycoplasmosis in 115–116nematodes in 255Newcastle disease in 175–179new duck disease in 122salmonellosis in 100ticks on 257tracheal worms in 229trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 94ulcerative enteritis in 123

Chipping sparrow, salmonellosis in 104Chlamydia psittaci, see ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis 74, 111–114Chlordane 296–297, 301, 303Chloride poisoning 353Chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning 295–302, 352Chlorine 285Chlorine bleach 33–34Chlorophacinone 285Chlorpyrifos 289, 292, 352

Choke cherry 261Cholera, avian, see Avian choleraCholinesterase, brain levels, normal values 375–376Cholinesterase inhibitors 287–293Chromium 285Chronic respiratory disease, see MycoplasmosisChukar partridge

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296–297eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171mercury poisoning in 338mycoplasmosis in 117–118tuberculosis in 96ulcerative enteritis in 122

Ciguatoxin 264Circular movements, involuntary 172Cloaca, cheesy plaques in 151Cloacotaenia 254Clophens® 305Clostridial enterotoxemia 74Clostridium botulinum, see Avian botulismClostridium colinum, see Ulcerative enteritisClostridium perfringens, see Necrotic enteritisClosure of area 33–34Clothing, protective, see Protective clothingCoccidian 189Coccidiasis, see Intestinal coccidiosisCoccidiosis

intestinal, see Intestinal coccidiosisrenal, see Renal coccidiosis

Cockatiel, chlamydiosis in 111Cold stress, reduced tolerance to 290Colibacillosis 125–126Colonial nesting birds

avian pox in 164salmonellosis in 99, 103–105

Comatose bird 349Common buzzard, herpesvirus disease in 159Common crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in

153–154Common egret

chlamydiosis in 114eustrongylidiosis in 225mercury poisoning in 338

Common eideracanthocephaliasis in 242intestinal coccidiosis in 211lead poisoning in 317

Common goldeneye, avian pox in 164Common loon

lead poisoning in 317, 320–321mercury poisoning in 338

Common mergansererysipelas in 121


mercury poisoning in 338Common moorhen, trematodes in 252Common murre

algal toxin poisoning in 264avian pox in 164, 169

Common names of wildlife 377–381Common scoter, avian pox in 164Common tern

algal toxin poisoning in 264avian influenza in 183mercury poisoning in 338–339

Composting of carcasses 21, 32–33Conjunctivitis, herpesvirus 158Contagious epithelioma, see Avian poxConversion table, of units of measurement 385–386Convulsions 83, 85, 105, 107, 146, 208, 265, 290, 298,

300, 306Cooper’s hawk, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in

296Coot

avian cholera in 78–81, 91chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296gizzard worms in 236–237inclusion body disease of cranes in 153lead poisoning in 319mycoplasmosis in 117pesticide poisoning in 288salmonellosis in 100, 103selenium poisoning in 335trematodes in 249, 252

Copper 285Copper sulfate 285Cormorant

avian cholera in 79chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298erysipelas in 121eustrongylidiosis in 225herpesvirus disease in 158–159mercury poisoning in 338Newcastle disease in 175–176oil toxicosis in 311polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303renal coccidiosis in 216salmonellosis in 100, 103

Cornaflatoxin in 267–268fusariotoxin in 269

Cornea, cloudy 247Coturnix quail, polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303Coughing 231Coumaphos 352Counter® 285Cowbird

aspergillosis in 130

salmonellosis in 103Cracker shell 32, 34Crane

avian cholera in 79–80avian influenza in 181capture myopathy in 364chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 112disseminated visceral coccidiosis of cranes in 207, 212eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–173erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 157–159inclusion body disease of cranes in 140, 153–156intestinal coccidiosis in 207, 210–211lead poisoning in 319oil toxicosis in 311organophosphate poisoning in 352salmonellosis in 100, 103tuberculosis in 93–94

Crane herpes, see Inclusion body disease of cranesCrop, sour, see CandidiasisCrow

aspergillosis in 130avian cholera in 78–80, 85, 91candidiasis in 135carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353erysipelas in 121organophosphate poisoning in 352pesticide poisoning in 288rodenticide and repellent poisoning in 353salmonellosis in 103tuberculosis in 93–94

Crustaceans, acanthocephalans in 242Cryptosporidium, see Intestinal coccidiosisCurlew, salmonellosis in 100Cyanide poisoning 261, 341–345, 353Cyanobacterial bloom 263, 265Cyanobacterial toxins 264Cyanosis 257Cyathocotyle buchiensis 249–251Cyathostoma bronchialis, see Tracheal wormsCylindrospermopsin 264

DDabbling ducks, sarcocystis in 220Dactylaria gallopova 137Daphnia, as nematode host 255DDD 295–296DDE 295, 298, 300DDT 287, 296–298, 301Decapitation 50Deer, Mycobacterium avium in 93Definitive host 188

Index 405

Deformity 306, 335, 367Dehydration 207–208, 250Demeton 285Demoiselle crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in 153Deoxynivalenol 269Depression 105, 118, 122, 157, 172, 257, 267, 300Diacetoxyscirpenol 269Diagnostic assistance, sources of 370–372Diarrhea 95, 105, 122, 172, 290

bright green 319greenish 122rust-colored 112watery 208

Diazinon 285, 289, 292, 351–352Dicrotophos 292Dieldrin 287, 295–297, 300–301, 303, 352Die-off, description of location of 5–6Digestive tract, see Gastrointestinal tract; IntestineDimethoate 287, 292, 352Dinoflagellate bloom 259, 263Diphacinone 285Diphtheria, avian, see Avian poxDiquat® 285Direct life cycle 188–190Disease control operations

analyses 42disease outbreak summary 48field communications systems 44during field research 67–69planning phase ofbiological data records 19, 22–23, 41identification of needs 19–20, 41response activitiesanimal relocation 32–34carcass disposal 21–32, 43carcass removal 21, 41, 43disinfection 33–34, 38–39, 43establishing control of area 41personnel for 34, 40problem identification 21, 41response modifications 40for specific diseasesfor acanthocephaliasis 243for aflatoxin poisoning 268for algal toxins 266for aspergillosis 131for avian botulism 279–280for avian cholera 88–91for avian influenza 184for avian pox 169for barbiturate poisoning 350for chlamydiosis 113for chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning 302for cyanide poisoning 345

for duck plague 39, 151for eastern equine encephalomyelitis 174in electrocutions 360for eustrongylidiosis 225for fusariotoxin poisoning 270for gizzard worms 239for hemosporidiosis 199for herpesvirus disease 160for inclusion body disease of cranes 154–156for intestinal coccidiosis 211–213for lead poisoning 332–333for mercury poisoning 340for mycoplasmosis 119for nasal leeches 248for Newcastle disease 178–179for oil toxicosis 313–314for pesticide poisoning 292–293for polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning 306–307for renal coccidiosis 218for salmonellosis 107–109for salt poisoning 348for sarcocystis 221–222for selenium poisoning 336for tracheal worms 231for trichomoniasis 206for tuberculosis 95–96for woodcock reovirus disease 186station disease contingency plan 45–47surveillance activities 42, 44wildlife population and habitat management 44wildlife sampling and monitoring 44

Disease introduction 67–69Disease onset, estimation of 4Disinfectant 33–34Disinfection 33–34, 38–39, 43Dissection of bird 10–11Disseminated visceral coccidiosis of cranes 207, 212Disulfoton 292, 352Diving birds

mercury poisoning in 338oil toxicosis in 311

Diving ducksaspergillosis in 130gizzard worms in 237lead poisoning in 318, 332nasal leeches in 245pesticide poisoning in 288sarcocystis in 221trematodes in 249

Doglocation of carcasses by 21Mycobacterium avium in 93

Domestic animal disease programs 370Domoic acid 263–265


Double-crested cormorantentangled in fishing line 362lead poisoning in 320–321mercury poisoning in 338Newcastle disease in 175–178polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303renal coccidiosis in 217salmonellosis in 103

