143
ED 436 943 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS AGENCY REPORT NO PUB DATE NOTE CONTRACT AVAILABLE FROM PUB TYPE EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT DOCUMENT RESUME EF 005 633 Green, Mary W. The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools. A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies. Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM. Department of Justice, Washington, DC. National Inst. of Justice. NCJ-178265 1999-09-00 282p. DOJ- 97 -IJ -R -072 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 810 Seventh St., N.W., Washington, DC 20531. Tel: 800-851-3420 (Toll Free); Web site: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij>. For full text: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/lawedocs.htm> (available as ASCII text file, Adobe Acrobat file, and HTML file) . Guides Non-Classroom (055) Reports Descriptive (141) MFO1 /PC12 Plus Postage. Crime Prevention; Elementary Secondary Education; *Guidelines; Public Schools; *School Security Access to Facilities; Metal Detectors; Scanning; *Technology Implementation; Video Cameras This guide provides basic guidelines to help schools, in collaboration with law enforcement agencies, analyze their vulnerability uo violence, theft, and vandalism, and suggest possible technologies to effectively address these problems. It describes existing commercially available technologies and urges thoughtful consideration of not only the potential safety benefits that may accrue from their use but also the costs that schools may incur for capital investments, site modifications, additional staffing, training, and equipment maintenance and repair. Topic areas include security concepts and operational issues, video surveillance, weapons detection devices (walk-through and handheld metal detectors and x-ray baggage scanners), entry controls, and duress alarms. Resource information including books, publications, web sites, and conferences conclude the guide. (GR) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be ...x-ray baggage scanners), entry controls, and duress alarms. Resource information including books, publications, web sites,

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  • ED 436 943

    AUTHORTITLE

    INSTITUTIONSPONS AGENCY

    REPORT NOPUB DATENOTECONTRACTAVAILABLE FROM

    PUB TYPEEDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

    IDENTIFIERS

    ABSTRACT

    DOCUMENT RESUME

    EF 005 633

    Green, Mary W.The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologiesin U.S. Schools. A Guide for Schools and Law EnforcementAgencies.Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM.Department of Justice, Washington, DC. National Inst. ofJustice.NCJ-1782651999-09-00282p.

    DOJ- 97 -IJ -R -072

    U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 810Seventh St., N.W., Washington, DC 20531. Tel: 800-851-3420(Toll Free); Web site: . Forfull text: (available as ASCII text file, Adobe Acrobat file, and HTMLfile) .

    Guides Non-Classroom (055) Reports Descriptive (141)MFO1 /PC12 Plus Postage.Crime Prevention; Elementary Secondary Education;*Guidelines; Public Schools; *School SecurityAccess to Facilities; Metal Detectors; Scanning; *TechnologyImplementation; Video Cameras

    This guide provides basic guidelines to help schools, incollaboration with law enforcement agencies, analyze their vulnerability uoviolence, theft, and vandalism, and suggest possible technologies toeffectively address these problems. It describes existing commerciallyavailable technologies and urges thoughtful consideration of not only thepotential safety benefits that may accrue from their use but also the coststhat schools may incur for capital investments, site modifications,additional staffing, training, and equipment maintenance and repair. Topicareas include security concepts and operational issues, video surveillance,weapons detection devices (walk-through and handheld metal detectors andx-ray baggage scanners), entry controls, and duress alarms. Resourceinformation including books, publications, web sites, and conferencesconclude the guide. (GR)

    Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

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    0 sc

    hool

    s du

    ring

    the

    past

    7 y

    ears

    is th

    at s

    choo

    lad

    min

    istr

    ator

    s ne

    ed a

    goo

    d in

    form

    atio

    n re

    sour

    ce o

    nte

    chno

    logi

    es f

    or p

    hysi

    cal s

    ecur

    ity p

    robl

    ems.

    Thi

    s gu

    ide-

    book

    , The

    App

    ropr

    iate

    and

    Eff

    ectiv

    e U

    se o

    f Se

    curi

    tyT

    echn

    olog

    ies

    in U

    .S. S

    choo

    ls, i

    s an

    ticip

    ated

    to b

    e th

    e

    12V

    firs

    t in

    a se

    ries

    of

    man

    uals

    des

    igne

    d an

    d w

    ritte

    n fo

    r us

    eby

    sch

    ool a

    dmin

    istr

    ator

    s an

    d la

    w e

    nfor

    cem

    ent a

    gen-

    cies

    . The

    goa

    ls o

    f th

    ese

    docu

    men

    ts a

    re to

    pro

    vide

    non

    -te

    chni

    cal,

    nonv

    endo

    r-sp

    ecif

    ic in

    form

    atio

    n on

    :T

    he k

    inds

    of

    secu

    rity

    pro

    duct

    s av

    aila

    ble

    on th

    em

    arke

    t.T

    he s

    tren

    gths

    and

    wea

    knes

    ses

    of th

    ese

    prod

    ucts

    and

    thei

    r ex

    pect

    ed e

    ffec

    tiven

    ess

    in a

    sch

    ool e

    nvir

    onm

    ent.

    The

    cos

    ts o

    f th

    ese

    prod

    ucts

    , inc

    ludi

    ng in

    stal

    latio

    n,lo

    ng-t

    erm

    ope

    ratio

    nal a

    nd m

    aint

    enan

    ce e

    xpen

    ses,

    man

    pow

    er, a

    nd tr

    aini

    ng.

    Req

    uire

    men

    ts to

    incl

    ude

    in R

    eque

    sts

    For

    Quo

    tes

    (RFQ

    s) to

    get

    a g

    ood

    prod

    uct f

    or a

    n ap

    plic

    atio

    n.L

    egal

    issu

    es th

    at m

    ay n

    eed

    to b

    e ad

    dres

    sed.

    Alth

    ough

    sec

    urity

    pro

    duct

    s ca

    n ce

    rtai

    nly

    have

    man

    y di

    f-fe

    rent

    app

    licat

    ions

    , thi

    s do

    cum

    ent c

    over

    s pr

    oduc

    ts th

    atca

    n be

    app

    licab

    le to

    som

    e of

    the

    issu

    es o

    f vi

    olen

    ce in

    scho

    ols:

    vid

    eo s

    urve

    illan

    ce, w

    eapo

    n de

    tect

    ion,

    ent

    ry c

    on-

    trol

    , and

    dur

    ess

    alar

    ms.

