Review: Plant Extract Elephanthopus Scabber Linn and probiotic of
natural feed additivies as alternative to an Antibiotic Growth
Promotes (AGP) In Broiler diets.
Balgis al Basyarahil 1, Mohammad Anam al Arif 2 , Bambang
Prajogo3*
1Master of Pharmaceutical Science, Program, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
2Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Corresponding author Email: p
[email protected]
Abstract
Background : Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) is an antibiotic
added to feed that aims to eliminate that demage the digestive
tract with the hope of getting a better body weight and feed
confersion ratio. However, the of AGP has been known to cause
residu in humans, who consume the processed chiken meat, this is
because AGP can cause bacteria resistant to antibiotic that are
consumed by human. Elphantopus Scabber Linn ekstraks has an
effective antibacterial coumpound that can inhibit the growth of
phatogens and carbohydrates which can be used by probiotics to
increase growth. This riview jurnal summarize the most resent
research regarding antibacterial effect from extract Elephanthopus
Scabber Linn and to investigate the potensial effect of the natural
feed additive Elephantopus Scabber Linn as alternative to an
Antibiotic Growth Promoter. This journal review was conducted as a
basis for evaluating the possible use of Elephantopus Scabber Linn
extract and probiotic in the use of natural ingredients as a
substitute for AGP.
Material Methods : This review conduct through searching
publication about Elephantopus Scabber Linn with anti antibacterial
activity and probiotic as an alternatif for possibel AGP in
database literature PubMed, SCOPUS, Sciencedirect, Google Scholar,
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and
Repository University of Airlangga with ELephantopus Scabber Linn.
keyword search articles. The antibacterial activity of the extract
will be used to increase the potency of the probiotic. This plant
extract is able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria and support the
growth of probiotic candidates by measuring the optical density
(DO) value. using a micropalate reader to determine the MIC value.
And MIC values are used to determine the MIB value by lawning
technique. Inhibition ability of probiotic candidates against
pathogens was tested using the disk diffusion method.
Results: Elephantopus scaber Linn has been scientifically proven by
in vivo tests to have antibacterial activity
Conclusion: This study highlights several studies on Elephantopus
Scaber Linn that show the effectiveness and safety of natural food
additives as an alternative to using AGP in broilers.
Key finding : Elphantopus Scabber, probiotic, growth promoter,
AGP
Corresponding Author:
Bambang Prajogo
Kampus C, UNAIR. Jl. Mulyerejo, Surabaya, 60115
Review: Plant Extract Elephanthopus Scabber Linn and probiotic of
natural feed additivies as alternative to an Antibiotic Growth
Promotes (AGP) In Broiler diets.
Introduction
Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) is an antibiotic added to feed
that aims to eliminate that demage the digestive tract with the
hope of getting a better body weight and feed confersion ratio.
However, the of AGP has been known to cause residu in humans, who
consume the processed chiken meat, this is because AGP can cause
bacteria resistant to antibiotic that are consumed by human.
Elphantopus Scabber Linn ekstraks has an effective antibacterial
coumpound that can inhibit the growth of phatogens and
carbohydrates which can be used by probiotics to increase growth.
This riview jurnal summarize the most resent research regarding
antibacterial effect from extract Elephanthopus Scabber Linn and to
investigate the potensial effect of the natural feed additive
Elephantopus Scabber Linn as alternative to an Antibiotic Growth
Promoter. This journal review was conducted as a basis for
evaluating the possible use of Elephantopus Scabber Linn extract
and probiotic in the use of natural ingredients as a substitute for
AGP. The government prohibits the use of AGP as a food additive,
the use of natural ingredients as many people researched.