Doveavian cholera in 79carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 111erysipelas in 121hemosporidiosis in 194herpesvirus disease in 158intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 319, 332–333Newcastle disease in 176organophosphate poisoning in 352pesticide poisoning in 288salmonellosis in 103trichomoniasis in 201–203, 206

Drive trap 36Droopiness 105, 122, 146Drop net 33Droppings

blood-stained 83fawn-colored or yellow 83

Drowning 148, 277–279, 309–310, 356, 367Drowsiness 83, 172, 349Dry ice

euthanasia with 51for specimen shipment 14, 17

Duckacanthocephaliasis in 242aflatoxin poisoning in 267algal toxin poisoning in 264aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 277avian cholera in 78–79candidiasis in 135chlamydiosis in 111, 114chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296duck hepatitis in 361duck plague in 141–151erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 236–237hemosporidiosis in 194–195herpesvirus disease in 157intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 318mycoplasmosis in 115, 117nasal leeches in 248

necrotic enteritis in 122nematodes in 255Newcastle disease in 175new duck disease in 122oil toxicosis in 311renal coccidiosis in 216–217rictin poisoning in 356salmonellosis in 100, 103, 107salt encrustation of 347staphylococcosis in 123tracheal worms in 229tularemia in 124

Duck disease, see Avian botulismDuck hepatitis 361–362Duck leeches, see Nasal leechesDuck plague 39, 140–151Duck virus enteritis, see Duck plagueDung piles 101Dusky song sparrow, salmonellosis in 104DVE, see Duck plague

EEagle

avian cholera in 78–79, 91carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 352cyanide poisoning in 342electrocution of 357erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 158lead poisoning in 317, 322organophosphate poisoning in 352pesticide poisoning in 288rodenticide and repellent poisoning in 353salmonellosis in 100staphylococcosis in 123strychnine poisoning in 351tularemia in 124

Eagle owl, herpesvirus disease in 159Eared grebe

algal toxin poisoning in 264erysipelas in 121salmonellosis in 103

Earthwormschlorinated hydrocarbons in 295histomonads in 257tracheal worm carriage 229–230

East African crowned crane, inclusion body disease ofcranes in 153Eastern equine encephalomyelitis 140, 171–174Eastern screech owl, avian pox in 165Eastern sleeping sickness of horses, see Eastern equine

encephalomyelitis

Index 407

Echinuria uncinata 255–256Ectoparasites 188, 249, 257–258Edema 305–306, 344EEE, see Eastern equine encephalomyelitisEgg production, decreased 183Eggshell, thin 298–300, 303, 306Egret

avian cholera in 79chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 112chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298eustrongylidiosis in 225lead poisoning in 321oil toxicosis in 311salmonellosis in 99–100, 103

Eideraspergillosis in 131avian cholera in 80, 82, 91oil toxicosis in 311renal coccidiosis in 217

Eimeria, see Intestinal coccidiosis; Renal coccidiosisElectrocution 356–360Emaciation 95, 131, 165, 185–186, 195, 208, 217, 223,

237, 242, 256, 298, 301, 305, 312, 319, 339Embryo mortality 306, 335Embryonic deformity 335Emerging infectious disease 140Emu, eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171Encephalomyelitis 158Endoparasites 188, 249Endosulfan 297Endrin 295–297, 301Enflurane 50English sparrow, salmonellosis in 104, 106Enteritis 211, 249

duck virus, see Duck plaguenecrotic, see Necrotic enteritisulcerative, see Ulcerative enteritiswoodcock reovirus 185

Environmental factors, records of 4Epithelioma, contagious, see Avian poxEpizootiology 3Epomidiostomum, see Gizzard wormsErysipelas 121Erysipilothrix rhusopathiae, see ErysipelasEscherichia coli, see ColibacillosisEsophagus

cheesy, raised plaques along 146, 150–151hard, cheesy lesions of 205impaction of 320, 328–329light-colored granulomas in 211–212yellow, cheesy nodules in 106

Ethion 287Ethylene glycol poisoning 285, 353

European blackbird, erysipelas in 121European bullfinch, salmonellosis in 100European jay, aspergillosis in 130European starling

mycoplasmosis in 116, 118polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 305salmonellosis in 103

European thrush, acanthocephaliasis in 242Eustrongylides, see EustrongylidiosisEustrongylidiosis 223–228Euthanasia 7, 32, 49–51

chemical 50–51guidelines for field research 54, 67, 70physical 49–50selection of method of 49

Euthanasia agents 50–51, 285barbiturate poisoning of scavengers 349–350

Eutrophication 225, 261Evening grosbeak, salmonellosis in 104, 106Exertional myopathy, see Capture myopathyExhaustion 309–310Exsanguination 50Eye

cheesy plaques in 131discharge from 112, 122drainage from 118erosions on surface of 348inflamed 118leeches in 245, 247protrusion of 290puffy 118swollen 118

Eyelidscrusty 118drooping of 290, 339paralysis of 277–278pasted 105swollen 118

FFace, puffy 203–204Falcon

avian cholera in 78–79electrocution of 357herpesvirus disease in 157–159intestinal coccidiosis in 210pesticide poisoning in 288salmonellosis in 100, 103trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 93

Famphur 289, 292, 351–352Favus, fowl, see RingwormFeathers

burn marks on 359


loss of 137, 258oil contamination of 309–310, 312ruffled 105, 112, 122, 135, 183, 257, 339

Fecesbile-stained 319green-colored 319, 325

Feeding difficulties 112, 165Fenamiphos 292Fences, collisions with 365Fenclors® 305Fensulfothion 292Fenthion 285, 289, 292, 352Ferruginous hawk

avian pox in 165staphylococcosis in 123

“Field hospital,” for waterfowl 55Field research

animal disposal at completion of study 70animal marking 61–63blood and tissue collections 57–59conditions for confined wildlife 54–55, 63–64disease considerations 67–69euthanasia 67, 70housing and maintenance of field sites 54–55, 63–64investigator disturbance and impacts 56professional society guidelines for 71restraint and handling of wildlife 58–60safety of personnel 70surgical and medical procedures 65–67transport of live animals 64–65wildlife in 53–71wildlife observations and collections 56–58Wildlife Society guidelines for 53–71

Filarial heartworm, see Heartworm of swans and geeseFinch

avian cholera in 79avian pox in 164erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 159

Fishacanthocephalans in 242Eustrongylides in 223–225mercury in 339Pfiesteria mortality in 265

Fish-eating birdschlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 295eustrongylidiosis in 225polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303renal coccidiosis in 216

Fishing line, discarded 362Fishing sinkers 333Flamingo

capture myopathy in 364lead poisoning in 320

Flea 258Flight

awkward 265erratic 83, 319inability to fly 146, 148, 267, 277–278, 309reluctance to fly 318

Flukes, see TrematodesFluorine poisoning 353Fly 258Fly larvae, tracheal worm carriage 229–230Fonofos 292, 352Food chain 295, 303, 337Foot webs, congestion in 265Formalin 8Fowl cholera, see Avian choleraFowl favus, see RingwormFowl pest, see Avian influenzaFowl plague, see Avian influenzaFowl pox, see Avian poxFowl tick 257Fowl typhoid, see SalmonellosisFrancisella tularensis, see TularemiaFranklin’s gull, algal toxin poisoning in 264Frogs, acanthocephalans in 242Frounce, see TrichomoniasisFulmar, mercury poisoning in 338Fulvous whistling duck, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning

in 296–297Fungal disease 128

cutaneous 137miscellaneous 137subcutaneous 137systemic 137

Fungicides 285Funnel trap 35–36Fusariomycotoxicosis, see Fusariotoxin poisoningFusariotoxin poisoning 269–270Fusarium, see Fusariotoxin poisoning

GGadwall

aflatoxin poisoning in 267duck plague in 141nasal leeches in 245sarcocystis in 220