    Fut

    ure

    volu

    mes

    are

    exp

    ecte

    d to

    cove

    r is

    sues

    and

    pro

    duct

    s su

    ch a

    s bo

    mb

    thre

    ats

    and

    expl

    osiv

    es d

    etec

    tion;

    dru

    g re

    sidu

    e an

    d dr

    ug v

    apor

    det

    ec-

    tion;

    dru

    g us

    e de

    tect

    ion;

    alc

    ohol

    use

    det

    ectio

    n; in

    teri

    oran

    d ex

    teri

    or in

    trus

    ion

    dete

    ctio

    n se

    nsor

    s; a

    larm

    com

    mu-

    nica

    tions

    ; ant

    igra

    ffiti

    sea

    lers

    ; fal

    se f

    ire

    alar

    m p

    ulls

    ;gl

    ass-

    brea

    k se

    nsor

    s; tw

    o-w

    ay r

    adio

    s; f

    enci

    ng; a

    ntith

    eft

    prop

    erty

    mar

    king

    ; doo

    rs, l

    ocks

    , and

    key

    con

    trol

    ; Cri

    me

    Prev

    entio

    n T

    hrou

    gh E

    nvir

    onm

    enta

    l Des

    ign

    (CPT

    ED

    )pr

    inci

    ples

    ; and

    par

    king

    lot s

    afet

    y. M

    ost o

    f th

    e is

    sues

    and

    philo

    soph

    ies

    cove

    red

    in th

    ese

    man

    uals

    are

    gea

    red

    tow

    ard

    mid

    dle

    scho

    ols

    and

    high

    sch

    ools

    , but

    ele

    men

    tary

    scho

    ols

    will

    like

    ly f

    ind

    seve

    ral o

    f th

    e te

    chno

    logi

    es to

    have

    pos

    sibl

    e ap

    plic

    atio

    ns a

    t the

    ir f

    acili

    ties.

    Alth

    ough

    this

    doc

    umen

    t add

    ress

    es n

    onte

    chno

    logy

    mea

    -su

    res

    that

    we

    felt

    wer

    e im

    port

    ant f

    or th

    e co

    mpi

    elne

    ss

  • of th

    e to

    pic,

    ther

    e ar

    e m

    any

    good

    res

    ourc

    es a

    nd r

    efer

    -en

    ces

    avai

    labl

    e th

    at a

    ddre

    ss th

    ese

    peop

    le/p

    olic

    y/pr

    oce-

    dure

    /pro

    gram

    issu

    es m

    uch

    bette

    r. S

    ee th

    e R

    esou

    rces

    sect

    ion

    at th

    e ba

    ck o

    f th

    is b

    ook.

    Feed

    back

    fro

    m la

    w e

    nfor

    cem

    ent a

    genc

    ies,

    sch

    ools

    , and

    prod

    uct m

    anuf

    actu

    rers

    /ven

    dors

    is w

    elco

    me,

    esp

    ecia

    llyre

    gard

    ing

    any

    over

    sigh

    ts o

    r er

    rors

    on

    our

    part

    . Thi

    sgu

    ideb

    ook

    is in

    tend

    ed to

    pro

    vide

    an

    over

    view

    of

    secu

    ri-

    ty te

    chno

    logy

    pro

    duct

    are

    as th

    at m

    ight

    be

    appr

    opri

    ate

    and

    affo

    rdab

    le f

    or s

    choo

    l app

    licat

    ions

    . App

    ropr

    iate

    corr

    ectio

    ns o

    r ad

    ditio

    ns w

    ill b

    e in

    clud

    ed in

    fut

    ure

    upda

    tes.

    (W

    e ap

    olog

    ize

    if o

    ur c

    ost e

    stim

    ates

    for

    har

    d-w

    are

    do n

    ot r

    efle

    ct c

    urre

    nt p

    rici

    ng; t

    his

    docu

    men

    t was

    wri

    tten

    mor

    e th

    an a

    yea

    r be

    fore

    act

    ual p

    ublic

    atio

    n.)

    I w

    ould

    like

    to e

    xten

    d ou

    r de

    ep a

    ppre

    ciat

    ion

    to th

    e m

    any

    scho

    ols

    who

    hav

    e al

    low

    ed u

    s to

    vis

    it th

    em a

    nd to

    ass

    ess

    the

    secu

    rity

    vul

    nera

    bilit

    ies

    of th

    eir

    faci

    litie

    s an

    d op

    era-

    tions

    (an

    d to

    take

    pho

    tos

    of th

    e go

    od th

    ings

    on

    thei

    rca

    mpu

    ses,

    as

    wel

    l as

    the

    bad)

    . I n

    ever

    fai

    led

    to le

    arn

    som

    ethi

    ng n

    ew a

    t eve

    ry s

    choo

    l we

    have

    vis

    ited.

    I f

    ound

    ther

    e to

    be

    man

    y gr

    eat s

    choo

    ls in

    this

    cou

    ntry

    , with

    ver

    ym

    otiv

    ated

    and

    har

    d-w

    orki

    ng a

    dmin

    istr

    ator

    s gi

    ving

    110

    perc

    ent o

    f th

    eir

    ener

    gies

    to k

    eep

    thei

    r st

    uden

    ts s

    afe.

    Iw

    as h

    umbl

    ed b

    y th

    e in

    tens

    e an

    d st

    ress

    ful h

    ours

    they

    wor

    ked

    and

    the

    ultim

    ate

    impo

    rtan

    ce o

    f th

    eir

    jobs

    .

