Fatigue property of basalt fiber-modified asphalt mixture under complicated environment

996 Vol.29 No.5 ZHENG Yuanxun et al: Fatigue Property of Basalt Fiber-Modifi ed Asphalt...

Fatigue Property of Basalt Fiber-Modifi ed Asphalt Mixture under Complicated Environment

ZHENG Yuanxun1, CAI Yingchun1, ZHANG Guanghai2, FANG Hongyuan1

(1.College of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 2. The Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China )

Abstract: The fatigue property of asphalt mixtures under complicated environment (low-temperature bending performance, chloride penetration, freezing-thawing cycle and their coupling effect) and the improvement effect for relevant property of basalt fiber-reinforcing asphalt mixture under complicated environment are studied. Two grading types of asphalt mixtures, AC-16I and AC-13I, are chosen, whose optimum asphalt-aggregate ratio and optimum dosage of basalt fi ber are determined by the Marshall test. The standard specimens are made fi rstly, and then the low temperature bending tests of asphalt mixture and basalt fi ber-reinforced asphalt mixture under the coupling effect of the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle have been carried out. Finally, the fatigue property tests of asphalt mixture and basalt fi ber-reinforced asphalt mixture under complex environment are performed on MTS material testing system. The results indicate that the tensile strength, the maximum curving tensile stress, the curving stiffness modulus, and fatigue properties of asphalt mixture are infl uenced by the coupling effect of the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle. The low-temperature bending performance and fatigue property of asphalt mixtures under complicated environment can be greatly improved by adding moderate basalt fi ber. The dense gradation asphalt mixture possesses stronger ability to resist adverse environmental effects under the same condition.

Key words: asphalt mixture; basalt fi ber; the chloride erosion; freezing-thawing cycle; the coupling effect; low-temperature performance; fatigue property

©Wuhan University of Technology and SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014(Received: May 19, 2013; Accepted: July 29, 2014)

ZHENG Yuanxun (郑元勋): Ph D; Postdoctoral; E-mail: [email protected]

Fund by Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Conservancy & Transportation Infrastructure Safety, Henan Province, China Postdoctoral Science Fund (No.20110491008), Science and Technology Planning Project of Department of Transportation of Henan Province(No.2013-2-12), The State Key Laboratory Open Fund of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering (No.LP1113)

DOI 10.1007/s11595-014-1033-1

1 Introduction

The asphalt mixture pavements in the northern coastal area of China have long-term suffered seawater, salt-fog erosion. Meanwhile, in order to accelerate the snow-melt process on the road surface to ensure smooth traffi c in the snowy, icy season, the treatment of spilling salt is widely used to melt ice on the road, which can quickly solve traffic jam and prevent the pavement from continuing to freeze. As a result, the asphalt mixture pavement is corroded by substances rich in high concentrations of salt materials, which would

sweep downward into the asphalt surface course and interact with asphalt material, leading to the reduction of adhesive power between asphalt material and aggregates. Besides, asphalt mixture pavement is in the long-term process of water, cryogenic freezing situation with temperature alternate variations. Under the condition of low temperature or temperature dropping abruptly, especially in the case of repeated freezing-thawing, the temperature stress in the internal of asphalt mixture can not be released timely, which would produce temperature cracks and cause the infiltration of salt water, resulting in the intensifi cation of freezing-thawing cycle destroy of the base course. If the base course is destroyed prematurely, the stability of surface course will be impacted in turn, which would lead to the formation of vicious circle, and fi nally, the service period of asphalt mixture road is affected greatly.

Early research was mainly focused on the properties of concrete material which is corroded by chloride and freezing-thawing damage all over the world, and certain progresses were made as follows: Basheer[1], Song[2], Puyate[3], Boddy[4], Hong[5],

Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. Oct. 2014 997

Martín-Pérez[6], Sandberg[7], Xu G[8] had studied the transmission mechanism of chloride in concrete. The test methods of frost and penetration resistance of concrete have been investigated by ASTM C672−2003[9] and RILEM TC 176−IDC 2002[10]. The influence of deicer-frost scaling on the durability of concrete structure was researched by Zhang YQ [11], Wang CF[12] and Zhang GQ [13].