Gaitabnormal 112unsteady 319

Gallbladder, distended and bile-filled 320, 330Gallinaceous birds

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296, 298mercury poisoning in 338

Gannetmercury poisoning in 338

Index 409

Newcastle disease in 177salmonellosis in 103

Gapes, see Tracheal wormsGape worm, see Tracheal wormsGaping 131, 229, 247Gastiotaenia 254Gastrointestinal tract, see also Intestine

dye in 291hemorrhage in 146, 149, 151, 269, 309inflammation and ulceration of 269–270inflammation of 310moist, necrotic lesions of 165

Geographic distributionof aflatoxin poisoning 267–269of aspergillosis 130of avian botulism 275–277of avian cholera 76, 80–84of avian influenza 182–183of avian pox 164–166of candidiasis 135of chlamydiosis 111of chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning 295of cyanide poisoning 342–344of duck plague 141–145of eastern equine encephalomyelitis 171of electrocutions 358of eustrongylidiosis 223, 226–227of fusariotoxin poisoning 269of heartworm of swans and geese 234of hemosporidiosis 195of herpesvirus disease 157, 159of inclusion body disease of cranes 153–154of intestinal coccidiosis 208, 210of lead poisoning 322–323, 333of mercury poisoning 339of mycoplasmosis 117of nasal leeches 245–246of Newcastle disease 176–178of oil toxicosis 311–312of pesticide poisoning 289of polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning 303–305of renal coccidiosis 217of salmonellosis 100, 104of salt poisoning 347of sarcocystis 220of selenium poisoning 335of tracheal worms 229of trichomoniasis 201, 203–204of tuberculosis 94of woodcock reovirus disease 185

Gizzardgreen-stained 320, 330hemorrhages on surface of 83lead pellets in 320, 331

Gizzard pads, inflammation of 254Gizzard worms 235–239Glaucous-winged gull, lead poisoning in 320Globe, collapse of 247Glossy ibis, eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171Gloves 7, 21

disposable and reusable 21, 24Goats, see LivestockGolden eagle

avian pox in 165barbiturate poisoning in 349–350electrocution of 357–358herpesvirus disease in 159lead poisoning in 317, 319–320mercury poisoning in 338–339staphylococcosis in 123

Goldfinch, salmonellosis in 100, 104Gold mining 341–345Goose

acanthocephaliasis in 242algal toxin poisoning in 264avian cholera in 79candidiasis in 135chlamydiosis in 111duck plague in 141–151erysipelas in 121fusariotoxin poisoning in 269gizzard worms in 236–237heartworm of swans and geese in 233–234hemosporidiosis in 194–195intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 318mycoplasmosis in 115nasal leeches in 245nematodes in 254–255oil toxicosis in 311pesticide poisoning in 288renal coccidiosis in 216–217salmonellosis in 100, 103sarcocystis in 221tracheal worms in 229tularemia in 124

Goshawkchlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296mercury poisoning in 339

Gout 367visceral 172–173, 348

Grackleaspergillosis in 130avian cholera in 79–80salmonellosis in 103

Grainaflatoxin in 267drugged, to capture birds 36


fusariotoxin in 269–270mercury-treated 339moldy 129, 131

Grain storage facility 206Granuloma 131, 225Grasshopper, gizzard worm carriage 236, 239Gray partridge, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297Great blue heron

eustrongylidiosis in 223, 226lead poisoning in 320–321mercury poisoning in 338

Great cormorant, algal toxin poisoning in 264Great egret

eustrongylidiosis in 225lead poisoning in 320

Greater sandhill crane, lead poisoning in 320Great horned owl

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296electrocution of 357herpesvirus disease in 159–160

Grebeavian cholera in 79chemical poisoning in 353chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 236nasal leeches in 245oil toxicosis in 311

Green-winged tealaflatoxin poisoning in 267avian botulism in 281avian pox in 163–164erysipelas in 121trematodes in 249

Grinding pads, degeneration of 237–238Grouse

candidiasis in 135gizzard worms in 235histomoniasis in 257lead poisoning in 317, 319, 332mercury poisoning in 338nematodes in 254–255salmonellosis in 100, 103tularemia in 124ulcerative enteritis in 123

Growth retardation 135Guillemot

oil toxicosis in 311salmonellosis in 103

Guinea fowlcandidiasis in 135duck hepatitis in 361erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 157

mycoplasmosis in 115–116nematodes in 255salmonellosis in 100

Gullalgal toxin poisoning in 264aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 78–80, 91avian influenza in 181, 183candidiasis in 135capture myopathy in 364carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 111–112chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–172erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 237intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 319, 321mercury poisoning in 338oil toxicosis in 311pesticide poisoning in 288renal coccidiosis in 216salmonellosis in 99–100, 103–104, 107sarcocystis in 221tuberculosis in 93–94tularemia in 124

Gunshot, as euthanasia method 50, 56Gyrfalcon, herpesvirus disease in 159

HHaemoproteus, see HemosporidiosisHalothane 50Handling of live animals 58–60

disease due to 364Harlequin duck, avian pox in 164Hatchet-breast appearance 319, 325Hatchlings, disease in 361Hawaiian forest birds

avian pox in 166hemosporidiosis in 195

Hawaiian goose, avian pox in 163Hawk

avian cholera in 79carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353erysipelas in 121intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 319organophosphate poisoning in 352pesticide poisoning in 288rodenticide and repellent poisoning in 353salmonellosis in 100, 103

Index 411

trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 94tularemia in 124

Hawk-headed parrot, salmonellosis in 100Hazardous Materials Regulations 17Hazing 32Head

arched back 290fluid beneath skin of 269–270inability to hold erect 277puffy or swollen 319, 327pulled back and twisted to side 148resting on back 83, 85shaking of 157, 223, 231, 245side-to-side movement of 265twisting of 177–179, 265unnatural positioning of 131

Head droop 265, 269Head restraint 59Heap leach system 341–345Heart

enlarged 234excess fluids around 305fibrinous covering on surface of 122hemorrhage on surface of 83, 86–87, 146, 150light patches on 211, 213pale foci or spots on 234

Heartworm 188Heartworm of swans and geese 233–234Hemorrhage

in gastrointestinal tract 146, 149, 151, 269, 309on gizzard surface 83on heart surface 83, 86–87, 146, 150in intestine 154, 249–251, 268, 291, 293in liver 265, 268, 361in thymus gland 154trauma-related 366

Hemorrhagic septicemia, avian, see Avian choleraHemosporidiosis 187–189, 193–199Hemozoin pigment 195, 199Hepatitis

duck, see Duck hepatitisherpesvirus 157–158woodcock reovirus 185

Hepatomegaly 112–113, 172Heptachlor 296–297, 301, 352Herbicides 285Heron

aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 79chlamydiosis in 111–112chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298

eustrongylidiosis in 225oil toxicosis in 311salmonellosis in 99–100, 103

Herpesvirusduck plague 141–151inclusion body disease of cranes 153–156

Herpesvirus disease 157–161Herring gull

algal toxin poisoning in 264aspergillosis in 131avian influenza in 183erysipelas in 121lead poisoning in 320mercury poisoning in 338oil toxicosis in 314salmonellosis in 99staphylococcosis in 123

Heterakis gallinarum, as vector for Histomonas 257Hexaconazole 285High voltage transmission lines 357–360Histomonas meleagridis, see HistomoniasisHistomoniasis 256–257History, see Specimen historyHolding devices 58–59Hooded crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in 153Horned lark, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297Horse, see LivestockHouse finch

avian pox in 169mycoplasmosis in 115–119salmonellosis in 104

House finch conjunctivitis, see MycoplasmosisHouse sparrow

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171salmonellosis in 104, 107