    My

    than

    ks to

    the

    Nat

    iona

    l Ins

    titut

    e of

    Jus

    tice

    (NIJ

    ) fo

    rpr

    ovid

    ing

    the

    fund

    ing

    to c

    ondu

    ct th

    e re

    sear

    ch th

    atal

    low

    ed m

    e to

    pre

    pare

    this

    gui

    debo

    ok. I

    hop

    e th

    at w

    eha

    ve m

    et th

    e hi

    gh s

    tand

    ards

    NIJ

    has

    set

    for

    pro

    vidi

    ngth

    e be

    st th

    at s

    cien

    ce a

    nd te

    chno

    logi

    es h

    ave

    to o

    ffer

    infi

    ghtin

    g cr

    ime

    in th

    e U

    nite

    d St

    ates

    . I o

    we

    spec

    ial g

    rati-

    tude

    to D

    enni

    s M

    iyos

    hi, D

    irec

    tor

    of S

    andi

    a's

    Secu

    rity

    Syst

    ems

    and

    Tec

    hnol

    ogie

    s C

    ente

    r; D

    enni

    s ha

    s al

    way

    s

    vi

    been

    an

    advo

    cate

    for

    sch

    ools

    and

    was

    the

    grea

    test

    ally

    in a

    ccom

    plis

    hing

    San

    dia'

    s sc

    hool

    sec

    urity

    wor

    k.

    Info

    rmat

    ion

    rega

    rdin

    g th

    e av

    aila

    bilit

    y an

    d or

    deri

    ngpr

    oces

    s fo

    r th

    ese

    man

    uals

    and

    any

    upd

    ates

    may

    be

    obta

    ined

    at t

    he N

    IJ W

    eb s

    ite: w

    ww

    .ojp

    .usdoj

    .gov/nij ;

    the

    Just

    ice

    Tec

    hnol

    ogy

    Info

    rmat

    ion

    Net

    wor

    k (J

    UST

    NE

    T):

    ww

    w.nlectc

    . org;

    or b

    y ca

    lling

    1-8

    00-8

    51-3

    420.

    I w

    ould

    be

    inte

    rest

    ed in

    hea

    ring

    fro

    m r

    eade

    rs r

    egar

    d-in

    g th

    eir

    succ

    esse

    s, a

    s w

    ell a

    s th

    eir

    failu

    res,

    in d

    ealin

    gw

    ith s

    choo

    l sec

    urity

    tech

    nolo

    gy is

    sues

    .

    Mar

    y W

    . Gre

    [email protected]

    Sand

    ia N

    atio

    nal L

    abor

    ator

    ies

    Mai

    l Sto

    p 07

    82P.

    O. B

    ox 5

    800

    Alb

    uque

    rque

    , NM

    871

    85

    Sinc

    e 19

    41, S

    andi

    a N

    atio

    nal L

    abor

    ator

    ies

    has

    been

    aU

    .S. D

    epar

    tmen

    t of

    Ene

    rgy

    faci

    lity

    who

    se p

    rim

    ary

    mis

    -si

    on is

    pro

    vidi

    ng e

    ngin

    eeri

    ng s

    uppo

    rt f

    or th

    e U

    .S. n

    ucle

    arw

    eapo

    ns p

    rogr

    am. F

    or th

    e pa

    st 3

    0 ye

    ars,

    the

    Secu

    rity

    Tec

    hnol

    ogie

    s an

    d R

    esea

    rch

    Div

    isio

    n at

    San

    dia

    has

    been

    the

    prin

    cipa

    l pro

    vide

    r of

    res

    earc

    h, d

    esig

    n, d

    evel

    opm

    ent,

    and

    test

    ing

    of le

    adin

    g-ed

    ge te

    chno

    logi

    es to

    sol

    ve p

    hysi

    cal

    secu

    rity

    pro

    blem

    s at

    hig

    h-ri

    sk U

    .S. f

    acili

    ties.

    Tod

    ay, t

    he S

    andi

    a fa

    cilit

    y in

    Alb

    uque

    rque

    , New

    Mex

    ico,

    empl

    oys

    mor

    e th

    an 8

    ,000

    sci

    entis

    ts, e

    ngin

    eers

    , mat

    he-

    mat

    icia

    ns, t

    echn

    icia

    ns, a

    nd s

    uppo

    rt p

    erso

    nnel

    to p

    rovi

    dese

    rvic

    e in

    the

    natio

    nal i

    nter

    est.

    Mor

    e th

    an 1

    50 o

    f th

    ese

    pers

    onne

    l are

    ded

    icat

    ed s

    olel

    y to

    res

    earc

    h an

    d de

    velo

    p-m

    ent o

    f se

    curi

    ty te

    chno

    logi

    es.

    15

  • Ack

    now

    ledg

    men

    ts

    Wri

    tten

    by:

    Ori

    gina

    l art

    wor

    k by

    :

    Phot

    os b

    y:

    Doc

    umen

    t pre

    para

    tion:

    Add

    ition

    al c

    ontr

    ibut

    ors:

    Lib

    rary

    res

    earc

    h:

    Rev

    iew

    ers:

