Federally Administered Tribal Areas

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Federally Administered Tribal Areas

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(September 2008)

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas(FATA) inPakistan are areas outside the

fourprovinces bordering Afghanistan,

comprising a region of some 27,220 km(10,507 sq mi). The other area of Pakistan

also outside the provinces is Azad

Kashmir.

Contents

[show]

Federally Administered Tribal Areas

Capital

Coordinates

Peshawar

3400N 7119E34, 71.32

Population (2008) Density

6,500,000 (Estimate)[1]

115.3/km

Area 27220 km

Time zone PST (UTC+5)

Main language(s) Pashto (official)Urdu (national)

Status Tribal Areas

Districts 7 Agencies

Towns

Union Councils

Established

Governor/Commissione

r Chief Minister

Legislature (seats)

1st July 1970

Owais Ahmed Ghani

none none (n/a)

Website FATA
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[edit] Geography

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
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District map ofNWFP and FATA.

The FATA are bordered by: Afghanistan to the west with the border marked by theDurand Line,theNorth-West Frontier Province and the Punjab to the east, and Balochistan to the south.

The total population of the FATA was estimated in 2000 to be about 3,341,070 people, or roughly

2% of Pakistan's population. Only 3.1% of the population resides in established townships.

[2]

It isthe most rural administrative unit in Pakistan.

The Tribal Areas comprise seven Agencies, namely Khyber,Kurram,Bajaur,Mohmand,

Orakzai,North andSouth areas ofWaziristan and six FRs (Frontier Regions) namely FR

Peshawar, FR Kohat, FR Tank, FR Banuu, FR Lakki and FR Dera Ismail Khan. The main towns

include Miranshah,Razmak, Bajaur, Darra Bazzar, Ghalanai as Head Quareters of MohmandAgency and Wana .

The 7 tribal areas lie in a north-to-south strip that is adjacent to the west side of the 6 frontier

regions, which also lie in a north-to-south strip. The areas within each of those 2 regions are

geographically arranged in a sequence from north to south.

The geographical arrangement of the 7 tribal areas in order from north to south is: Bajaur,

Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram,North Waziristan, South Waziristan. The geographical

arrangement of the 6 frontier regions in order from north to south is: Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu,Lakki Marwat, Tank, Dera Ismael Khan.
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There are 20 legislators from FATA in the National Assembly and Senate of Pakistan. (12 MNAs

& 8 Senators.)

Name of the current governor is Awais Ahmad Ghani

[edit] Governance

The region is only nominally controlled by the central government ofPakistan. In reality it is

practically entirely controlled by the Pashtons, the region is controlled by tribal elders and not

external taliban insurgents.

The mainly Pashtun tribes that inhabit the areas are fiercely independent but, until frictionfollowing the fall of the Taliban in neighbouring Afghanistan, the tribes had friendly relations

with Pakistan's central government.[3] These Tribes are governed by the Frontier Crimes

Regulation introduced under the British Era. They are represented both in Pakistan's lower houseand in its upper house of parliament. Previously, tribal candidates had no party affiliations and

could contest as independents, because the Political Parties Act had not extended to the tribalareas. However, tribesmen were given right to vote in the 1997general elections despite the absence of a Political Parties Act.

The head of each tribal Agency is the Political Agent. The

Agent wields extensive powers. Each Agency, depending on its

size, has about 2 to 3 Assistant Political Agents, about 3 to 4Tehsildars and 4 to 9Naib Tehsildars with the requisite

supporting staff. Each FR is headed by the DC/DCO (for FR

Peshawar, DC/DCO Peshawar and so on). Under his

supervision there is one Assistant Political Agent and about 1

or 2 Tehsildars and Naib Tehsildars, as well as support staff.Each Agency has roughly 2 to 3 thousand Khasadars and levies

and 5 to 9 Wings of FC for maintenance of law and order in theAgency and borders security.

About 30% of the FATA is inaccessible both politically and administratively.[clarify]

"Tribal elders, local imams and governors known as political agents [...] are the on-the-ground

arbiters of all decisions in many districts," according to a July 2007 report inThe New York

Times. "The political agents are widely considered corrupt." [4]

[edit] FATA before independence

[edit] Ancient history

There are scant sources on the ancient history of the tribal belt, excepting tribal annals.

