Feasibility of CT Baggage Scanners to Improve Campus Safety and Security in De La Salle University - Manila

7/23/2019 Feasibility of CT Baggage Scanners to Improve Campus Safety and Security in De La Salle University - Manila

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Feasibility of CT Baggage Scanners to Improve Campus Safety

and Security in De La Salle University Manila

April Antonette F. Velasco

Mariah Denise S. Carumba

Danielle Koleen P. Lapuz

Marius Lee R. Rosopa

John Gerald B. Santiago*


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INTRODUCTION

College education opens many doors and offers lots of opportunities and

advantages to an individual. Thus, students should be given the best promising chance to

do well in college. In order to offer such opportunity, Corral (2011) suggested that a safe

and secure learning environment must be provided. However, it was stated in Senator

Edgardo Angaras (2012) explanatory note for the House Bill No. 6479 of the Fifteenth

congress that there has been a steady increase in the crime rate in campuses all over the

country. Hence, it is essential to provide heightened safety and security in campuses.

Innocence is not an excuse for any accident or crime in a university. As a matter

of fact, knowledge regarding security in huge campuses like a university is vital because

security plays an important role in the society. In an article by Paperclip Communications

(2007), the responsibilities of police department in the security of the campus such as

being active and ready in such accidents or other emergencies that may happen,

preventing violations that may go along the way, guarding the safety of each and every

human, and avoiding crimes that may occur inside the campus are elaborated upon. To

define a safe campus, the security should be alert for any call of action and anywhere

around the place. It is also stated that campus security personnel undergoes training to be

sure that they efficiently maintain campus safety.

Due to increased risks of crime in campus, new security measures must be

implemented. Herold (2009) said that one of the key factors to consider in implementing

new security policies is the audience. It must be assured that before making the final

decision with the high organizations and offices, the side of the people who will be

affected must be taken into consideration. Policies should be fair, understandable, and

legal to everyone. Everyone, independent of their knowledge and intellect, need to be

able to read any and all of the organization's information security and privacy policies

and completely understand them. Moreover, a new soon-to-be implemented security


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policy will be successful if people that are being affected will understand, will be aware

and be willing to participate in it. Boredom is one of the factors that may corrupt a new

policy. Im not saying that every policy should be enjoyable and not being taken

seriously, but prior to the issue, everyone should benefit and as well understand

everything that is going on. (Leek, 2014, para. --). In line with this, this study was

conducted to analyze the feasibility of computed tomography (CT) baggage scanners to

improve campus safety and security in De La Salle UniversityManila.


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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Current security system and policies in DLSU

De La Salle University makes sure that it provides a safe and secure campus to its

community. According to the Safety and Security Office, there are approximately 112

guards deployed in De La Salle University Manila, 146 in DLSU-College of St.

Benilde, and around 25 in the Canlubang campus. (Batalla & Santiago, 2013) According

to Sta. Romana and Tolentino (2014), to enhance in-campus security, the Safety and

Security Office (SSO) participates in Task Force Safe School, a multi-sectoral group

working hand in hand with the University Student Government, Student Disciple

Formation Office, Mayors office, and Manila Police Department. This is in addition to

following the standard security protocols which include ID scanning, issuance of visitors

pass, roving security and entrance security check. DLSU-M is also one of the universities

that use battery-operated, hand-held metal detection devices that a guard swipes and

wands off around the bags of the students. The guards also swipe it around the persons

body, specifically at the hips because that is where people can hide things. When the

detector detects something skeptical, it sounds off an alarm. It is now the guard sduty to

manually inspect the baggage and its contents. (National Criminal Justice Reference

Service, 1999)

It was concluded in a survey conducted for this study that the students of De La

Salle University is contented on the security system of the said campus but it will be nice

if a chance will be given to make the security be better. In fact, a device called Archers

Eye of De La Salle was implemented along Taft Manila campus. As stated in the official

website of the university (2011), Archers Eye is a series of CCTV cameras that views

and monitors the students and places every second. Such cameras can be found at the

entrances of each building. These cameras serve as the eye of the security for monitoring

purposes.