    Edu

    catio

    n 16

    Mar

    y W

    . Gre

    en, S

    andi

    a N

    atio

    nal L

    abor

    ator

    ies,

    Alb

    uque

    rque

    , New

    Mex

    ico

    Stev

    en S

    catli

    ffe,

    Tec

    h R

    eps,

    Inc

    ., A

    lbuq

    uerq

    ue, N

    ew M

    exic

    o

    Geo

    rge

    Wag

    ner,

    San

    dia

    Nat

    iona

    l Lab

    orat

    orie

    s, A

    lbuq

    uerq

    ue, N

    ew M

    exic

    oSt

    even

    Sca

    tliff

    e, T

    ech

    Rep

    s, I

    nc.,

    Alb

    uque

    rque

    , New

    Mex

    ico

    Ros

    anne

    C. R

    ohac

    , Tec

    h R

    eps,

    Inc

    ., A

    lbuq

    uerq

    ue, N

    ew M

    exic

    oE

    lain

    e Pe

    rea,

    Tec

    h R

    eps,

    Inc

    ., A

    lbuq

    uerq

    ue, N

    ew M

    exic

    o

    Jane

    t Ahr

    ens,

    San

    dia

    Nat

    iona

    l Lab

    orat

    orie

    s, A

    lbuq

    uerq

    ue, N

    ew M

    exic

    oT

    im M

    alon

    e, S

    andi

    a N

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    nal L

    abor

    ator

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    Alb

    uque

    rque

    , New

    Mex

    ico

    Dal

    e M

    urra

    y, S

    andi

    a N

    atio

    nal L

    abor

    ator

    ies,

    Alb

    uque

    rque

    , New

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    ico

    Cha

    rles

    Rin

    g le

    r, S

    andi

    a N

    atio

    nal L

    abor

    ator

    ies,

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    uque

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    , New

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    ico

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    rge

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    ner,

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    dia

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    iona

    l Lab

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    nbar

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    dia

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    iona

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    s, A

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    uerq

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    ay K

    elly

    , BE

    I, A

    lbuq

    uerq

    ue, N

    ew M

    exic

    o

    Ray

    mon

    d D

    owns

    , Pro

    gram

    Man

    ager

    , Nat

    iona

    l Ins

    titut

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    Jus

    tice

    Will

    iam

    Mod

    zele

    ski,

    Dir

    ecto

    r, S

    afe

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    Dru

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    ee S

    choo

    ls P

    rogr

    am, U

    .S. D

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    tmen

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    Joe

    N. A

    nder

    son,

    Dir

    ecto

    r of

    Sch

    ool S

    afet

    y an

    d Se

    curi

    ty, M

    etro

    polit

    an N

    ashv

    ille

    Publ

    ic S

    choo

    lsM

    icha

    el S

    . Gan

    io, S

    r. M

    anag

    er, S

    ecur

    ity S

    ervi

    ces,

    Ora

    nge

    Cou

    nty

    Publ

    ic S

    choo

    lsJo

    hn J

    . McL

    ees,

    Exe

    cutiv

    e D

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    tor,

    Phi

    lade

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    hool

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    ety

    Tom

    Hal

    l, Sc

    hool

    Pol

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    ef, S

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    Uni

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    Sch

    ool D

    istr

    ict

    Ken

    neth

    Tru

    mp,

    Pre

    side

    nt a

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    , Nat

    iona

    l Sch

    ool S

    afet

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    ervi

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    nder

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    d, C

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    , San

    Ber

    nard

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    Polic

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    Dep

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    Paul

    Sch

    ultz

    , Chi

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    Arv

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    Polic

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    John

    C. M

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    y C

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    rego

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    nor,

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    eps,

    Inc

    ., A

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    exic

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    vu17

    ,

  • Con

    tent

    s

    Fore

    wor

    diii

    Pref

    ace

    Ack

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    men

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    Ope

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    ?25

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    icat

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    254.

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    mon

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    305.

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    327.

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    ems

    338.

    A m

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    cuss

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    ats,

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    ion,

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    es, a

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    ield

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    389.

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    era

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    4510

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    mer

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    sch

    ools

    57

    18vi

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  • B. V

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    58

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    rs62

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    928.

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    ix21

  • C. X

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    y co

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    933.

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    934.

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    dwar

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    987.

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    101

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    pter

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    Ent

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    ontr

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    echn

    olog

    ies

    103

    A. L

    imiti

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    ntry

    -con

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    t you

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    106

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    hat y

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    NO

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    you

    AR

    E11

    0

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    ures

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    Con

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    121

    22x

    22

  • 1.

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    .-77071070

    4

    --

    ,

  • Cha

    pter

    I T

    he B

    ig P

    ictu

    re:

    Secu

    rity

    Con

    cept

    s an

    d O

    pera

    tiona

    l Iss

    ues

    Mos

    t sch

    ools

    in th

    e U

    nite

    d St

    ates

    are

    saf

    e in

    stitu

    tions

    ,w

    ith d

    isci

    plin

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    issu

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    reat

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    rupt

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    ecau

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    98 c

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    -in

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    uden

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    irea

    rms,

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    mul

    tiple

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    tims,

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    ools

    and

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    ol p

    rogr

    ams

    are

    wor

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    der

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    each

    out

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    tude

    nts,

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    ach

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    itize

    ns, t

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    en-

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    ntia

    lly d

    ange

    rous

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    litie

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    nd to

    dev

    elop

    appr

    opri

    ate

    inte

    rven

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    stra

    tegi

    es. T

    here

    are

    man

    yex

    celle

    nt p

    rogr

    ams

    arou

    nd th

    e co

    untr

    y th

    at a

    ddre

    ssth

    e is

    sues

    of

    bully

    ing,

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    ate,

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    se, d

    rugs

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    o-ho

    l, ga

    ngs,

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    of

    role

    mod

    els,

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    dalis

    m, a

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    ofo

    rth.

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    s of

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    at im

    port

    ance

    to th

    e U

    nite

    d St

    ates

    that

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    e pr

    ogra

    ms

    be p

    ursu

    ed e

    xped

    itiou

    sly.

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    ortu

    nate

    ly, t

    hese

    pro

    gram

    s ca

    nnot

    be

    succ

    essf

    ulov

    erni

    ght (

    inde

    ed, m

    any

    mus

    t be

    initi

    ated

    ear

    ly in

    ach

    ild's

    life

    in o

    rder

    to b

    e m

    ost e

    ffec

    tive)

    and

    do

    not y

    etex

    ist i

    n al

    l sch

    ools

    . Mea

    nwhi

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    ecur

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    cide

    nts

    are

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    rrin

    g in

    sch

    ools

    that

    mus

    t be

    deal

    t with

    now

    perp

    etra

    tors

    mus

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    quen

    ces

    mus

    tbe

    adm

    inis

    tere

    d. S

    choo

    l adm

    inis

    trat

    ors

    wou

    ld li

    ke to

    disc

    oura

    ge s

    ecur

    ity in

    frac

    tions

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    mea

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    f an

    y de

    ter-

    rent

    ava

    ilabl

    e to

    them

    . One

    suc

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    proa

    ch s

    ough

    tm

    ore

    ofte

    n to

    day

    invo

    lves

    sec

    urity

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    .

    Secu

    rity

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    are

    not

    the

    answ

    er to

    all

    scho

    olse

    curi

    ty p

    robl

    ems.