Elphantopus Scabber Linn proven to contain antibacterial compounds
that can inhibit the growth of pathogens and their carbohydrates
can be used by probiotics to increase their growth. The use of
Elphantopus Scabber Linn and probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and
Lactobacillus acidophilus) or a combination as substitutes in
research aims to determine the role of natural substances as a
substitute for AGP. In this research, the re-identification of E
coli, B subtilis, and L acidophillus was carried out by looking at
colony morphology, cell morphology, gram staining and the
biochemical properties of bacteria. Extracts of natural ingredients
that are able to inhibit pathogens and/or support the growth of
probiotic candidates are further tested by measuring the optical
density (DO) value using micropalate reader, to determine the MIC
value and the MIC results used to determine the MBC value by
lawning technique. The inhibition ability of probiotics was also
tested using the disk diffusion method.
Material and Methods
This review conduct through searching publication about
Elephantopus Scabber Linn with anti antibacterial activity and
probiotic as an alternatif for possibel AGP in database literature
PubMed, SCOPUS, Sciencedirect, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central
Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Repository University
of Airlangga with ELephantopus Scabber Linn. The review was carried
out for approximately 3 months by evaluating international or
national journals from around 40 journals related to the above
title. The aim of this riviuw is as an initial stage in the
research we will do, as an effort to find the use of natural
ingredients to replace AGP which we will test in vitro in the
microbiology laboratory. keyword search articles. The antibacterial
activity of the extract will be used to increase the potency of the
probiotic. This plant extract is able to inhibit pathogenic
bacteria and support the growth of probiotic candidates by
measuring the optical density (DO) value. using a micropalate
reader to determine the MIC value. And MIC values are used to
determine the MIB value by lawning technique. Inhibition ability of
probiotic candidates against pathogens was tested using the disk
diffusion method.
Results.
Early stage generally in the journal, researchers re-identify
bacterial isolates, to ensure that bacteria are used is true E.
coli, B. substilis and L acidophilus. From the Cheesbrough
literature, 1985, researchers observed the morphology of bacterial
colonies (shape, size, surface texture and color), gram staining
and biochemical characteristics testing as an effort to identify
bacterial isolates. The results of culture on EMBA selective agar
media showed the morphological shape of E coli is round, small in
size, convex surface, metallic green in color. According to Mahoon
et al (2015), E coli is able to ferment lactose quickly and
produces high acid so that it produces metallic luster colony
colors with metallic green pigment deposits. (Figure 1 and Figure
2) The results of this culture are in accordance with the
statements of Dean (1990) and Debreuil et al (1991) regarding the
morphology, shape and color of the E coli colony. These bacteries
are mesophilic and grow aerobic and facultative anaerobes
(Elfidasari et al, 2011). Gram staining and microscopic
observations show the cell morphology of E. coli bacteria in pink,
gram-negative single rods and pairs of E. coli (Buxton and Fraser,
1977). ( Figure 3).
Probiotic candidates showed colony morphology results on NA medium
in the form of a round, small size, creamy yellowish color. The
results of gram staining showed purple, gram-positive bacterial
cells with single stem cell morphology and short chains. this
result is stated by Leary and Chan, (1986) and Breadbury (1986.).
different from the previous bacteria, L acidophilus on MRSA media
to make it round and convex and white creamy. L acidophilus cell
morphology in the form of single and paired short rods. These
bakeries are mesophilic and facultative anaerobes (Prescott and
Harley, 2002). Biochemical tests carried out on L acidophilus are
in accordance with the results of research by Chakraborty and
Bhowal (2015). (Figure 3 dan 4).