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CT baggage scanners as mode of security

Computed Tomography scanner or simply called CT scanner is known to be very

expensive. Contrary to this fact is the high efficiency of the said security scanner. Density

and atomic number of objects are scanned by this machine for it to detect the presence of

a bomb. Also, the scanner gives a 3D view of the things that will pass through its tunnel.

Furthermore, CT scanner has the ability to give a centralized view of the image it is

focusing on. Given the fact that the CT scanner is really fast, it is said that it has the

capability to scan 1000 bags per hour. Huge bags have never been a problem because the

machine has wide tunnel for any size of baggage. In addition, CT scanner is easy to

install and simple to use (Reveal CT-120 Baggage Inspection System, 2015).

According to Castillo (2011), CT scanner was invented in 1972 and is now

becoming in demand especially in the United States. He also stated that research,

inspections, attenuation analysis, reverse engineering, measurements, and 3D digitization

are some of the major applications of CT scanner. When entering a place with security

CT scanner, one should place his belongings in a tunnel for it to be check automatically.

This process is smooth, fast, and efficient. The X-ray will scan through the luggage and

will record the results. The CT scanner uses all of this data to create a very detailed

tomogram or slice of the bag (Tyson &Grabianowski, 2001). The density, as well as the

mass, of the objects will be determined by the use of tomogram. When the luggage is

determined to be too heavy, the scanner will make an annoying and loud noise as an

alarm or warning to check whether the bag has something dangerous inside.

With the recent advances in imaging technology, the possibility of real time

scanning of bags in handling security operations with the use of dual energy CT scanners

became possible. This scanner outputs a series of image slices inside the bag which are

then combined to for a single 3D volume image. Based on Flittons (2013) study, a key

aspect of the practicalities of using CT baggage scanners is in relation to the rate of

detection. It poses high true-positive rate to ensure that real threats are detected and low


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false-positive rate to minimize the occurrence of delays and inconvenience to individuals.

In the same study, the detection performance vis--vis speed of operation was tested in

addition to object class recognition.

However, the efficiency and the convenience brought by CT scanners come with

a huge cost. As stated in the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (1999), single-

energy unit is the most common and appropriate type of CT scanner to be used in

educational institutions which costs around $30,000. The cost of a better model of the

said type of scanner is ranging from $250,000 up to $1 million. But obviously, CT

scanner cannot stand on its own due to the fact that manpower is needed for the checking

to be completely done. Men will act as the eye to guard whenever there will be left

belongings in the tunnel. Mostly, bags are being checked and when the scanner detects

something suspicious inside the baggage, the alarm goes off. This means that the bag has

been detected to contain a possible threat to security. This type of scanner is comparable

to those CT scanners used in airport security that outputs 3D images of the contents

(Alexander, 2014).


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METHODOLOGY

The method used to test the feasibility of CT baggage scanners in improving

campus safety and security was an online and written survey. The questionnaire

contained six items, three of which focused on the current security system of De La Salle

University while the other three focused on the students opinion on the probable use of

CT baggage scanners. The questions were based from previous surveys on Creating a

safe campus by culture published by the University of Arizona (2010) and a study by

Rajaonah, et. al. (2014) on French public acceptability of security scanners at airports.

Some items were also based on Nissens (2012) study entitled, Public attitudes to airport

security: The case of whole body scanners.

A concise explanation of the CT scanner was included to give the respondents a

brief background of the proposed system of using CT baggage scanners for in-campus

safety and security. A total of 150 respondents were asked to answer the survey. An equal

number of 75 male and 75 female respondents were taken to assess if there is a

significant difference on each genders perception aboutthe safety and security within the

campus.

The collected data were analyzed using PHStat2. Various tests such as Chi-square

test for independence, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and T-test for

differences in proportion were performed to generate values which will be the basis of

interpretations. The relationship between the perceived safety rating and the need for

enhanced security measures were tested using the Chi-square test for independence. One

way Analysis of Variance was used to test the difference between the perceived safety

rating of males and females. T-test for difference in proportion was used to test whether

people agree to the idea of using CT baggage scanners and whether people prefer CT

baggage scanner over the manual baggage checking.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 1: Perceived in-campus security rating of DLSU-Manila students

The sample mean perceived in-campus security rating is 3.1933 with a variance of

0.5597 (n=150). This data was used to construct a 99% confidence interval estimate of

(true mean perceived in-campus security rating of the students) using PHStat2. The

constructed interval was (3.03, 3.35). Based on this interval, one is 99% confident that

the true mean perceived in-campus security rating of DLSU students is between 3.03 and

3.35. This is equivalent to 75.8% to 83.8% safety rating.

In addition to this, the data was subjected to chi-square test for independence to

test if there is a significant relationship between gender and perceived in-campus security

rating. Since the computed critical value (7.81) is greater than chi-square test statistic

(2.20), we say that there is no significant relationship between the two factors. Hence,

there is no significant difference between the perceived in-campus security rating of male

and female students.