Housing, of confined wildlife 54–55, 63Huddling together 105Human health risks

of aflatoxin 269of algal toxins 266of aspergillosis 133of avian botulism 280of avian cholera 91–92of avian influenza 184of avian pox 169of bacterial diseases 74of candidiasis 136of chlamydiosis 113–114of chlorinated hydrocarbons 302of cyanide 345of eastern equine encephalomyelitis 174of eustrongylidiosis 227of fusariotoxin 270


of lead 333–334of mercury 340of Newcastle disease 179of oil pollution 314of pesticides 293of polychlorinated biphenyls 307of salmonellosis 100, 109of selenium 336of staphylococcosis 123–124of tuberculosis 98

Hungarian partridgehistomoniasis in 157lead poisoning in 320Newcastle disease in 175transport of live animals 66

Hydrocyanic acid poisoning, see Cyanide poisoningHydrogen sulfide poisoning 353Hydropericardium 185Hypothermia 309–310, 312, 350Hypovolemic shock 249

IIbis

chlamydiosis in 112eustrongylidiosis in 225

Ice-related problems 365–367Inactivity 208Incineration of carcasses 21, 28–31

above-ground methods for 21, 29–30in-trench methods for 21, 29layering of carcasses for 32

Incinerator, portable 21, 28Inclusion body, intranuclear 160Inclusion body disease of cranes 140, 153–156Inclusion body disease of falcons, see Herpesvirus diseaseIncoordination 105, 172, 265, 290, 298, 300, 305–306,339–340Indian blue peafowl, mycoplasmosis in 118Indirect life cycle 188–191Infectious laryngotracheitis 158Infectious sinusitis, see MycoplasmosisInfluenza, avian, see Avian influenzaInhalant anesthetics, euthanasia with 50Insecticide poisoning 295–302Intermediate host 188Intestinal coccidiosis 207–213Intestine

fibrous-to-caseous core of necrotic debris in 252–253hemorrhage in 154, 249–251, 268, 291, 293lesions of enteritis 122–123light-colored areas in 211necrosis of 157necrotic, crumbly cores in 106–107nodules in 95

raised tunnels on 223, 225, 227reddened 291, 312thick, yellowish fluid in 88white nodules on 242

Isazophos 285Isoflurane 50Iso-neosolaniol 269Isospora, see Intestinal coccidiosis

JJackdaw

candidiasis in 135salmonellosis in 100tracheal worms in 229

Japanese quail, polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 305Java finch, chlamydiosis in 112Jay

avian cholera in 79pesticide poisoning in 288

Jugular vein, blood collection from live animals 57

KKanechlors® 305Keel, prominent 217Kesterson Reservoir 335Kestrel

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298herpesvirus disease in 159tuberculosis in 93

Kidneycongested 300enlarged 217, 305

Kill trap 56Kingfisher, intestinal coccidiosis in 210King parrot, chlamydiosis in 112Kite, candidiasis in 135Kittiwake, avian influenza in 183

LLameness 95, 195, 208, 220Landfill 101, 107, 303, 349–350Laryngotracheitis, infectious 158Lasso 285Laughing gull, lead poisoning in 320Laysan albatross

avian pox in 164–165, 167–169lead poisoning in 317, 320–321

Laysan duck, nematodes in 255–256Lead poisoning 285, 317–334Leaf litter 295Leeches, nasal, see Nasal leechesLeech fixation procedure 248Leg, extended to rear 265Lesser sandhill crane, lead poisoning in 320

Index 413

Lesser scaupaflatoxin poisoning in 267algal toxin poisoning in 264–265intestinal coccidiosis in 207nasal leeches in 245trematodes in 251

Lethal injection 51Lethargy 83, 85, 95, 118, 154, 242, 249, 267, 290, 298,

300, 305–306Leucocytozoon, see HemosporidiosisLeyogonimus polyoon 252–253Lice 258Life cycle

of acanthocephalans 241–242of coccidia 207–209, 215–216direct 188–190of Echinuria uncinata 255of Eustrongylides 223–224of gizzard worms 235–236of hemosporidia 193–194of Histomonas meleagridis 256indirect 188–191of Sarcocystis 219–220of Sarconema 233–234of tracheal worms 229–230of trematodes 249–252of Trichostrongylus tenuis 254

Light sensitivity 146Limberneck, see Avian botulismLindane 297Listlessness 122, 135, 195, 203Little blue heron, chlamydiosis in 113Liver

amyloid deposits in 96bile stained 125–126congested 123, 300enlarged 195–196, 305enlarged, swollen pale 268fibrinous covering on surface of 122gray spots within 123hemorrhage in 265, 268, 361large, pale grey areas of necrosis in 257light patches on 211, 213necrotic lesions of 150, 160nodules in 95paratyphoid nodules in 106swollen 125–126, 154white-to-yellow spots on 83, 87, 124, 154–155yellow areas of tissue death in 123

Livestockavian influenza virus in 184botulism in 274eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in 172–173

euthanized carcasses 349–350Mycobacterium avium in 93–94Pasteurella multocida in 77Salmonella in 107–108

Live trap 56–57Living conditions, of confined wildlife 54–55, 63Long-billed dowitcher, lead poisoning in 320Long-eared owl, herpesvirus disease in 159Loon

aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 79eustrongylidiosis in 225mercury poisoning in 339nasal leeches in 245oil toxicosis in 311renal coccidiosis in 216ringworm in 137

Lorikeet, candidiasis in 135Lory, candidiasis in 135Louisiana pneumonitis, see ChlamydiosisLouse fly 193–194Lovebird, candidiasis in 135Lung

cheesy plaques in 131–132congested 113, 300, 344dark red, granular 131, 133fluid accumulation in 348nodules in 95purple areas of firmness in 183

MM-44 sodium cyanide ejector 341–345Macaw

chlamydiosis in 111tuberculosis in 93

Maggots, carcass-maggot cycle of avian botulism 272–273, 279

Magpieavian cholera in 79mercury poisoning in 339pesticide poisoning in 292salmonellosis in 100, 103

Malaria, avian, see HemosporidiosisMallard

aflatoxin poisoning in 267aspergillosis in 129, 131avian botulism in 281avian cholera in 85avian influenza in 181, 183avian pox in 163–164chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296–297, 299duck hepatitis in 361–362duck plague in 141, 143–144, 146, 151


lead poisoning in 317, 321, 324, 328, 330mercury poisoning in 340mycoplasmosis in 117nasal leeches in 247necrotic enteritis in 122Newcastle disease in 175, 177, 179pesticide poisoning in 287, 292polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303, 305sarcocystis in 220selenium poisoning in 335staphylococcosis in 123trematodes in 249

Malnutrition 367Manchurian crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in 153Mange 258Man-made structures, collisions with 365–366Manure, contaminated 97, 107Maps 19, 23Marbled godwit, lead poisoning in 320Marek’s disease 158, 364Marine birds

aspergillosis in 130avian influenza in 181, 183avian pox in 163, 166, 169eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171herpesvirus disease in 158oil toxicosis in 311renal coccidiosis in 216tick paralysis in 258

Marking, see Wildlife markingMartin, avian cholera in 79Measurement, units of, conversion table 385–386Medial-metatarsal vein, blood collection from live animals

57Medical procedures, wildlife 65–67

major procedures 67minor procedures 67

Meningoencephalitis 131, 183Mercury poisoning 337–340Merganser

eustrongylidiosis in 225lead poisoning in 318mercury poisoning in 338nasal leeches in 245oil toxicosis in 311sarcocystis in 221

Metals 285Methamidiphos 292Methiocarb 285, 287, 292, 351Methoxyflurane 50Mexacarbate 287Microcystin 263Microsporum gallinae 137Minimata disease, see Mercury poisoning

Minkbotulism in 274Mycobacterium avium in 93polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303

Minnows, Eustrongylides in 223–224Mirex 297Mite 258Mollusc(s), as trematode hosts 249Molluscicides 285Moniliasis, see CandidiasisMonocrotophos 289, 292, 352Mosquito 163–165, 171–174, 193–195Motor vehicle

disinfection of 33, 38transport of live animals in 64–65

Mottle duck, sarcocystis in 220Mourning dove

avian pox in 164, 169lead poisoning in 320, 333–334salmonellosis in 103trichomoniasis in 201, 203–205