Successive invaders have passed through this area or incorporated it within their empire. These

included the Aryans (before 500 BC), thereafter the Achaemenian(as a result ofCyrus the

Historical populations

Census Population Urban

1951 1,332,005 -

1961 1,847,195 1.33%

1972 2,491,230 0.53%

1981 2,198,547 -1998 3,176,331 2.69%
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Great's conquests), Graeco-Scythian invasions (324-320 BC) underAlexander the Great,

Mauryans (313-232 BC), Greco-Bactrians (185-90 BC), and Sakas from 97 BC. During the first

millennium CE, Parthians, Yue-chi (i.e. Kushans), Sassanians,White Huns and Turks followed insuccession. They have the admixture of various warriors who passed through this area. For

instance, the Afridis have "an admixture of Greek blood."[5]

From 500 BCE to 200CE, Gandhara - the general area from Islamabad to Kabul - was influenced

by the Achaemenians. For the following century, it was influenced by the Mauryans, and for thecentury after that it was influenced by Graeco-Bactrians. Thereafter, Saka nomadic invaders

entered Gandhara. ThePashtun language, widely spoken in the region, is probably a Saka dialect

introduced from the north.[citation needed]

The region which includes "Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of Pakistan have seenperhaps more invasions in the course of history than any other country in Asia, or indeed in the

world."[6] During this period, when the plains had been dominated by great powers, the hill tracts

and tribes continued to protect their independence.

[edit] Turko-Pashtun Era

The spread of Islam in the tribal belt dates back to the rise of the Turkish dynasty inGhaznifromabout 960 AD. Mahmud of Ghazni conquered and incorporated areas of the subcontinent up to

Lahore. Ghorid Sultan Muizzuddin Muhammad, with his headquarters in Ghor, subdued the

north part of the subcontinent and was the founder of Muslim supremacy inDelhiin 1206. Thefall of the Ghorids was followed by successive incursions of various forces from Central Asia.

The most notable of these were those of conquerors Genghis Khan in 1221 and ofTimurin 1398.

The tribesmen formed the "spearhead of the Muslim penetration and conquest of India, first as

soldiers of fortune and later as powerful kings, even as sultans and emperors."[citation needed]

"TheTurks were a small band of chosen favourites; the soldiers, and later the rulers, were Ghaljis or

Afghans."[citation needed] Apart from the Turks, i.e. Ghaznavids (10011186), Ghorids (11861290),

and Tughlaqs (13211451), three Afghan dynasties, i.e., Khaljis (12901321), Lodis (14511526) and Suris (1539-55), had sat on the throne of Delhi. But their authority did not extend over

the tribal belt. Babur, the conqueror of India and founder of the Mughal dynasty, wrote of the

empire of Lodis that "its writ did not run effectively west of the Indus, and it had no control over

the Afghan or Pashtun homelands from which its rulers had originally come."[citation needed]

The Afghan dynasties who ruled in India "attracted many frontiersmen to their banners."[citation

needed] Thefirman (royal edict) ofBahlol Lodhi (14511489), the ruler of Delhi, encouraging

frontier tribes of the northwest to take service in Delhi stated:

Hindustan can best be held by somebody who rules over a nation with tribes. Let every Afghan tribesman

bring his relatives leading a life of indigence, let them come and take up estates in Hind, relieving

themselves from straitened circumstances, and supporting the State against powerful enemies.[citation needed]
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The declining flow of Pashtun(Afghan) warriors from the tribal belt may be one of the important

causes of their downfall.[citation needed] The lack of support became obvious after the death ofSher

Shah Suri in 1555.

[edit] Mughal Empire

Babur(15261530), a descendant ofTimur, came down from Central Asia to Kabulin 1504. Hewas the founder of the Mughal dynasty (15261857) in the subcontinent. The support of the

tribesmen helped him in his conquest of India. "In all these expeditions there is no doubt that

Babur's armies were greatly strengthened by tribal contingents supplied by the Yusufzais andother tribes".[citation needed] Not only Babur, but also the remaining Mughal rulers greatly "depended

on Afghan mercenaries". At the same time Babur's main adversaries were the tribesmen on their

own home ground. These stood on the lines of communication which a prospective conqueror ofHindustan, who starts from Central Asia, must secure and maintain through the hill country

intervening between Kabul and the Jihlam [Jhelum] River[7]. Many years were to elapse before

Babur could do this, and reading between the lines of his story, we can see very clearly that he

was in a continual state of anxiety and annoyance over difficulties that in fact he was never ableentirely to resolve. Later emperors of his line were no more successful in achieving enduring

solutions."[citation needed]

Babur mentions the names of the local tribes in his autobiography, this is the first time they were

recorded.[citation needed] The prominent ones mentioned by Babur are Yusufzais (Babur married aYusufzai woman), Afridis,Orakzais, Bangash,Turis,Dilazaks,Mohmands,Gigianis,

Muhammadzais, Lohanis,Niazis, Isa Khels, Ghaljis and Wazirs. The Afridis live in Khyber, the

Yusufzais in Swat and the Samah, the Muhammadzis in Hashtnagar, the Bangashes aroundHangu, the Lohanis in the Daman, the Ghaljis around Ghazni. The Khattaks, who are not

mentioned by Babur with this name, live in the neighbourhood of Bannu.