4 3 2 1


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Figure 2: Responses for question number 2

Based on the results of the survey, the sample proportion of students who are

satisfied with current security measures is 57.33%. Using PHStat2, 99% confidence

interval estimate for the true proportion of students who are satisfied with current security

measures is between 46.9% and 67.7%. On the basis of this interval, we cannot say that

there is a greater proportion of students who are satisfied with the current security system

compared to those who are not since 50% is included in the constructed interval. There is

no significant difference between the proportion of students who are satisfied or not

satisfied with the current security measures in the campus.

Are you satisfied with the current security measures in

the campus?


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The results of the survey revealed that the sample proportion of students who says

that there is a need for enhanced security measures is 70.7%. A 99% confidence interval

estimate for the true proportion using PHStat2 yielded a result of (0.611, 0.802). On the

basis of this interval, one is 99% confident that the true proportion of students who says

that there is a need for enhanced security measures is between 61.1% and 80.2%. Hence,

we say that there is a significant difference between the proportion of those who say there

is a need for enhanced security measures and those who says otherwise.

Do you think there is a need for enhanced security

measures?


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The sample proportion of students who are for the use of CT baggage scanners is

88.0%. Using PHStat2, a 99% confidence interval was constructed. Based on the

constructed interval, one is 99% confident that the true proportion of students who are for

the use of CT baggage scanners is between 81.2% and 94.8%. In addition to this, one can

also say that the proportion of students who are for the use of CT baggage scanners is

significantly different to the proportion of students who are againts the use of the

scanners.

Based on the survey, some reasons why they are against the use of CT baggage

scanners are: cost, privacy concerns, and imposed health risks. On the other hand, the

reason why they are for the use of CT scanners are: reliability in detecting possible

threats to safety and security, enhanced safety, and time-efficiency.

Are you for or against the use of CT baggage scanners in

DLSU-Manila?


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Based on the results of the survey, the sample proportion of students who favor

CT baggage scanners over the current manual inspection is 90.0%. Using PHStat2, the

computed 99% confidence interval for the true proportion is between 0.837 and 0.963.

On the basis of this interval, one is 99% confident that the true proportion of students

who favor CT baggage scanners over the current manual inspection is between 83.7%

and 96.3%.

If you were given the choice between CT scanners and

manual inspection, which will you choose?


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Figure 6

Based on the gathered data, the 74.7% of the respondents pose high belief in the

idea that CT baggage scanners will enhance control security times. On the other hand,

only 44.0% of the respondents believe that the staff carrying out the scan will respect

their dignity and privacy.


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CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study, students of De La Salle University Manila

gave positive attitudes on the use of computed tomography (CT) baggage scanners.

Previous studies on the reliability of CT baggage scanners also revealed positive reviews

on various aspects of the machine such as its rate of detection and number of bags

scanner per minute. Hence, the use of CT baggage scanners as a new mode of security

baggage check is feasible.


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REFERENCES

Alexander, R. (2014). Juneau airport gets second scanner for checked baggage.

Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.ktoo.org/2014/06/19/juneau-airport-

gets-second-scanner-checked-baggage/

Angara, E. (2012). House Bill No. 6479. Fifteenth CongressHouse of Representatives.

Republic of the Philippines.

Archer's eye: Looking out for you. (2011). Retrieved April 9, 2015, from http://archers-eye.dlsu.edu.ph/

Batalla, J. & Santiago, F. (2013). DLSU to change security agency starting November.