Mouthhard, cheesy lesions of 205inflammation of 205inflammation and ulceration of 269–270lesions of 205moist, necrotic lesions of 165mucous discharge from 83

Murreavian influenza in 183oil toxicosis in 311

Musclecyst-like bodies in 195, 197necrosis of 364rice-grain cysts in 220–221wasting of 95

Muscovy duckalgal toxin poisoning in 265duck plague in 141, 151inclusion body disease of cranes in 153–154

Museum collections 56–57Mute swan

avian pox in 163–164, 169heartworm of swans and geese in 234lead poisoning in 318, 321salmonellosis in 103staphylococcosis in 123trematodes in 249

Mycobacteriosis, see TuberculosisMycobacterium avium, see TuberculosisMycoplasma gallisepticum, see MycoplasmosisMycoplasma meleagridis, see MycoplasmosisMycoplasma synovia, see MycoplasmosisMycoplasmosis 74, 115–119

Index 415

Mycosis, see Fungal diseaseMycotic pneumonia, see AspergillosisMycotoxicosis 128Mycotoxins 137, 260–261, 267–270Myiasis 258Mynah, chlamydiosis in 111Myocarditis 185Myopathy, capture, see Capture myopathy

NNares, bleeding from 290Nasal discharge 265

thick, mucous-like, roppy 83Nasal leeches 188, 245–248National Response Center 313National Wildlife Health Center, shipment of specimens to

14–16ND, see Newcastle diseaseNeck

abnormal position of 319fluid beneath skin of 269–270paralysis of muscles of 277–278twisting of 157, 177–179

Necropsy kit 8Necrotic enteritis 74, 122Nematocidices 285Nematodes 189, 254–256

eustrongylidiosis 223–228gizzard worms 235–239tracheal worms 229–231

Nene goose, tuberculosis in 93Neosaxitoxin 264Neosolaniol 269Nervous system disorder 122Nesting, on power poles 357–360Neurologic symptoms 172–173, 265, 269, 290Newcastle disease 140, 175–179

asymptomatic lentogenic 176lentogenic 175–176mesogenic 176neurotrophic velogenic 175–176velogenic 175viscerotrophic velogenic 176

New duck disease 122Nictitating membrane

paralysis of 277stringy, cheeselike material beneath 247

Nitrapyrin 285Nitrous oxide 50Nodularin 263Northern cardinal, salmonellosis in 104Northern fulmar, algal toxin poisoning in 264Northern harrier

avian cholera in 78

lead poisoning in 320Northern mockingbird, salmonellosis in 104Northern pintail

avian cholera in 85lead poisoning in 317, 325nasal leeches in 245sarcocystis in 220

Northern shovelererysipelas in 121nasal leeches in 245sarcocystis in 220, 222

No-see-ums 194–195Nuthatch, avian cholera in 79Nutritional disease 356, 367Nutritional needs, of confined wildlife 63–64NVND, see Newcastle disease

OObservation of wildlife, guidelines for field research 56–58OCs, see Chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoningOcular discharge 265Oil Pollution Act (1990) 313–314Oil spill 130, 164, 283, 309–315Oil toxicosis 285, 309–315Okadaic acid 264Oldsquaw

avian cholera in 81oil toxicosis in 311

Oligochaetes, Eustrongylides in 223–225Opisthotonos 361Opportunistic infection 128, 137Oral discharge 265Organochlorines, see Chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoningOrganophosphorus pesticides 4, 287–293, 352Oriole, avian cholera in 79Ornithosis, see ChlamydiosisOsmoregulatory dysfunction 309–310Osprey

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298mercury poisoning in 338

Osteoporosis 185Ostrich

avian influenza in 181eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171intestinal coccidiosis in 210salmonellosis in 100

Over-straining disease, see Capture myopathyOwl

avian cholera in 79chemical poisoning in 353chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 301, 352electrocution of 357herpesvirus disease in 157–159intestinal coccidiosis in 210


lead poisoning in 319mercury poisoning in 338–339organophosphate poisoning in 352pesticide poisoning in 288renal coccidiosis in 216salmonellosis in 100, 103trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 94

Owl herpesvirus, see Herpesvirus diseaseOxamyl 292

PPacific loon, algal toxin poisoning in 264Parakeet

candidiasis in 135chlamydiosis in 111, 113erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 235

Paralysis 157, 172, 177, 179, 220, 265, 269, 277, 290Paralytic shellfish poisoning 261, 263–264Paramyxovirus-1, see Newcastle diseaseParasitic disease 188–189Paratenic host 188, 192Parathion 289, 292, 352Paratyphoid, see SalmonellosisParrot

candidiasis in 135chlamydiosis in 111–113erysipelas in 121intestinal coccidiosis in 210mycoplasmosis in 115salmonellosis in 100tuberculosis in 93

Parrot disease, see ChlamydiosisParrot-fever, see ChlamydiosisPartridge

candidiasis in 135gizzard worms in 235histomoniasis in 257lead poisoning in 317mercury poisoning in 339mycoplasmosis in 115–116salmonellosis in 100, 103tuberculosis in 94ulcerative enteritis in 123

Passerineschlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296mercury poisoning in 339pesticide poisoning in 287–288

Pasteurella anatipestifer, see New duck diseasePasteurella multocida, see Avian choleraPasteurellosis, avian, see Avian choleraPCBs, see Polychlorinated biphenylsPeafowl

candidiasis in 135erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 157mycoplasmosis in 115, 117salmonellosis in 100

Peanutsaflatoxin in 267fusariotoxin in 269–270

Pectoral sandpiper, lead poisoning in 320Pelican

avian cholera in 79chemical poisoning in 353chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298erysipelas in 121eustrongylidiosis in 225gizzard worms in 237intestinal coccidiosis in 210mercury poisoning in 338oil toxicosis in 311sarcocystis in 221

Penguinaspergillosis in 130avian cholera in 79erysipelas in 121hemosporidiosis in 195oil toxicosis in 311salmonellosis in 103–104

Penis, prolapsed 146–147Pentobarbital poisoning, see Barbiturate poisoningPeregrine falcon

avian pox in 165capture myopathy in 364chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296, 301herpesvirus disease in 159–160lead poisoning in 320mercury poisoning in 339mycoplasmosis in 115

Pericarditis 113, 125, 185Perihepatitis 125Peritonitis 225, 227

verminous, see EustrongylidiosisPermethrin 285Pesticides 4, 284–285, 287–293, 351Petrel, tick paralysis in 258Petroleum, see Oil toxicosisPfiesteria, in fish 265Pfiesteria toxin 264Pheasant

avian botulism in 274–275avian cholera in 79avian influenza in 181, 183candidiasis in 135chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297, 299, 301duck hepatitis in 361

Index 417

eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–173erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 235herpesvirus disease in 157–158histomoniasis in 257intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 317, 319, 332mercury poisoning in 339–340mycoplasmosis in 115, 117–118Newcastle disease in 175new duck disease in 122salmonellosis in 100, 103salt poisoning in 347tracheal worms in 229, 231trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 93–94, 96tularemia in 124ulcerative enteritis in 123

Phenoclors® 305Phenol 285Phorate 287, 289, 292, 352Phosmet 285Phosphamidon 292Photographic record 3–4, 8Phycotoxins, see Algal toxinsPhysical euthanasia 49–50Physical restraint 58–59Pigeon

avian cholera in 79candidiasis in 135chlamydiosis in 111–112chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 301eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 236hemosporidiosis in 194herpesvirus disease in 157–159intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 332mercury poisoning in 339mycoplasmosis in 115–116nematodes in 255Newcastle disease in 176salmonellosis in 103, 107trichomoniasis in 201–203, 205–206tuberculosis in 94ulcerative enteritis in 123

Pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis virus, see Herpesvirusdisease