Baburcould not master the territory bounded on the north by the Koh-i-Sufaid down as far as

Bannu, where Bangash, Turis, Wazirs live, as is clear from his comments:

The tribes of Bangash lie out of the way, and do not willingly pay taxes. Being occupied by many affairs

of superior importance, such as the conquest of Kandahar, Balkh, Badakhshan and Hindustan, I never

found leisure to apply myself to the settlement ofBangash. But if Almighty God prosper my wishes, my

first moment of leisure shall be devoted to the settlement of that district, and of its plundering

neighbours.[citation needed]

He writes in a similar tone about Wazirs, but his hope of dominating them was never fulfilled.

Similarly, Akbar the Great(15561605) could not prevail "in any decisive fashion against any of

the tribes except those who found it to their interest, in return for consideration, to guard theKing's highway."[citation needed] Thereafter "no serious endeavour was made by any of his successors,

or indeed by the Durranis who followed to bring any of the mountain regions under

administrative subjection"[citation needed]

During the reigns ofJehangir(16081627) and Shah Jahan(16281658), the wars against theYusufzais and hillmen continued. TheMughal rulers were also fighting for the possession of

Kandahar. The struggle for Kandahar did not absolve the Mughals from the troubles in the tribal
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area. Jehangir in the third year of his reign, in 1607, visited Kabul. The most successful Mughal

General Shah Beg who had taken possession of Kandahar some twelve years back was given

governance over "the whole and troublous Sarkar of Kabul, Tirah, Bangash, Swat and Bajaur,with entire control over the Afghans of these regions, an assignment of their territories injagir,

and the title ofKhan-i-Dauran(Chief of the Age)".

Shah Jahan appointed one brave general, Said Khan from Kohat, as governor of Kabul, and

raised him to the rank of commander of 5000 cavalry. TheNorth-West Frontier Provinceingeneral, especially Khattaks along with a number of other tribes, were under revolt against the

last powerful Mughal EmperorAurangzeb (16581707). Thereafter the Mughal emperors were

too weak to think of an adventurous course of controlling the tribes.[citation needed]

[edit] Durrani Empire

WhenNadir Shah, the King of Persia, invaded India in 1739, the Afghan/Pashtun contingentbecame the corps d'elite of his army, hence the name "pusht: ribs or bones structure". The

Afghan/Pashtun corps of cavalry, numbering between 4000 and 16,000, was commanded byNurMuhammad Khan, anAbdali of Alizai clan. They accompanied the king to India and"participated in all the dangers and successes of that campaign."[citation needed] Ahmad Khan was the

commander of the Abdali contingent from Afghanistan. He was the bodyguard of King Nadir

Shah of Iran. When Nadir Shah, after his successful invasion of India, was returning to Persia,

the tribes had closed the defiles and besieged him. His forces could not win against them in spiteof loyal support of Afghan Abdalis, and "had paid a heavy toll in cash to the mountaineers" to get

a passage. [8]

Nadir's support to Abdalis led to the jealousies of other ethnic groups in Persia and he wasmurdered in 1747 by Muhammad Khan Qajar, the founder of Qajar dynasty who succeeded him

on the throne of Persia. The commander of Abdali contingent Ahmed Khan, aged 24, forced hisway to the royal tent only to find Nadir dead. Ahmed Khan finding his patron dead made his way

to Kandhar and then to Kabulalong with his Abdali contingent. He is the founder of theindependent kingdom ofAfghanistan in that year. He was a "born leader he had himself

crowned as Ahmad Shah in Kandhar. He assumed the title Durr-i-Durran, Pearl of Pearls From

that time his tribe, the Abdalis [which is a branch of Saddozai clan] have been known as theDurranis."[citation needed] Later he conquered and incorporated West Punjab and Kashmirin his

empire and thus under him Afghanistan and most of the present day Pakistan were formed as one

state.

Ahmad Shah Abdali (17471773) was the hero of the most important battle ofPanipatnorth of

Delhi in 1761, which he fought with the help of Pashtun tribesmen. He defeated the great armyof the Maratha confederacy. It was "one of the decisive battles of the world", for it eliminated the

prospects of Maratha domination over north India, it hastened the disintegration of the MughalEmpire, facilitated the rise of Sikhs in the Punjab, and finally paved the way for "the gradual

extension of British authority to Delhi and later to thePanjab."[citation needed]

However, the tribal belt "remained a welter of warlike tribes it was the inexhaustible spring

from which mercenary armies could be drawn".[citation needed] Throughout history they have enjoyed
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independence or a semi-independent status. The powerful rulers tried to subdue them but

eventually they had to compromise to give them a semi-independent status. Even the Pathan

dynasties ruling over India depended on manpower from the tribal territories but their writ didnot extend to these territories.

[edit] Sikh Rule

The Durrani ruler of Lahore, Shah Zaman (17931800), the grandson ofAhmad Shah under

compulsion of infighting at Kabul withdrew from Lahore in 1799 and appointed a Sikh leader,

Ranjit Singh as his viceroy. Maharaja Ranjit Singh(17991839) was an ambitious and capableruler. He established Sikh rule in the Punjab. When he could not expand his empire towards east

and south due to the presence of English, he decided to move towards the west. He was able to

overrun the trans-Indus plains including Peshawarand Bannu.