The Lasallian. http://thelasallian.com/2013/10/17/dlsu-to-change-security-agency-

starting-november/

Castillo, M. (2011). The industry of CT scanning.American Journal of Neuroradiology,

33, 583-585. Retrieved April 9, 2015, from

http://www.ajnr.org/content/33/4/583.full

Corral, N. (2011). The importance of campus safety on college campuses. Retrieved from

http://www.examiner.com/article/the-importance-of-campus-safety-on-college-

campuses

Flitton, G. (2013). A comparison 3D interest point descriptors with application to airport

baggage object detection in complex CT imagery. United Kingdom: Cranfield

University.

Herold, R. (2009). 6 critical factors for effective information security & privacy policies.

Retrieved April 7, 2015 from http://www.compliancehelper.com/article/53349-6-

critical-factors-for-effective-information#.VSflYpSUc4Q


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Mitchener-Nissen, T., Bowers, K., & Chetty, K. (2012). Public attitudes to airport

security: The case of whole body scanners.Palgrave journals, 25, 229-243. doi:

10.1057/sj.2011.20

University of Arizona. (2010). Creating a safe campus culture.

Retrieved March 18, 2015, from

http://studentaffairs.arizona.edu/assessment/documents/DeanofStudents-

SafetySurvey2009.pdf

National Criminal Justice Reference Service. (September 1999). The appropriate and

effective use of security technologies in U.S. schools. Retrieved April 5, 2015,

from www.ncjrs.gov/school/178265.pdf

Paperclip Communications. (2007). The role of campus security. Retrieved on April 10,

2015 from www.Paper-Clip.com

Rajaonah, B., Castelli, J., Ravenel, J., Osmont, A., Cabrol, P., & Le Fur, G. (2014).

Acceptability of security scanners at airports: A French opinion survey. Retrieved

March 18, 2015, from hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01010844/document

Reveal CT-120 baggage inspection system. (2015). Retrieved April 9, 2015, from

www.leidos.com/products/security/reveal-ct-120

Romana, M., & Tolentino, M. (2014). On safety and security around DLSU. The

Lasallian. Retrieved from http://thelasallian.com/2014/01/27/on-safety-and-

security-arounsu/

Tyson, J. & Grabianowski, E. (2001). How airport security works. Retrieved April 9,

2015, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/ airport-

security.htm


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APPENDIX I

Survey Form


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APPENDIX II

Computations for the Data using PHStat

Table 1. Z test for the Mean

Data

Sample Standard Deviation 0.7481

Sample Mean 3.1933

Sample Size 150

Confidence Level 99%

Standard Error of the Mean 0.061082109

Degrees of Freedom 149

tValue 2.609227907

Interval Half Width 0.159377144

Interval Lower Limit 3.03

Interval Upper Limit 3.35

Intermediate Calculations

Confidence Interval

Chi-square test of Independence

Row variable very safe mostly safesomewhat

safeunsafe Total

Male 31 34 8 1 74

Female 25 36 13 2 76

Total 56 70 21 3 150

Row variable very safe mostly safe omewhat saf unsafe Total

Male 27.62666667 34.53333333 10.36 1.48 74

Female 28.37333333 35.46666667 10.64 1.52 76

Total 56 70 21 3 150

Observed Frequencies

Expected Frequencies

Column variable

Column variable


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Level of Significance 0.05

Number of Rows 2

Number of Columns 4

Degrees of Freedom 3

Critical Value 7.814728

Chi-Square Test Statistic 2.197534

p -Value 0.532434

Data

Results

Do not reject the null hypothesis

Table 2: Z Test for Proportion

Data

Sample Size 150

Number of Successes 86


Sample Proportion 0.573333333

Z Value -2.5758293Standard Error of the Proportion 0.040383348





Confidence Interval


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Table 3: Z test for Proportion

Data

Sample Size 150




Z Value -2.5758293

Standard Error of the Proportion 0.037174264Interval Half Width 0.095754559




Confidence Interval


Data

Sample Size 150




Z Value -2.5758293

Standard Error of the Proportion 0.026532998





Confidence Interval


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Data

Sample Size 150




Z Value -2.5758293

Standard Error of the Proportion 0.024494897Interval Half Width 0.063094675




Confidence Interval

Documents

Feasibility of CT Baggage Scanners to Improve Campus Safety and Security in De La Salle University - Manila