Pigs, see LivestockPiloerection 290Pine sisken, salmonellosis in 104Pinnipeds, Pasteurella multocida in 77Pintail

avian botulism in 281duck plague in 141lead poisoning in 326

Piscicides 285Pitfall, as live trap 57Plague, fowl, see Avian influenzaPlant toxins 261Plasmodium, see HemosporidiosisPlastic debris 361–363Plover, oil toxicosis in 311Plumbism, see Lead poisoningPneumonia

brooder, see Aspergillosismycotic, see Aspergillosis

Pneumonitis, Louisiana, see ChlamydiosisPododermatitis, see BumblefootPoison Control Centers 371Poisonous organism 260Polychlorinated biphenyls 284, 303–307Population movement, documentation of 5Posture, aberrant 299Potassium bromide 285Pouch scratching 265Poultry

avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 77–78, 80, 82, 89avian influenza in 183–184candidiasis in 135erysipelas in 121fusariotoxin poisoning in 269herpesvirus disease in 158intestinal coccidiosis in 210mycoplasmosis in 115, 117–118nematodes in 254Newcastle disease in 175–179salmonellosis in 99–100, 103–105, 107, 109subcutaneous mycosis in 137tracheal worms in 229trichomoniasis in 203, 206tuberculosis in 94tumor in 364

Poultry slaughterhouse 114Power lines 280, 357–360Power poles 357–360Pox, avian, see Avian poxPrairie falcon

herpesvirus disease in 159lead poisoning in 320

Problem areaclosure of 33–34description of location of 5–6

Propane exploder 32, 34Protective clothing 7, 21, 24

disinfection of 33, 38


Protein imbalance 367Protozoan parasites 189, 256–257Proventriculus

cheesy, raised plaques along 146, 150impaction of 320, 328–329nematodes in 255–256raised tunnels on 223, 225

Prussic acid poisoning, see Cyanide poisoningPseudotuberculosis, see AspergillosisPsittacine herpesvirus, see Herpesvirus diseasePsittacosis, see ChlamydiosisPtarmigan, tularemia in 124Puddle ducks

avian cholera in 81gizzard worms in 237lead poisoning in 318, 332nasal leeches in 245sarcocystis in 221

Puffinavian influenza in 183oil toxicosis in 311renal coccidiosis in 216

Pullorum disease, see SalmonellosisPunkies 194Pupils, contraction of 290Purple finch, salmonellosis in 104Pyralenes® 305

QQuail

avian cholera in 80avian influenza in 181avian pox in 164candidiasis in 135chemical poisoning in 353chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296gizzard worms in 235herpesvirus disease in 158intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 319mercury poisoning in 338mycoplasmosis in 115nematodes in 255salmonellosis in 100, 103trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 93–94ulcerative enteritis in 122–123

Quail disease, see Ulcerative enteritis

RRabbit

Mycobacterium avium in 93Pasteurella multocida in 77

Raccoon, Pasteurella multocida in 78

Railavian cholera in 79intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 319

Raptorsaspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 80, 89avian influenza in 181avian pox in 163, 166chlamydiosis in 112chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 295, 298eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171electrocution of 357gizzard worms in 237herpesvirus disease in 158–159lead poisoning in 317, 319, 332mercury poisoning in 338–339mycoplasmosis in 119pesticide poisoning in 287–288, 291sarcocystis in 221traumatic injuries in 365trichomoniasis in 202–203tuberculosis in 94, 97tularemia in 124

Ratites, avian influenza in 181Raven

aspergillosis in 130erysipelas in 121

Razorbill, salmonellosis in 103Red blood cells, in hemosporidiosis 198–199Red-breasted merganser

eustrongylidiosis in 226lead poisoning in 321mercury poisoning in 338

Red-crowned crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in154

Red grouse, nematodes in 255Redhead

avian cholera in 81avian pox in 164duck plague in 141lead poisoning in 317, 321nasal leeches in 245–246staphylococcosis in 123

Red-headed falcon, herpesvirus disease in 159Red-tailed hawk

avian pox in 165lead poisoning in 320mercury poisoning in 340staphylococcosis in 123

Red-tailed tropicbird, avian pox in 164–165Red-throated loon, mercury poisoning in 338Red tide 261, 265

Index 419

Red tide toxins, see Algal toxinsRed-winged blackbird

pesticide poisoning in 287polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 305

Regurgitation of food 223Rehabilitation, of oiled birds 314–315Renal coccidiosis 215–216Rendering of carcasses 21, 32Reovirus, woodcock 140, 185–186Repellents 353Reproductive impairment 290, 309–310, 335Reptiles

Eustrongylides in 223–224Salmonella in 99

Research, see Field researchRespiratory distress 118, 131, 157, 183, 229Respiratory syndromes 125, 185Respiratory tract, moist, necrotic lesions of 165Restraint 58–60

for blood and tissue collection from live animals 57chemical 58, 61physical 58–59

Rhea, avian influenza in 181Rice breast disease, see SarcocystisRictin poisoning 356Righting reflex, loss of 265Ring-billed gull

chlamydiosis in 113Newcastle disease in 175staphylococcosis in 123

Ring-dovepolychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303salmonellosis in 100

Ringed turtle dove, herpesvirus disease in 159Ring-necked duck, nasal leeches in 245Ring-necked pheasant

eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 172lead poisoning in 320mercury poisoning in 338mycoplasmosis in 118pesticide poisoning in 287polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 305tracheal worms in 231

Ringworm 137Road kill 365Road salt 347–348Robin

chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296gizzard worms in 235salmonellosis in 104ulcerative enteritis in 123

Rock dovelead poisoning in 323salmonellosis in 100

salt poisoning in 347Rocket net 33, 35Rodent(s)

eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in 172Pasteurella multocida in 77–78Salmonella in 99, 107, 109

Rodenticides 285, 353Rook

salmonellosis in 100, 103tracheal worms in 229

Rosella, candidiasis in 135Ross’ goose, lead poisoning in 318Rotenone 285Rough-legged hawk

avian pox in 165lead poisoning in 320

Roundworm, see NematodesRoyal tern, lead poisoning in 320–321Ruddy duck, nasal leeches in 245Ruddy turnstone, avian influenza in 183Ruffed grouse

avian pox in 169gizzard worms in 235–236tularemia in 124tumor in 365

Rufous-sided towhee, salmonellosis in 104

SSage grouse, tularemia in 124Saker falcon, mycoplasmosis in 117–118Salmonellosis 74, 99–109Salt encrustation 347–348Salt gland 347

disruption of 300impaired functioning of 310swollen 312–313

Salt poisoning 284, 347–348, 353Sandfly 193Sandhill crane

aflatoxin poisoning in 267chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297fusariotoxin poisoning in 269–270inclusion body disease of cranes in 153–154intestinal coccidiosis in 207–208lead poisoning in 321tracheal worms in 229tumor in 365

Sandpiper, oil toxicosis in 311Sarcocystis 188, 219–222Sarcocystis rileyi, see SarcocystisSarcocystosis, see SarcocystisSarconema, see Heartworm of swans and geeseSarcosporidiosis, see SarcocystisSarus crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in 153


Saxitoxin, see also Paralytic shellfish poisoning 264–265Scaled quail, lead poisoning in 320, 333Scare devices 32, 34Scaup

aspergillosis in 130lead poisoning in 317oil toxicosis in 311

Scavenger speciesavian cholera in 78, 89barbiturate poisoning in 349–350cyanide poisoning in 342lead poisoning in 332Pasteurella multocida in 75tuberculosis in 94tularemia in 124

Scientific names of wildlife 377–381Scoliosis 355, 367Scoter

avian cholera in 81avian pox in 163oil toxicosis in 311

Seabirdsmercury poisoning in 338–339oil toxicosis in 311

Sea ducksavian cholera in 82gizzard worms in 237lead poisoning in 318nasal leeches in 245oil toxicosis in 311sarcocystis in 221tuberculosis in 96