When he decided to pass through the tribal belt and establish his rule in Jalalabad and Kabul,several battles were fought. Finally, the Sikhs were stopped in the hills around Jamrud where the

tribes gave them fierce battle. The Sikhs were defeated and retreated in 1837. It was here thatthey lost their renowned general Hari Singh Nalwa, who had earlier captured Bala Hissar(thecitadel of Peshawar) in 1834.

The Sikhs' rule around Peshawar was not stable. They "possessed but little influence in the trans-

Indus tracts, and what influence they had was confined to the plains. Even here they were obeyed

only in the immediate vicinity of their forts which studded the country". The tribesmen checkedthe advance ofSikhs and safeguarded their independence as always in the past.

[edit] British Raj

During early 19th century, the British had established their supremacy over the subcontinentexcept Balochistan, Sindh and the northwest tribal belt. All of these areas are now part of

Pakistan. These were practically independent but theoretically under Kabul. The NWFP west of

the tribal belt and the Punjab had become independent of Kabul under Sikh rulerRanjit Singh.

It was the period when Russiawas advancing southwards in Central Asia. The Britishgovernment in London was perturbed and thought it an "imminent peril to the security and

tranquillity" of the Indian Empire and asked the government of India to checkmate them. Thus

began British involvement with NWFP, its tribal belt and Afghanistan.

[edit] First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42)

It was understood both in London and Calcutta, which was then the headquarters of the ruling

East India Company, that the Emir of Afghanistan was entering into secret negotiations with

Russia. Accordingly, in 1838, the Government of India declared war against Afghanistan. Since

Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Punjab, would not give passage to the East India Company's armythrough his territory, Lord Auckland, the BritishGovernor-General of India (1838-42), decided

to dispatch his forces through Sindh. Earlier, Governor-General Lord Minto (1807-13), as a

precaution against the threat of French invasion, had concluded a treaty of "eternal friendship"
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with the Amir of Sindh in 1809. Now, Auckland forced the Amir to agree to give passage to the

English army and to contribute money towards the Afghan war and threatened him with "power

to crush and annihilate them," and that they "will not hesitate to call it into action, should itappear requisite, however remotely, for either the integrity or safety" of the British empire. [9]

In 1839, the British-led Indian Army passed through Sindh and Balochistanand conqueredKandahar and Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. The army of occupation decided to stay

back in Kabul. During the winter of 1841-42, there was a mass uprising against foreign forcesand the Indian army comprising twelve thousand soldiers left the city of Kabul along with their

followers and marched eastward in the direction ofJalalabad for safety. The tribesmen gradually

destroyed the entire Indian forces while on retreat. By January 1842, only one Dr Brydon wasable to reach Jalalabad to narrate the tragic story of the massacre of their comrades. "A large

British-led army had not been wiped out so completely in living memory."[10]

[edit] Annexation of Sindh and the Punjab (1843-49)

As a consequence of the defeat in Afghanistan, to rehabilitate their prestige, the East IndiaCompany forced a war on Sindh, defeated the Baloch forces of the Talpurs at the battles ofMiani

andDabo, and annexed the province ofSindhin 1843. After the death of Ranjit Singh, there

were a series of revolutions in the Punjab. The English fought two wars in the Punjab against

Sikhs in 1846 and 1848-49 and after successively defeating them annexed the province of thePunjab in 1849. Beyond the plains of Sindh and the Punjab which the Company forces had

conquered, there lived the Pathan andBaloch tribes in the hills.

[edit] Sandeman system

The arrangement made by Sandeman is known as the Sandeman System. It rested on the

occupation of central points in Kalat and tribal territory in considerable force, linking themtogether by fair-weather roads, and leaving the tribes to manage their own affairs according to

their own customs and working through their chiefs and maliks. The maliks were required toenlist levies paid by government but regarded as tribal servants.

It is also known as the Khassadar system. For sometime there was no interference with the tribes.

Sandeman adopted a policy in which he used the local tribes for purposes of policing the tribal

area. He recruited tribesmen and formed khassadarRegiments. These Regiments took the placeof the British Army in tribal area. Large subsidies were paid to the tribal maliks. These maliks

had to perform certain difficult duties such as protecting merchants, keeping roads open and in

case of trouble, finding out the troublemakers. The system of khassadars, or tribal police was

somewhat successful in Balochistan. It was to give monetary benefits to the tribesmen under thesupervision of maliks, in return for maintaining order in the tribe.