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    ever

    , man

    y se

    curi

    ty p

    rodu

    cts

    (e.g

    ., ca

    mer

    as, s

    enso

    rs, a

    nd s

    o fo

    rth)

    can

    be

    exce

    llent

    tool

    s if

    app

    lied

    appr

    opri

    atel

    y. T

    hey

    can

    prov

    ide

    scho

    olad

    min

    istr

    ator

    s or

    sec

    urity

    off

    icia

    ls w

    ith in

    form

    atio

    nth

    at w

    ould

    not

    oth

    erw

    ise

    be a

    vaila

    ble,

    fre

    e up

    man

    -po

    wer

    for

    mor

    e ap

    prop

    riat

    e w

    ork,

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    be u

    sed

    to p

    er-

    form

    mun

    dane

    task

    s. S

    omet

    imes

    they

    can

    sav

    e a

    scho

    ol m

    oney

    (co

    mpa

    red

    to th

    e lo

    ng-t

    erm

    cos

    t of

    per-

    261

    sonn

    el o

    r th

    e co

    st im

    pact

    of

    not p

    reve

    ntin

    g a

    part

    icu-

    lar

    inci

    dent

    ). T

    oo o

    ften

    , tho

    ugh,

    thes

    e te

    chno

    logi

    es a

    reno

    t app

    lied

    appr

    opri

    atel

    y in

    sch

    ools

    , are

    exp

    ecte

    d to

    do m

    ore

    than

    they

    are

    cap

    able

    of,

    or

    are

    not w

    ell

    mai

    ntai

    ned

    afte

    r in

    itial

    inst

    alla

    tion.

    In

    thes

    e ca

    ses,

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    are

    cer

    tain

    ly n

    ot c

    ost e

    ffec

    tive.

    Why

    sec

    urity

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    ?T

    o re

    duce

    pro

    blem

    s of

    cri

    me

    or v

    iole

    nce

    in s

    choo

    ls:

    (1)

    the

    oppo

    rtun

    ities

    for

    sec

    urity

    infr

    actio

    ns s

    houl

    dbe

    elim

    inat

    ed o

    r m

    ade

    mor

    e di

    ffic

    ult t

    o ac

    com

    plis

    h,(2

    ) th

    e lik

    elih

    ood

    of b

    eing

    cau

    ght m

    ust b

    e gr

    eatly

    incr

    ease

    d, a

    nd (

    3) c

    onse

    quen

    ces

    mus

    t be

    esta

    blis

    hed

    and

    enfo

    rced

    . Ite

    m 3

    is a

    soc

    ial a

    nd p

    oliti

    cal i

    ssue

    and

    need

    s to

    be

    addr

    esse

    d he

    ad o

    n by

    sch

    ool b

    oard

    s an

    dco

    mm

    uniti

    es a

    cros

    s th

    e co

    untr

    y. T

    his

    guid

    e ad

    dres

    ses

    only

    item

    s 1

    and

    2.

    Sim

    ply

    prov

    idin

    g m

    ore

    adul

    ts, e

    spec

    ially

    par

    ents

    , in

    scho

    ols

    will

    red

    uce

    the

    oppo

    rtun

    ities

    for

    sec

    urity

    infr

    ac-

    tions

    and

    incr

    ease

    the

    likel

    ihoo

    d of

    bei

    ng c

    augh

    t. H

    owev

    er,

    addi

    ng d

    edic

    ated

    pro

    fess

    iona

    l sec

    urity

    sta

    ff to

    per

    form

    very

    rou

    tine

    secu

    rity

    fun

    ctio

    ns h

    as m

    any

    limita

    tions

    :L

    ocat

    ing

    qual

    ifie

    d pe

    ople

    may

    be

    diff

    icul

    t.H

    uman

    s do

    not

    do

    mun

    dane

    task

    s w

    ell.

    Man

    pow

    er c

    osts

    are

    alw

    ays

    incr

    easi

    ng.

    Tur

    nove

    r of

    sec

    urity

    per

    sonn

    el c

    an b

    e de

    trim

    enta

    lto

    a s

    ecur

    ity p

    rogr

    am.

    As

    in o

    ther

    sec

    urity

    env

    iron

    men

    ts, m

    ore

    repe

    titio

    usta

    sks

    beco

    me

    bori

    ng.

    Hen

    ce, t

    he p

    ossi

    ble

    role

    of

    secu

    rity

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    expa

    nds.

    Thr

    ough

    tech

    nolo

    gy, a

    sch

    ool c

    an in

    trod

    uce

    way

    s to

    col

    lect

    info

    rmat

    ion

    or e

    nfor

    ce p

    roce

    dure

    s an

    dru

    les

    that

    it w

    ould

    not

    be

    able

    to a

    ffor

    d or

    rel

    y on

    sec

    u-ri

    ty p

    erso

    nnel

    to d

    o.

    27

  • 282

    Exh

    ibit

    1.1.

    It is

    not

    alw

    ays

    easy

    for

    sch

    ool

    adm

    inis

    trat

    ors

    to c

    hoos

    e ap

    prop

    riat

    ete

    chno

    logi

    es f

    or th

    eir

    scho

    ol.

  • Why

    sec

    urity

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    hav

    e no

    t bee

    n em

    brac

    edby

    sch

    ools

    in th

    e pa

    stA

    nyon

    e w

    orki

    ng in

    the

    secu

    rity

    fie

    ld is

    aw

    are

    that

    ther

    e ar

    e th

    ousa

    nds

    of s

    ecur

    ity p

    rodu

    cts

    on th

    e m

    ar-

    ket.

    Som

    e O

    f th

    em a

    re e

    xcel

    lent

    , but

    man

    y cl

    aim

    to b

    e"t

    he v

    ery

    best

    of

    its k

    ind.

    " A

    nd, u

    nfor

    tuna

    tely

    , the

    rear

    e a

    sign

    ific

    ant n

    umbe

    r of

    cus

    tom

    ers

    in th

    e co

    untr

    yw

    ho h

    ave

    been

    less

    than

    ple

    ased

    with

    the

    ultim

    ate

    cost

    , mai

    nten

    ance

    req

    uire

    men

    ts, a

    nd e

    ffec

    tiven

    ess

    ofse

    curi

    ty te

    chno

    logi

    es th

    ey h

    ave

    purc

    hase

    d. S

    choo

    lsha

    ve b

    een

    no e

    xcep

    tion

    to th

    is a

    nd h

    ave

    a fe

    w in

    here

    ntpr

    oble

    ms

    of th

    eir

    own:

    Scho

    ols

    do n

    ot u

    sual

    ly h

    ave

    the

    fund

    ing

    for

    aggr

    es-

    sive

    and

    com

    plet

    e se

    curi

    ty p

    rogr

    ams.