Seasonalityof acanthocephaliasis 242of aflatoxin poisoning 267–269of aspergillosis 130of avian botulism 271, 276of avian cholera 82of avian influenza 183of avian pox 164–166of barbiturate poisoning 349of chlamydiosis 112of chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning 295–298of cyanide poisoning 342of duck plague 144–145of eastern equine encephalomyelitis 172of electrocutions 358of eustrongylidiosis 223of fusariotoxin poisoning 269of heartworm of swans and geese 234of hemosporidiosis 195of herpesvirus disease 157of intestinal coccidiosis 208of lead poisoning 318

of mercury poisoning 339of mycoplasmosis 118of nasal leeches 245–246of Newcastle disease 177of oil toxicosis 311of pesticide poisoning 290of renal coccidiosis 217of salmonellosis 104–105of salt poisoning 347of sarcocystis 220of tracheal worms 229of tuberculosis 94–95of woodcock reovirus disease 185

Sedation 58, 349Seed-eating birds, pesticide poisoning in 288Seed treatment 295, 337, 339Seizures, see ConvulsionsSelenium poisoning 284–285, 335–336, 353, 367Selenosis, see Selenium poisoningSerovars, Salmonella 99Sewage effluent 107Sewage lagoon 101Sewage sludge 99Sewage treatment plant 108Sewage wastewater 107Shag

algal toxin poisoning in 264Newcastle disease in 177

Sharp-tailed grousechlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297, 301tularemia in 124

Shearwatermercury poisoning in 338renal coccidiosis in 216

Sheep, see LivestockShipment of live animals 64–66Shipment of specimen 13–17

basic supplies for 13, 373–374blood tubes 14–15by commercial carrier 17containers for 13–16cooling and refrigeration 14–16federal regulations for 17labeling requirements for 17to National Wildlife Health Center 14–16preventing breakage and leakage 13

Shivering 105Shorebirds

aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 79–80avian influenza in 181, 183–184avian pox in 163candidiasis in 135

Index 421

chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 111–112eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–172gizzard worms in 237intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 319, 332necrotic enteritis in 122organophosphate poisoning in 352pesticide poisoning in 288sarcocystis in 221

Short-eared owl, avian cholera in 78Shoveler

avian botulism in 281chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296lead poisoning in 318mycoplasmosis in 117

Shrike, tularemia in 124Silver mining 341–345Sinusitis, infectious, see MycoplasmosisSI units, conversion table 385–386Six-pack ring 363Skin

burn marks on 359–360nodular tubercular lesions on 95–96wart-like nodules on featherless areas 165, 167

Skuaavian cholera in 79salmonellosis in 104

Skull, fluid accumulation in 335Skunk 219Sleepaway® 51Slug, tracheal worm carriage 229–230Slurry runoff 99Snails

tracheal worm carriage 229–230as trematode hosts 249–250, 252

Snake, acanthocephalans in 242Sneezing 231, 245Snow goose

aflatoxin poisoning in 267avian cholera in 75, 77, 79, 81, 91chlamydiosis in 114chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296gizzard worms in 236, 239heartworm of swans and geese in 234lead poisoning in 317–318, 324, 328necrotic enteritis in 122new duck disease in 122

Snowy egretchlamydiosis in 112, 114eustrongylidiosis in 226–227lead poisoning in 320

Snowy owl, herpesvirus disease in 159Sodium pentobarbital poisoning, see Barbiturate poisoning

Songbirdsalgal toxin poisoning in 264aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274–275avian cholera in 80avian influenza in 181avian pox in 163, 166, 169candidiasis in 135carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 111–112chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 298, 352eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–173erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 158intestinal coccidiosis in 210mycoplasmosis in 115–116organophosphate poisoning in 352rodenticide and repellent poisoning in 353salmonellosis in 103–107tick paralysis in 257tracheal worms in 229trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 94

Sooty shearwater, algal toxin poisoning in 264Sora rail, lead poisoning in 320Sour crop, see CandidiasisSparrow

avian cholera in 79–80candidiasis in 135salmonellosis in 100, 107tuberculosis in 93

Sparrowhawk, mercury poisoning in 339Specimen

choice of 7–9collection of 7–12basic supplies and equipment for 8, 373–374killed specimens for catalogued collections/museums

56–58dissection of bird 10–11labeling of 8, 12preservation of 7–12, 373–374shipment of, see Shipment of specimen

Specimen history 3–6Specimen history form 369Spectacled eider, lead poisoning in 317Sphaeridiotrema globulus 249, 251–252Spleen

amyloid deposits in 96atrophy of 305–306congested 123necrotic lesions of 160nodules in 95swollen 154


yellow-white spots on 154–155Splenomegaly 112–113, 172, 195–196Spoonbill, eustrongylidiosis in 225Spore, Clostridium botulinum 271Squeeze chute 59Staggering 105Stanley crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in 153Staphylococcosis 123–124

bumblefoot 123septicemic 123–124

Starlicide® 285Starling

avian cholera in 79–80candidiasis in 135chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296erysipelas in 121mercury poisoning in 340salmonellosis in 103tracheal worms in 229tuberculosis in 93

Starvation 309Station brochures 19Stellar’s jay, aspergillosis in 130Sternum, light-colored granulomas of 211–212Stilt, avian cholera in 79Stomach worm, see Gizzard wormsStork

erysipelas in 121herpesvirus disease in 158–159

Strychnine 351Stunning and exsanguination 50Styrofoam coolers, for shipment of specimens 13–15Subcutaneous fat, loss of 319–320, 326Suffocation 205Surf scoter, nasal leeches in 245Surgical procedures, wildlife 65–67Swallow

chemical poisoning in 353pesticide poisoning in 288

Swallowing difficulty 205, 223Swan

acanthocephaliasis in 242avian cholera in 79duck plague in 141, 151erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 236–237heartworm of swans and geese in 233–234hemosporidiosis in 194lead poisoning in 317–318, 333nasal leeches in 245, 248oil toxicosis in 311renal coccidiosis in 216salmonellosis in 100, 103sarcocystis in 221

tracheal worms in 229trematodes in 249

Swift, avian cholera in 79Swim-in trap 33Swimming, circular 83, 85, 148Syngamiasis, see Tracheal wormsSyngamus trachea, see Tracheal wormsSystox® 285

TT-2 toxicosis, see Fusariotoxin poisoningTailings ponds 342Tail vein, blood collection from live animals 59Talon (claw), vegetation clenched in 290–291Talon® (pesticide) 285Tapeworms, see CestodesTarsal vein, blood collection from live animals 59TB, see TuberculosisTeal

lead poisoning in 318nasal leeches in 245sarcocystis in 220

Tears, excessive 290Temephos 287Temik 285Tenosynovitis 185Terbufos 285, 292, 352Tern

avian cholera in 91carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 111–112erysipelas in 121gizzard worms in 237mercury poisoning in 338salmonellosis in 99–100, 103–104sarcocystis in 221tularemia in 124

Theromyzon, see Nasal leechesThiram 285Thirst 146, 290Thorny-headed worms, see AcanthocephaliasisThrasher, avian cholera in 79Throat, inflammation of 205Thrush (bird)

avian cholera in 79pesticide poisoning in 288

Thrush (disease), see CandidiasisThymus gland

atrophy of 185hemorrhage in 154

Tick 69, 124, 257–258Tick paralysis 257–258Tissue sample

Index 423

collection of 7–9collection from live animals 57–58containers for 8–9fixation of 8labeling of 12