Since these areas nominally acknowledged the sovereignty ofKabul, the British according to a

treaty with Amir Sher Ali, the King of Afghanistan, signed in 1879 took overPishin and Sibi,apart from Kurram, and Khyber. Thus the British were able to reach Chaman, which is at a short

distance from Kandahar inAfghanistan.
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[edit] "Policy of Masterly Inactivity" or Close Border Policy

The Punjab Government under the overall direction of the British Government in India followed

a policy that required guarding the frontier to minimize the tribal raids and, in case of raids, sendmilitary expeditions for reprisals. "Non-aggression on tribal territory and non-interference in

tribal affairs" were the objectives of this policy.[citation needed]

Following their defeat in the FirstAnglo-Afghan War(1838-42) the British had realized that the task of ruling over the tribal

territory inNWFP and Afghanistan was beyond their resources in India. Thus they followed thepolicy of "masterly inactivity" or "close door policy" and their interest in the affairs of the tribal

area in NWFP and Afghanistan remained minimal.

For purposes of defence, a paramilitary force under the Government of the Punjab called the

Punjab Frontier Force was raised and later it was merged with the regular Indian Army in 1886.The defence was organized by creating a line of forts along the administrative boundary. Roads

were built to connect these forts and facilitate inter-communication.

Simultaneously conciliatory measures were adopted. Agreements were concluded with the tribesto maintain peace and order for which they were paid monetary benefits in the shape of subsidies

and allowances. The tribesmen were allowed to enter British administered territory for purposes

of trade and commerce, butBritishofficers were not allowed to enter the tribal territory.

According to British sources the tribesmen broke the agreements very often. As a consequencethe government had to stop allowances, impose fines, enforce blockades and if these did not

work they had to resort to military operations. "Between 1849 and 1899, the Punjab Government

undertook as many as sixty-two expeditions."[citation needed]

From the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 to the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Afghan Warin1878 the British followed the "so-called close-border policy" but abandoned it thereafter.

[edit] Forward Policy and Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-79)

There was a change in British policy after 1876, owing to the conquest of Sindh (1843) and the

Punjab (1849), as well as to concern among British strategists in London about the advance ofthe Russian armies in Turkestan. The policy ofBenjamin Disraeli, who became prime minister of

Britain in 1874, was to build a strategic line of defence against Russian advance in Central Asia.

It was felt that sooner or later the British and the Russian forces would confront each other inCentral Asia. This thinking led the British to increase their sphere of influence in Afghanistan. In

1876 Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India wrote to the Secretary of State for India that:

The more I think over the geographical facts of our position the stronger becomes my impression that the

real key to it is at Kabul from Herat to the north-east extremity ofKashmirone great continuous

watershed [ofHindu Kushmountain] seems to indicate the natural defensive bulwark of India. I am

inclined to think that, if we took our stand along this line, with a sufficient margin north of it to leave us

in command of the passes on both sides, our position would be a sufficiently strong one for all defensive

purposes.[citation needed]

Amir Sher Ali of Afghanistan refused to allow a British envoy at Kabul. Following this, Lord

Lytton declared war on 20 November1878, and British troops invaded Afghanistan. Sher Ali ran
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away and later died. His son Mohammad Yaqub Khanconcluded the Treaty of Gandamakon 26

May1879 agreeing to British terms including ceding of Pishin and Sibi (now part of

Balochistan), besides Khyber and Kurram, The war had encouraged the British formally tooccupy most of the tribal belt. It included a permanent advance and control of the Khyber Pass,

but the Kurram valley was occupied some years later.

[edit] Scientific Frontier and Durand Line (1893)

Afghanistan before the Durand agreement of 1893.

Lord Lytton (1876-80) put forward the idea of a scientific frontier. Military experts came to be

divided into two groups the forward and the backward. The backward group advocated that

Indus should be the frontier line because the tribesmen were troublesome and fanatic and wouldnot tolerate interference; it was difficult to fight in the mountains; and it was very expensive to

have British Cantonments in the tribal territory.

The forward group advocated that the frontier should be from Kabul through Ghazni to Kandhar

because unless the tribal country was occupied tribesmen would continue to give trouble; riverfrontier was not a frontier at all; tribal area could pay the expenses of military occupation if its

mineral resources were developed; and even if the policy was expensive it must be adopted for

the sake of India's security.

For some time the British policy oscillated between the backward and the forward schools. In thetime ofLord Lansdowne (1888-94) a compromise was arrived at. The boundary between

Afghanistan and India was drawn on scientific lines keeping in view the requirements of

defence. The dividing line came to be known as the Durand Line. Accordingly, in 1893, SirMortimer Durand concluded an agreement with Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan fixing the

boundary line from Wakhan in the north to the Iranian border in the south (i.e. the junction of

Iran, Afghanistan and Balochistan). There was also some adjustment of territories. For instance,

the British Government agreed to Amir of Afghanistan retaining Asmar and the Amir in turnagreed that "he will at no time exercise interference in Swat, Bajaur and Chitral". Similarly, the