Elephantopus scaber Linn has been scientifically proven by in vivo
tests to have antibacterial activity. the ability of antibacterial
activity is found in primary metabolites. stated by Jianjun Wang,
Ping Li (May 2014). (Table 1). Prusti et al used the etanolic
extract as a solvent for the extraction, jasmine et al used the
acetone as a solven souce, mohan et al used chloroform, benzene and
methanol as a solven source, vimala et al using the aqueous,
acetone, benzene, chloroform, etanol and prothelium eter as solvent
source for the extraction of the metabolities. Of which the etanol
extraction solvents showed hight degree (15/16 pathogens) of
antibacterial activity against the selected pathogens especialy
E.coli. Since the polarity of etanol is higher, most of secondary
metabolities of E. scabber leave, flower, root , these results can
be seen in table 2. There are differences in the results of the
study, which are shown in tables 1 and 2 in table 1, the activity
of the Elephatopus scabber bacteria is located in the primary
metabolite and table 2 is located in secondary metabolites. The
results of the antibacterial activity ability tested by the disc
diffusion method can be seen if the material used can provide an
inhibitory power against bacteria greater than the size of the disc
used. Antibacterial activity testing against E. coli will be
continued on selected extracts after the disc diffusion test
results, From the results of several journals, ethanol extract has
high antibacterial activity. Diffusion testing was also carried out
on the probiotic candidates B. substilies and L acidophilus, this
was done as an effort to find alternatives to the use of AGP as a
growth promoter. Natural ingredients that can be used as an
alternative to AGP in growth promotion, if they show the inhibition
of pathogenic bacteria and support the growth of probiotic
bacteria. Increasing probiotics needs to be done, because the
amount of probiotics in the intestines of animals will affect
several factors, namely changing the intestinal tract (PH) to acid,
and competing on the microflora in the intestines of animals
(Gaggia et al, 2010) through adhesion ability which can be a
barrier against pathogens thereby increasing immunity and
increasing nutrient absorption (Alloui et al., 2013): Kvan et al.,
(2017). The ability of the extract to support the growth of
probiotic candidates can be seen if it is found and there is no
inhibition zone.
Discussion
There are differences in tables one and 2. where the table is
obtained from the results. where in table 1 the researchers
conducted the testing using LC-TOF-MS and the IC50 number was
confirmed using the PROBIT method, whereas in table 2 the
researchers used the disk diffusion method. according to
Hidayatullah et al., (2011), extraction of distilled water,
methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane will produce a solution
containing terpenoids, phenols, and alkaloids because of the same
polarity of the solvent used. Siswandono and Soekarjo (1995) stated
that phenol derivatives will interact with bacterial cells through
an adsorption process that involves hydrogen bonding and change the
permeability of membrane cell. penetration of phenol with high
levels into cells can cause protein coagulation and lysis in cell
membranes (Hertiani et al., 2003; Parwata and Dewi, 2008). This
antibacterial compounds can penetrate the wall and interfere with
the cell wall biosynthesis process (Lambert et al., 2001; Ajizah et
al., 2007). This is because the examiner used the disc diffusion
method, all plant parts examined in this study showed the selected
pathogenic bacteria It has been shown that when solvents such as
ethanol, hexane, and methanol are used to extract plants, most of
them are able to exhibit inhibitory effects on gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria. That is why the two tables have
anti-bacterial activity but at different locations, in table one,
the specifics are only research on the protein part and in table 2
the research is carried out on the crude extract. From the results
of the two tables, it can be seen that both secondary and primary
metabolites have antibacterial activity. of important note is the
selection of the extract solvent.
The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Elephantopus
scaber Linn leaves can inhibit the growth of E. coli. The ethanol
extract in this plant is expected to be useful for supporting the
growth of B. subtilies and L. acidhophilus bacteria, the growth of
B. subtilis and L acidophilus which are effective in inhibiting E.
coli so that they can be used as an alternative to AGP. This study
highlights several studies of Elephantopus Scaber Linn that show
the effectiveness and safety of natural feed additives as an
alternative to using AGP in broilers.
This study highlights several studies on Elephantopus Scaber Linn
that show the effectiveness and safety of natural food additives as
an alternative to using AGP in broilers.
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Figure 1: EMB Media Macroscopy Observation Results
Figure 2. Biochemical Test Results for Escherichia coli a. TSIA
test b. Indol Test (A / A) c. MR test (+) d. VP test (-) e. Citrate
Test (-).
Figure 3: Results of Gram stain on E. coli using a microscope at a
magnification of 100x. Gram staining and microscopic observations
show the cell morphology of E. coli bacteria in pink.
Table 1: The potential bioactivity screening results of
compound.