    Scho

    ols

    gene

    rally

    lack

    the

    abili

    ty to

    pro

    cure

    eff

    ec-

    tive

    secu

    rity

    tech

    nolo

    gy p

    rodu

    cts

    and

    serv

    ices

    at

    the

    low

    est b

    id.

    Man

    y sc

    hool

    sec

    urity

    pro

    gram

    s ca

    nnot

    aff

    ord

    tohi

    re w

    ell-

    trai

    ned

    secu

    rity

    per

    sonn

    el.

    Scho

    ol a

    dmin

    istr

    ator

    s an

    d th

    eir

    staf

    f ra

    rely

    hav

    etr

    aini

    ng o

    r ex

    peri

    ence

    in s

    ecur

    ity te

    chno

    logi

    es.

    Scho

    ols

    have

    no

    infr

    astr

    uctu

    res

    in p

    lace

    for

    mai

    n-ta

    inin

    g or

    upg

    radi

    ng s

    ecur

    ity d

    evic

    esw

    hen

    som

    e-th

    ing

    brea

    ks, i

    t is

    ofte

    n di

    ffic

    ult t

    o ha

    ve it

    rep

    aire

    dor

    rep

    lace

    d.Is

    sues

    of

    priv

    acy

    and

    pote

    ntia

    l civ

    il ri

    ghts

    law

    suits

    may

    proh

    ibit

    or c

    ompl

    icat

    e th

    e us

    e of

    som

    e te

    chno

    logi

    es.

    The

    issu

    es c

    ome

    dow

    n to

    app

    lyin

    g se

    curi

    ty te

    chno

    lo-

    gies

    in s

    choo

    ls th

    at a

    re e

    ffec

    tive,

    aff

    orda

    ble,

    and

    pol

    iti-

    cally

    acc

    epta

    ble

    but s

    till u

    sefu

    l with

    in th

    ese

    diff

    icul

    tco

    nstr

    aint

    s.

    Eff

    ectiv

    enes

    s ve

    rsus

    aff

    orda

    bilit

    y ve

    rsus

    acc

    epta

    bilit

    yE

    ffec

    tiven

    ess,

    aff

    orda

    bilit

    y, a

    nd a

    ccep

    tabi

    lity

    are

    diff

    icul

    ttr

    adeo

    ffs

    and,

    occ

    asio

    nally

    , a s

    eem

    ingl

    y in

    effe

    ctiv

    e so

    lutio

    nto

    a s

    ecur

    ity p

    robl

    em is

    cho

    sen

    beca

    use

    of a

    lack

    of

    fund

    -in

    g or

    pre

    ssur

    e fr

    om th

    e co

    mm

    unity

    to d

    o so

    met

    hing

    .

    Arg

    umen

    ts o

    ften

    use

    d ag

    ains

    t sec

    urity

    initi

    ativ

    es:

    "We'

    ve n

    ever

    don

    e it

    that

    way

    bef

    ore.

    "

    "Thi

    s is

    a k

    nee-

    jerk

    rea

    ctio

    n."

    "Our

    sch

    ool w

    ill lo

    ok li

    ke a

    pri

    son.

    "

    "Stu

    dent

    s' r

    ight

    s m

    ay b

    e in

    frin

    ged

    upon

    ."

    "Peo

    ple

    will

    thin

    k w

    e ha

    ve a

    bad

    sch

    ool,"

    "We

    may

    be

    sued

    ."

    Som

    e co

    unte

    r-ar

    gum

    ents

    :

    "We

    need

    to e

    volv

    e ou

    r se

    curi

    ty s

    trat

    egie

    s to

    kee

    pup

    with

    the

    chan

    ging

    tim

    es."

    "Thi

    s so

    lutio

    n w

    ill ta

    ke c

    are

    of th

    e im

    med

    iate

    thre

    at w

    hile

    long

    er te

    rm s

    ocia

    l pro

    gram

    s ar

    e pu

    tin

    to p

    lace

    .""O

    ur s

    choo

    l will

    look

    like

    it is

    wel

    l con

    trol

    led.

    "

    "Stu

    dent

    s ha

    ve a

    rig

    ht to

    a s

    afe

    and

    secu

    re s

    choo

    len

    viro

    nmen

    t.""W

    e w

    ill g

    ain

    a re

    puta

    tion

    for

    cont

    rolli

    ng o

    urpr

    oble

    ms.

    ""W

    e m

    ay b

    e su

    ed if

    we

    don'

    t tak

    e th

    is a

    ctio

    n."

    331

  • Alth

    ough

    man

    y ef

    fect

    ive

    secu

    rity

    mea

    sure

    s ar

    e to

    o ex

    pen-

    sive

    for

    sch

    ools

    , cos

    t alo

    ne is

    not

    oft

    en th

    e ul

    timat

    e dr

    i-ve

    r. M

    ost m

    ajor

    cha

    nges

    to s

    ecur

    ity p

    olic

    ies,

    incl

    udin

    g th

    ein

    trod

    uctio

    n of

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    , are

    oft

    en b

    roug

    ht o

    n no

    t by

    fore

    sigh

    t but

    as

    a re

    spon

    se to

    som

    e un

    desi

    rabl

    e in

    cide

    nt.

    Thi

    s is

    not

    to s

    ay th

    at a

    goo

    d ar

    gum

    ent s

    houl

    d be

    mad

    efo

    r ap

    plyi

    ng e

    very

    phy

    sica

    l sec

    urity

    app

    roac

    h in

    eve

    rysc

    hool

    . "A

    ppro

    pria

    te"

    prep

    arat

    ion

    is, b

    y fa

    r, th

    e gr

    eate

    r"a

    rt"

    in s

    ecur

    ity s

    yste

    m d

    esig

    n, a

    nd it

    incl

    udes

    an

    evol

    ving

    plan

    , beg

    inni

    ng w

    ith d

    efin

    ing

    a pa

    rtic

    ular

    sch

    ool's

    ris

    ks.