British Government agreed to leave to the Amir a portion of Waziristan (i.e. Birmal) and Amir

relinquished his claim to the rest of the Waziristan. A clause in the agreement stated:
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The Government of India will at no time exercise interference in the territories lying beyond this line on

the side of Afghanistan, and His Highness the Amir will at no time exercise interference in the territories

lying beyond this line on the side of India.[citation needed]

[edit] "Hit and Run" Policy and war with tribes (1897-98)

In the beginning the British had adopted an attitude of conciliation. Frontier duties were

abolished, free trade was established, medical facilities were provided and tribesmen were

recruited in the army and the police. Since this policy could not remove the basic cause of thetroublethe economic needs of the areait failed. The tribesmen continued to plunder the British

territory. To check this, the policy of reprisalsfines, blockades and expeditionswas adopted.

These methods were used to force the tribesmen to come to terms. This was called the "Hit andRun Policy". It also did not succeed.

The policies and the intrusion of British forces, especially in Waziristan was seen by tribesmen

as a "menace" to their independence.[citation needed] When in June 1897, the Political Agent had gone

with a military escort to select a site for a levy post in Maizar, a Waziri village, in NorthWaziristan, they were "at first hospitably received, but suddenly attacked. All their officers [who

were British] were killed or wounded"[citation needed] This was followed by an attack by tribes of

Malakand against the garrisons in the pass and in Chakdara. By August, Mohmands attacked at

Shabqadr, and later Afridi and Orakzai attacked at Tirah and the Khybar post was lost by theBritish. The Samana forts were attacked and "the garrison in one case wiped out to a man." Later

Khyber was reoccupied and Khyber Rifles were re-established and new roads and more forts

were built.

This uprising involved bulk of the tribes: Darwesh KhelWaziris, the Swatis, the Mohmands, the

Afridis and the Orakzais. The Mohmands did not rise in 1897.

[edit] Withdrawal and concentration policy

After the 1897-98 war with tribes, the controversy between the backward and the forward

schools assumed a new meaning. Now the controversy was whether the tribal territory up to theDurand Line should be occupied or should the British fall back upon Indus. The tribes who had

neither been consulted nor considered did not like this change and interference in their affairs.

They resented the loss of their independence and uprisings continued.

To meet the situation, Lord Curzon (18991905) adopted a policy of "withdrawal andconcentration" withdrawal from the advanced posts, employment of the tribal forces for the

defence of the tribal country, concentrations of British forces in British territory as the second

line of defence and the improvement of the means of transport and communication. This policycontinued up to 1919.

By January 1899, about 10,000 British troops had been stationed on the northwest frontier. Lord

Curzon gradually withdrew large number of troops from certain areas including the Khyber Pass

(except Jamrud) and the Kurram valley (except Thal) and Waziristan but concentrated troops inBritish lines and also deployed in lieu levies commanded by British officers and retained troops

at Chakdara, Malakand and Dargai.
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[edit] FATA after Independence

[edit] 19471979

The year 1947 marked a turning point in the history of the Tribal Areas, as a new and

independent state ofPakistanreplaced theBritish raj. With the termination of British rule, all theagreements and treaties which bound the Tribal Areas with the British government in Delhi were

abrogated under the Indian Independence Act 1947.

Constitutionally, the Tribal Areas became independent and it was up to the new state of Pakistan

to enter into fresh agreements and treaties with the tribal chiefs. The tribal chiefs (Maliks) werealso cognizant of the fact that they would have to enter into new arrangements with Pakistan

under terms and conditions that would guarantee the rights and privileges they enjoyed under the

British. For this purpose, the new state of Pakistan secured through its political agents in the

tribal agencies an agreement with the maliks in 1947. Under this agreement the maliks declaredthe Tribal Areas a part of Pakistan and pledged to provide any help to the new country whenever

the need arose. They also made a commitment "to be peaceful and law abiding and to maintainfriendly relations with the people of the settled districts."[citation needed] In return and "on theforegoing conditions the Government ofPakistan pledged to continue the existing benefits."[citation

needed] The Government of Pakistan also made a commitment to maintain the existing internal

arrangements in the tribal areas. To provide a legal and constitutional cover to these agreements,the Governor General of Pakistan issued a series of orders and notifications. Under these orders

and notifications, the Tribal Areas were declared part of Pakistan with effect from 15 August

1947. The Governor-General of Pakistan assumed direct jurisdiction of the tribal Areas.

In a subsequent development, the Government of Pakistan entered into revised agreements withthe tribal chiefs in 1951-52 acquiring greater control and authority in the Tribal Areas. These

agreements were concluded with the willing cooperation and the goodwill of the tribal people,and were meant to enlarge the scope of the existing agreements.