Toes, clenched 177, 265Tongue, ulcerative “cold sore” under 146–148Toxaphene 296–297Toxic gas, euthanasia with 50–51Tracheal worms 229–231Tranquilizer gun 58Transformers 357–360Transmission lines 357–360Transport host 188, 192Transport myopathy, see Capture myopathyTransport of live animals 64–65

confinement during shipping 65–66Trapping of wildlife 33, 35Traumatic injury 290, 356, 365–366Tree sparrow, salmonellosis in 104Trematodes 189, 249–253Tremors 105, 172, 177, 208, 265, 267, 290, 298, 300,305–306, 339Trichomonas gallinae, see TrichomoniasisTrichomoniasis 188–189, 201–206Trichophyton gallinae, see RingwormTrichostrongylidosis 254–255Trichostrongylus tenuis, see TrichostrongylidosisTrichothecene 260, 269Trichothecene mycotoxicosis, see Fusariotoxin poisoningTriumph® 285Trumpeter swan

acanthocephaliasis in 242avian pox in 163–164heartworm of swans and geese in 234lead poisoning in 321nasal leeches in 245, 247

Tuberculosis 93–98Tularemia 124Tumbling 107Tumors 356, 364–365

herpesvirus-related 157Tundra swan

aspergillosis in 130avian pox in 163–164heartworm of swans and geese in 234lead poisoning in 317–318, 321, 324, 328nasal leeches in 245

Turkeyavian cholera in 82avian influenza in 181, 183avian pox in 165candidiasis in 135chlamydiosis in 111

erysipelas in 121hemosporidiosis in 197–198herpesvirus disease in 158histomoniasis in 257intestinal coccidiosis in 210lead poisoning in 319mercury poisoning in 339mycoplasmosis in 115–116nematodes in 255Newcastle disease in 176new duck disease in 122salmonellosis in 99–100ticks on 257tracheal worms in 229trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 93–94wild, see Wild turkey

Turkey vulturelead poisoning in 320mercury poisoning in 339

Turtles, Salmonella in 99Typhoid, fowl, see Salmonellosis

UUlcerative enteritis 74, 122–123Upland gamebirds

aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 80avian influenza in 181, 183avian pox in 163, 166, 169chlamydiosis in 111–112eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–172lead poisoning in 319, 333mycoplasmosis in 115, 119pesticide poisoning in 288ulcerative enteritis in 123

Uric acid salts 217, 348

VVenipuncture 57–58Venomous organism 260Vent

bloodstained 249bloody discharge from 146bright green staining of 327pasted 105

Ventricular nematodiasis, see Gizzard wormsVentriculus, raised tunnels on 223, 225Verminous peritonitis, see EustrongylidiosisViral disease 140Visceral gout 172–173Vision, impaired 118Vitamin deficiency 367


Voice changes 172Vomiting 265, 269, 290Vomitoxicosis, see Fusariotoxin poisoningVomitoxin 269Vulture

avian botulism in 274avian cholera in 78pesticide poisoning in 288tuberculosis in 94

VVND, see Newcastle disease

WWading birds

avian cholera in 79–80avian pox in 163eustrongylidiosis in 223, 225, 227gizzard worms in 237mercury poisoning in 338necrotic enteritis in 122oil toxicosis in 311pesticide poisoning in 288sarcocystis in 220–221

Walk-in trap 33Warfarin 285Wariness, loss of 146Warty nodules, on featherless areas 165, 167Wastewater discharge 97, 101, 107, 225, 280, 309, 335Wastewater pits, oil-field 312Wastewater sites 94Watercraft

for carcass collection 21, 26disinfection of 33transport of live animals in 64–65

Water deprivation, see Salt poisoningWater drawdown 279Waterfowl

aspergillosis in 130avian botulism in 274–275avian cholera in 75, 78, 80, 91avian influenza in 181, 183–184avian pox in 163, 169capture myopathy in 364carbamate poisoning in 351chemical poisoning in 353chlamydiosis in 111–112chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296, 298, 301eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–172fusariotoxin poisoning in 269gizzard worms in 235hemosporidiosis in 194herpesvirus disease in 158–159intestinal coccidiosis in 208lead poisoning in 317, 321–322, 332mycoplasmosis in 116

nasal leeches in 245necrotic enteritis in 122new duck disease in 122organophosphate poisoning in 352pesticide poisoning in 287–288, 293, 351renal coccidiosis in 216rodenticide and repellent poisoning in 353sarcocystis in 220tracheal worms in 229trematodes in 249trichomoniasis in 203tuberculosis in 94

Water quality 4Waxwing, avian cholera in 79Weakness 112, 195, 220, 237, 269, 290, 339Weather 356, 365–367Weaver, herpesvirus disease in 159Weight loss 112, 118, 195, 203, 208, 231, 250, 257, 268,

290, 306Wenyonella, see Intestinal coccidiosisWestern duck sickness, see Avian botulismWestern grebe, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 296Western sandpiper, lead poisoning in 320Wet pox 165, 168–169Whirl-Pak bags 8–9Whistling duck, lead poisoning in 318White-faced ibis, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 299White-fronted goose

avian cholera in 80heartworm of swans and geese in 234necrotic enteritis in 122

White ibis, lead poisoning in 320–321White-naped crane, inclusion body disease of cranes in

153White Pekin duck

algal toxin poisoning in 265duck plague in 141, 143–144, 151eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171inclusion body disease of cranes in 153–154trematodes in 250

White pelicanentangled in fishing line 362lead poisoning in 320–321mercury poisoning in 338Newcastle disease in 175polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in 303

White-tailed eagle, mercury poisoning in 339White-tailed tropicbird, avian pox in 169White-winged dove, chlamydiosis in 114White-winged scoter, nasal leeches in 245Whooper swan, lead poisoning in 321Whooping crane

avian cholera in 91capture myopathy in 60

Index 425

eastern equine encephalomyelitis in 171–173intestinal coccidiosis in 207traumatic injuries in 366tuberculosis in 97

Wildlife, in field research 53–71Wildlife disease programs 370Wildlife marking 44, 61–63Wildlife Society, guidelines for use of wildlife in fieldresearch 53–71Wild turkey

avian pox in 164–165capture myopathy in 364gizzard worms in 235hemosporidiosis in 194herpesvirus disease in 159histomoniasis in 257lead poisoning in 320mycoplasmosis in 115tracheal worms in 229

Wing(s)flapping of 267roof-shaped 319, 324violent beating of 300

Wing droop 105, 131, 177–179, 257, 269, 319, 321, 324Woodcock

lead poisoning in 319renal coccidiosis in 216woodcock reovirus in 185–186

Woodcock reovirus 140, 185–186Wood duck

aspergillosis in 131avian pox in 164duck plague in 141lead poisoning in 318, 321

Woodpeckeravian cholera in 79intestinal coccidiosis in 210

Wood pigeoncandidiasis in 135erysipelas in 121salmonellosis in 100tuberculosis in 95

Written history 3

YYellowleg, avian cholera in 79Yellow-naped Amazon parrot, mycoplasmosis in 115Young birds, disease in 361

ZZearalenone 269Zearalenone toxicosis, see Fusariotoxin poisoningZectran® 285Zinc 285

Ziram 285Zooplankton bloom 255–256


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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 1999 Final.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERSField Manual of Wildlife Diseases, 99/00-3204-40A40

General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds

6. AUTHOR(S)Milton Friend and J. Christian Franson, Technical Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERU.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, ITR 1999-001

National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd.,

Madison, WI 53711

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAMES(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORINGU.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Reston, VA 20192 ITR 1999-001

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESSupersedes U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 167 (1987).

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words).The “Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases, General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds” presents practical, current informa-

tion and insights about wild bird illnesses and the procedures to follow when ill birds are found or epidemics occur. Section

1 of the Manual provides information about general field procedures. Sections 2 through 5 describe various bird diseases.

Sections 6 and 7 provide information about toxins that affect birds, and Section 8 describes miscellaneous diseases and

hazards that affect birds. Manual lists institutions and laboratories that offer diagnostic services; sources of supplies for

collecting, preserving, and shipping specimens; and it contains color illustrations for dissection.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGESBird diseases; wildlife diseases; bacterial diseases; fungal diseases; viral diseases; 440

parasitic diseases; biotoxins; chemical toxins; general field procedures. 16. PRICE CODE

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Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases General Field Procedures ... · California quail, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning in 297 Call, change in tone of 319 Canada goose aflatoxin poisoning