    A s

    yste

    mat

    ic a

    ppro

    ach

    to id

    entif

    ying

    the

    secu

    rity

    ris

    ks a

    t a s

    choo

    lN

    ote:

    The

    fol

    low

    ing

    disc

    ussi

    on c

    onsi

    ders

    all

    secu

    rity

    risk

    s to

    sch

    ools

    viol

    ence

    , dru

    gs, t

    heft

    , and

    van

    dalis

    mno

    t jus

    t tho

    se th

    at m

    ay b

    e ad

    dres

    sed

    by th

    e te

    chno

    logi

    esco

    vere

    d in

    this

    vol

    ume.

    Dep

    endi

    ng o

    n th

    e ac

    cept

    ance

    and

    dem

    and

    for

    this

    gui

    de, f

    utur

    e ad

    ditio

    nal v

    olum

    esw

    ill a

    ddre

    ss th

    e re

    mai

    ning

    tech

    nolo

    gies

    in g

    reat

    er d

    etai

    l.

    In th

    e pa

    st, s

    choo

    ls h

    ave

    rare

    ly u

    nder

    stoo

    d th

    e ne

    edor

    had

    the

    time

    or r

    esou

    rces

    to c

    onsi

    der

    thei

    r se

    curi

    typl

    ans

    from

    a s

    yste

    ms

    pers

    pect

    ivel

    ooki

    ng a

    t the

    big

    pict

    ure

    of w

    hat t

    hey

    are

    tryi

    ng to

    ach

    ieve

    in o

    rder

    toar

    rive

    at t

    he o

    ptim

    al s

    ecur

    ity s

    trat

    egy.

    A s

    choo

    l's s

    ecu-

    rity

    sta

    ff m

    ust u

    nder

    stan

    d w

    hat i

    t is

    tryi

    ng to

    pro

    tect

    (peo

    ple

    and/

    or h

    igh-

    valu

    e as

    sets

    ), w

    ho it

    is tr

    ying

    topr

    otec

    t aga

    inst

    (th

    e th

    reat

    s), a

    nd th

    e ge

    nera

    l env

    iron

    -m

    ent a

    nd c

    onst

    rain

    ts th

    at it

    mus

    t wor

    k w

    ithin

    the

    char

    acte

    riza

    tion

    of th

    e fa

    cilit

    y. T

    his

    unde

    rsta

    ndin

    g w

    illal

    low

    a s

    choo

    l to

    defi

    ne it

    s gr

    eate

    st a

    nd/o

    r m

    ost l

    ikel

    yri

    sks

    so th

    at it

    s se

    curi

    ty s

    trat

    egy

    cons

    ciou

    sly

    addr

    ess-

    es th

    ose

    risk

    s. T

    his

    stra

    tegy

    will

    like

    ly in

    clud

    e so

    me

    com

    bina

    tion

    of te

    chno

    logi

    es, p

    erso

    nnel

    , and

    pro

    ce-

    dure

    s th

    at d

    o th

    e be

    st p

    ossi

    ble

    job

    of s

    olvi

    ng th

    e

    324

    scho

    ol's

    pro

    blem

    s w

    ithin

    its

    fina

    ncia

    l, lo

    gist

    ical

    , and

    polit

    ical

    con

    stra

    ints

    .

    Why

    is th

    is c

    aref

    ul id

    entif

    icat

    ion

    of r

    isk

    impo

    rtan

    t?B

    ecau

    se f

    ew f

    acili

    ties,

    esp

    ecia

    lly s

    choo

    ls, c

    an a

    ffor

    d a

    secu

    rity

    pro

    gram

    that

    pro

    tect

    s ag

    ains

    t all

    poss

    ible

    inci

    dent

    s.

    No

    two

    scho

    ols

    are

    alik

    e an

    d, th

    eref

    ore,

    ther

    e is

    no

    sing

    le a

    ppro

    ach

    to s

    ecur

    ity th

    at w

    ill w

    ork

    idea

    lly f

    oral

    l sch

    ools

    . Fro

    m y

    ear

    to y

    ear,

    eve

    n, a

    sch

    ool's

    sec

    urity

    stra

    tegy

    will

    nee

    d re

    visi

    on b

    ecau

    se th

    e w

    orld

    aro

    und

    itan

    d th

    e pe

    ople

    insi

    de it

    will

    alw

    ays

    be c

    hang

    ing.

    Def

    inin

    g a

    scho

    ol's

    ass

    ets.

    For

    this

    sch

    ool y

    ear,

    wha

    t is

    mos

    t at r

    isk?

    The

    pro

    tect

    ion

    of th

    e st

    uden

    ts a

    nd s

    taff

    is a

    lway

    s at

    the

    top

    of th

    is li

    st, b

    ut th

    e m

    easu

    res

    take

    nto

    pro

    tect

    them

    will

    usu

    ally

    be

    driv

    en b

    y th

    e de

    fine

    dth

    reat

    s. A

    re th

    e in

    stru

    men

    ts in

    the

    band

    hal

    l ver

    y at

    trac

    -tiv

    e ta

    rget

    s fo

    r th

    eft o

    r va

    ndal

    ism

    ? Is

    the

    new

    com

    pute

    rla

    b fu

    ll of

    the

    best

    and

    mos

    t eas

    ily r

    esol

    d co

    mpu

    ters

    ?T

    houg

    h de

    sira

    ble,

    a s

    choo

    l can

    not p

    ossi

    bly

    affo

    rd to

    prot

    ect e

    very

    thin

    g to

    the

    sam

    e le

    vel o

    f co

    nfid

    ence

    .

    Def

    inin

    g a

    scho

    ol's

    thre

    ats.

    For

    this

    sch

    ool y

    ear,

    who

    or w

    hat i

    s yo

    ur s

    choo

    l thr

    eate

    ned

    by?

    Gan

    g ri

    valr

    ies?

    Figh

    ts b

    ehin

    d th

    e gy

    m?

    Dru

    gs h

    idde

    n in

    lock

    ers?

    Gun

    s br

    ough

    t to

    scho

    ol?

    Out

    side

    rs o

    n ca

    mpu

    s?D

    rink

    ing

    at lu

    ncht

    ime?

    Veh

    icle

    bre

    akin

    s? G

    raff

    iti in

    the

    bath

    room

    s? A

    ccid

    ents

    in th

    e pa

    rkin

    g lo

    t? H

    owso

    phis

    ticat

    ed (

    know

    ledg

    eabl

    e of

    thei

    r ta

    sk o

    f m

    alev

    o-le

    nce)

    or

    mot

    ivat

    ed (

    will

    ing

    to r

    isk

    bein

    g ca

    ught

    or

    inju

    red)

    do

    the

    perp

    etra

    tors

    see

    m to

    be?