From 1947 till the formation of One Unit in 1955, the NWFP Governor acted as agent to theGovernor-General of Pakistan in relation to the administration of the Tribal Areas, and exercised

immediate authority in those areas. His Secretariat, known as the "Local Administration of

NWFP", headed by the Chief Secretary, dealt with all matters in respect of the Tribal Areas. Allpolicy directives from the Federal Government were communicated to the Chief Secretary, who

furnished the compliance reports to the Federal Government. Since there were no Divisional

Commissioners in those days, the Political Agentsand the Deputy Commissioners used tocorrespond directly with the local administration.

On the formation of West Pakistan (One Unit) in 1955, the administration of the Tribal Areas was

taken over by the Governor of West Pakistan; and the Federal Government was left only with

policy control. Under new set up, the West Pakistan Governor, acted as Agent to the President ofPakistan. These arrangements continued till 1958.

In October 1958, the administrative set up of the Tribal Areas was reviewed; and it was

considered imperative that the system of administration on the spot should have centripetal
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quality. Consequently, administration of all the Tribal Areas was vested in the Resident

Commissioner from November 1959 to August 1960, thereafter, these areas continued to be

administered directly by the West Pakistan Government. The post of Resident Commissioner,however, was abolished in 1960 as an economy measure, but evidently, the real cause of the

change over was the dual control of the Resident Commissioner by the Federal Government and

the Provincial Government.

Although the 1956 Constitution was based on the integration of West Pakistan into One Unit, thepolitical parties with their support base in the former provinces, especially Sindh, NWFP and

Balochistan did not accept the merger of these provinces into One Unit. They continued to

demand the dissolution of One Unit and the revival of the former provinces. National AwamiParty (NAP), which was supported by the Pashtun and Baloch nationalists, was in the forefront

of the struggle for the revival of the former provinces. The mass movement against Ayub Khan,

which forced Pakistan's first military ruler to step down in 1969, had incorporated the dissolutionof One Unit as one of the main items on its agenda. Thus, GeneralYahya Khan, who took over

from General Ayub Khan, accepted the demand for the dissolution of One Unit. On July 1, 1970,

One Unit was dissolved and the former provinces of West Pakistan, namely Punjab,Sindh,NWFP and Balochistan were revived.

With the dissolution of One Unit, the Tribal Areas ofDir, Swat, Chitral, Malakand Protected

Areas, and the Hazara Territory, were included in the NWFP. Similarly, the tribal Areas of

Balochistan, namely the Districts of Zhob, Sibi, Loralai and Chagai were made part ofBalochistan. The rest of the Tribal Areas, namely the Agencies ofMohmand,Kurram, Khyber,

Bajaur, Orakzai,North Waziristan, South Waziristan, and the adjoining areas ofKohat,

Peshawar, Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan Districts were declared as Federally Administered Tribal

Areas (FATA).

[edit] 19791991

[edit] Soviet invasion

The decade-long war in Afghanistan had a negative impact on the tribal areas and their

infrastructure. With Pakistan becoming the frontline state in the war of resistance against the

Soviet forces, the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan virtually ceased to exist. The tribal

belt became the main supply route for theMujahideen fighting theSoviets. The tribal areasprovided a base for the Mujahideen, and weapons, supplies, and other war sustenance efforts

were routed from these areas.[citation needed]

Large numbers ofAfghan refugees arrived in the FATA, placing pressure on the local resources.In some cases, refugees outnumbered the local population. The war also brought a culture of

guns and drugs.[citation needed] During this period, the economy of the tribal areas, which was already

underdeveloped, suffered enormously.

The local administration, which already exercised only nominal control over the tribalpopulation, was rendered totally ineffective under the impact of the ongoing war in Afghanistan.
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The result was that all kinds of illegal activity, like smuggling, drug trafficking and gun running,

flourished in these areas.

[edit] Civil war

With the withdrawal of the Soviet forces from Afghanistan in 1989, there was a bloody warbetween the Soviet-installed Afghan regime and the Afghan Mujahideen groups. Because

security and peace were lacking in Afghanistan, there was no question of theAfghan refugees

returning to their country. The tribal areas, therefore, continued to be the home of millions ofAfghan refugees.

[edit] Taliban rule in Afghanistan and its influence on the FATA

In 1996, Kabul fell to the student militia known as theTaliban. As a result of nearby Taliban, the

writ of the government of Pakistan in the FATA became less effective. Some people of the FATA

joined the Taliban in fighting against theNorthern Alliance. Movement of men and material

across the international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan was unregulated. Severalaspects of the FATA's culture have been influenced, and in some cases the traditions of tribal

people were affected by the more conservative interpretation of Islam favoured by the Taliban[11]

. A large number of people from different regions of Pakistan and the world entered Afghanistan

to join what they claimed wasjihad against theNorthern Alliance.

[edit] 2007 anti-militancy campaign

On June 4, 2007, the National Security Council of Pakistan met to decide the fate of Waziristan

and take up a number of political and administrative decisions to control "Talibanization" of thearea. The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and it was attended by the Chief

Ministers and Governors of all 4 provinces. They discussed the deteriorating law and ordersituation and the threat posed to state security. To crush the armed militancy in the Tribal regions

and the NWFP, the government decided to intensify and reinforce law enforcement and militaryactivity, take action against certain madrassahs, and jam illegal FM radio stations.[12]

[edit] Extension of adult franchise to the FATA

The neutrality of this section is disputed.Please see the discussion on the talk page. (May 2008)

Please do not remove this message until thedispute is resolved.

Although Pakistan adopted universal adult suffrage as the basis of its electoral process

immediately after independence in 1947, the people of FATA, due their autonomous status didnot have this right for about fifty years.[citation needed] In the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

(1947-54) FATA were represented by one member; whereas 4 states of the region, namely Swat,

Dir,Chitral and Amb had 3 seats in the Assembly in accordance with the formula worked out by

the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946). Under1973 Constitution, the maliks (numbering about 37000)constituted the Electoral College for the election to 8 seats of the National Assembly. Under the

legal, political and constitutional reforms package ofMusharrafregime, known as Legal
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas#cite_note-Dawn-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas#cite_note-Dawn-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musharrafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Unbalanced_scales.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas#cite_note-Dawn-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musharraf


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Framework Order (LFO) the number of National Assembly Members (MNAs) to be elected from

FATA have been increased to 12. In 1996 the federal government of Pakistan decided to

introduce adult franchise in the Tribal Areas for the elections held in 1997.

The 1997 elections were the first held in the Tribal Areas on the basis of universal adult suffrage.

According to the electoral rolls prepared for the 1997 elections, the total number of registeredvotes was 1.6 million, including 0.4 million female votes. The extension of adult franchise in

FATA was a long-standing demand of the people of Tribal Areas. But the successive governmentsof Pakistan had been postponing this decision due to their policy of appeasement towards the

tribal chiefs (Maliks), who feared the loss of their entrenched privileged positions in the areas in

case method of direct elections was introduced.

A large number of candidates contested the 1997 elections and the turn out was consideredhigh.[citation needed] A total of 298 candidates stood for the eight seats of the National Assembly The

average turn out was 33.69 per cent. In some areas, like Bajaur Agency, the turn out was 65 per

cent; but in South Waziristan, which is the center of Pakistan's military operations against the

suspected foreign militants, the turn out was reported to be as low as 19.64 per cent.

In the last elections held on10 October2002, the total number of registered votes was 1,289,274.

The number of male registered votes was 814,921; while the number of registered female votes

was slightly higher than in the 1997 elections (469,053). The average turn out was 25.48 percent.

Despite the introduction of adult franchise, the people of the Tribal Areas do not yet enjoy

political and legal rights as equal citizens of Pakistan as their transition from autonomous regions

into full settled areas with representation with the government has often been slowed down byLocal Maliks, who are gradually losing their traditional power. Article 25 of the 1973

Constitution declares that all citizens of Pakistan are equal before law; but this article is notapplicable to FATA, although under Article 1 of the Constitution FATA is part of the territories ofPakistan, many in Pakistan and particularly in FATA want this changed. The two elections (1997

and 2002) following the introduction of adult franchise in FATA were held on non-party basis.

Despite the persistent demands by the political parties and civil society organizations in theregion, the political parties have not been allowed to extend their activities in the Tribal Areas.

Under Article 247 of the Constitution, federal government enjoys absolute authority over the

Tribal Areas. Under sub-section (7) of the same Article, High Courts and Supreme Court ofPakistan are barred from exercising jurisdiction over FATA. The draconian law known as

Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR) framed by the British in 1901 to keep the people of Tribal

Areas under suppression is still the law of the Tribal Areas. Before 1956, FCRcovered the whole

of the NWFP; but through an amendment, the settled districts of the province were exemptedfrom FCR. Similarly, FCR was abolished in 1973 in Balochistan. However, the people of FATA

are still governed by FCR, which has been denounced by all the political parties as

undemocratic, repressive and violation of human rights.[citation needed] With the increasing literacyrate and integration of the FATA with the rest of the country not to mention that many inhabitants

of FATA have set up colonies, where 2nd and even 3rd generations can be found (In Panjab,

Sindh), the local population is demanding greater representation and integration within thefederation.
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[edit] Economy

There is no banking system, and smuggling of opium and other contraband is routine, according

to a July 2007 report in The New York Times.[4]

Foreign aid to the region is a difficult proposition, according to Craig Cohen, an analyst at theCenter for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC. Because security is difficult,

local nongovernmental organizations are required to distribute aid, but NGOs tend not to trust the

military and the military tends not to trust the tribal chiefs who won't cooperate unless they,too, get a cut of the money, he said. Pakistani NGOs are often targets of violent attacks by

Islamist militants in the FATA. There is so much hostility to any hint of foreign influence, that

the American br

Documents

Federally Administered Tribal Areas