    Mea

    sure

    sta

    ken

    to p

    rote

    ct a

    gain

    st th

    ese

    thre

    ats

    are

    driv

    en b

    y th

    ech

    arac

    teri

    zatio

    n of

    the

    faci

    lity

    and

    its s

    urro

    undi

    ngs

    asm

    entio

    ned

    earl

    ier.

  • Cha

    ract

    eriz

    ing

    a sc

    hool

    's e

    nvir

    onm

    ent.

    Any

    sec

    urity

    stra

    tegy

    mus

    t inc

    orpo

    rate

    the

    cons

    trai

    nts

    of th

    e fa

    cilit

    yso

    that

    all

    stre

    ngth

    s, w

    eakn

    esse

    s, a

    nd id

    iosy

    ncra

    sies

    are

    real

    ized

    and

    pro

    vide

    d fo

    r. H

    ow r

    isks

    are

    app

    roao

    hed

    will

    larg

    ely

    be d

    rive

    n by

    fac

    ility

    con

    stra

    ints

    . If

    thef

    t and

    vand

    alis

    m a

    re p

    rim

    ary

    risk

    s fo

    r yo

    ur s

    choo

    l, an

    swer

    s to

    ques

    tions

    reg

    ardi

    ng th

    e ph

    ysic

    al p

    lant

    will

    det

    erm

    ine

    the

    optim

    al s

    ecur

    ity m

    easu

    res.

    Is

    the

    scho

    ol n

    ew o

    r ol

    d?A

    re th

    e w

    indo

    ws

    part

    icul

    arly

    vul

    nera

    ble?

    Doe

    s ev

    eryo

    new

    ho e

    ver

    wor

    ked

    at th

    e sc

    hool

    stil

    l hav

    e ke

    ys?

    Wha

    t is

    the

    nigh

    ttim

    e lig

    htin

    g lik

    e? D

    oes

    the

    inte

    rior

    intr

    usio

    nse

    nsor

    sys

    tem

    wor

    k w

    ell,

    or d

    o th

    e lo

    cal p

    olic

    e ig

    nore

    the

    alar

    ms

    due

    to a

    hig

    h fa

    lse-

    alar

    m r

    ate?

    Are

    vis

    itors

    forc

    ed o

    r m

    erel

    y re

    ques

    ted

    to g

    o th

    roug

    h th

    e fr

    ont o

    ffic

    ebe

    fore

    acc

    essi

    ng th

    e re

    st o

    f th

    e sc

    hool

    ?

    If o

    utsi

    ders

    on

    cam

    pus

    are

    a pr

    imar

    y co

    ncer

    n, it

    will

    be

    nece

    ssar

    y to

    rec

    ogni

    ze th

    e fa

    cilit

    y's

    abili

    ty to

    con

    trol

    unau

    thor

    ized

    acc

    ess.

    How

    man

    y en

    try

    poin

    ts a

    re th

    ere

    into

    the

    build

    ings

    ? A

    re g

    angs

    pre

    sent

    in th

    e ar

    ea?

    Are

    the

    scho

    ol g

    roun

    ds o

    pen

    and

    acce

    ssib

    le to

    any

    one,

    or

    do f

    ence

    s or

    bui

    ldin

    gs r

    estr

    ict a

    cces

    s (e

    xhib

    it 1.

    2)?

    Isth

    ere

    easy

    acc

    ess

    to th

    e sc

    hool

    roo

    f? W

    here

    are

    hid

    ing

    plac

    es w

    ithin

    the

    build

    ing

    or o

    n th

    e pr

    emis

    es?

    Is th

    est

    uden

    t pop

    ulat

    ion

    smal

    l eno

    ugh

    so th

    at m

    ost o

    f th

    est

    aff

    wou

    ld r

    ecog

    nize

    mos

    t of

    the

    stud

    ents

    and

    par

    ents

    ?

    If is

    sues

    of

    viol

    ence

    are

    a m

    ajor

    con

    cern

    , a th

    orou

    ghun

    ders

    tand

    ing

    of e

    mpl

    oyee

    s, s

    tude

    nt p

    rofi

    les,

    and

    nei

    gh-

    borh

    ood

    char

    acte

    rist

    ics

    will

    be

    nece

    ssar

    y. W

    hat i

    s th

    ecr

    ime

    rate

    in th

    e ne

    ighb

    orho

    od?

    Is th

    e sc

    hool

    adm

    inis

    -tr

    atio

    n w

    ell l

    iked

    by

    the

    stud

    ents

    ? A

    re te

    ache

    rs a

    llow

    edac

    cess

    to th

    e sc

    hool

    at n

    ight

    ? A

    re s

    tude

    nts

    allo

    wed

    off

    cam

    pus

    at lu

    nch

    time?

    How

    muc

    h sp

    endi

    ng m

    oney

    do

    stud

    ents

    gen

    eral

    ly h

    ave?

    Are

    pop

    ular

    han

    gout

    s fo

    r yo

    ung

    peop

    le c

    lose

    by

    and,

    for

    bus

    ines

    s es

    tabl

    ishm

    ents

    , doe

    sm

    anag

    emen

    t col

    labo

    rate

    with

    the

    scho

    ol?

    Are

    exp

    elle

    d

    5

    or s

    uspe

    nded

    stu

    dent

    s se

    nt h

    ome

    or to

    an

    alte

    rnat

    ive

    scho

    ol?

    How

    man

    y in

    cide

    nts

    of v

    iole

    nce

    have

    occ

    urre

    dat

    the

    scho

    ol o

    ver

    the

    past

    4 y

    ears

    ? W

    hat i

    s th

    e ge

    nera

    lre

    puta

    tion

    of th

    e sc

    hool

    , and

    how

    doe

    s it

    appe

    ar to

    an

    outs

    ider

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    35

  • Exh

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    1.2.

    A 3

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    vest

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    ion

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    sequ

    ence

    s

    See

    exhi

    bit 1

    .3 f

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    ep in

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    7

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    ploy

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    isco

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    ould

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    nseq

    uenc

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