However the effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing damage on the performance of asphalt mixture has not drawn people’s attention until recent years. Feng DC[14] studied the contrastive effect of salt and pure water on the freezing-thawing split strength of different gradation groups of asphalt mixture; Shu WG[15] investigated how to improve the water stability of asphalt mixture under the action of snowmelt agent. Pan et al researched the infl uence of acetate on the performance of asphalt mixture using the improved method of water-boiling (ASTMD3625), and the results showed that acetate can accelerate the emulsification of bitumen in asphalt mixture so that the mechanical performance of asphalt mixture is damaged. In 2007, Yan YS[16] mainly studied the influence of chloride on penetration, softening point and ductility of asphalt. In 2010, Fu GW[17] studied the influence of snowmelt agent on the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixture. In 2011, Cong PL et al[18] used common saturated deicing salt solution to deal with asphalt mixture in different conditions to study the infl uence of the types of deicing salt, the erosion time and the temperature on the performance of common asphalt concrete and SBS modified asphalt concrete. In the same year, Xiong R [19], Zhou JZ[20] et al studied the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete under the coupling effect of the chloride erosion, freezing-thawing cycle and corrosion. In 2012, Xiao QY[21] et al studied the infl uence of chlorine snowmelt agent on the low temperature crack resistance of asphalt mixture and the pavement performance of SBS modified asphalt mixture. In 2013, Tan YQ[22] et al researched and analyzed the mechanism of bituminous material interface corroded by deicing salt based on surface energy theory, and experimental research on the asphalt

and asphalt mixture corroded by a new kind of deicing salt was also carried out.

But so far most of the research achievements still rest on the influence of the single adverse affecting factor on pavement performance of asphalt mixture. The research of pavement performance of asphalt mixture under complicated environment such as the coupling effect of chloride ions erosion and freezing-thawing cycle is urgent to carry out. And as a kind of mineral fiber, the basalt fiber possesses high strength and elastic modulus, fine affinity in asphalt and aggregate, good dispersion in asphalt mixture and many other advantages. It has been gradually applied in the improvement of pavement performance of pavement materials[23-42]. Whether the addition of basalt fi ber can effectively improve the durability of asphalt mixture under complicated environment is also a problem needed to be studied urgently.

In view of this, the infl uence of the coupling effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle on the low temperature properties and fatigue characteristics of asphalt mixture and the improvement effect of basalt fiber incorporation are studied through the low temperature performance test and the fatigue test.

2 Experimental

2.1 Marshall test The type of asphalt used in this study was AH-70,

the major technical indices of which are shown in Table 1

Penetration, ductility, softening point and penetration indices were measured three times respectively, and each measured result can meet the code requirement. The mean value of the three measured results of the same index is shown in Table 1.

The major technical indices of the aggregate are shown in Table 2.

The mineral aggregate gradations of the two gradation types, AC-16I and AC-13I mentioned in this paper, are shown in Table 3.

The major technical indices of basalt fibers are shown in Table 4.


2.2 Marshall test-determination of the optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio and the optimum dosage of basalt fi ber

The optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio of asphalt mixture was determined by the Marshall test [39~42], and the operating steps were as follows: First, determining the optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio of asphalt mixture as the control group by the Marshall test. Adding the basalt fiber into the asphalt mixture according to a certain interval, and at the same time increasing the asphalt content according to a certain proportion. With a certain fiber content, using the formed Marshall specimens with a certain interval of asphalt dosage to conduct tests respectively, and then determining the optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio in certain fiber content.

The dense gradation asphalt mixture has been

widely used in pavement structure in China for its characteristics of good water tightness, durability, convenience for construction and so on. In this study, two gradation types, AC-16I and AC-13I, were adopted in the tests to develop the relevant research. The synthetic mineral aggregate gradation of the two gradation types is shown in Table 3 2.3 The low-temperature bending test of

asphalt mixture under the coupling effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action

Due to the strong temperature sensitivity of asphalt materials, low-temperature cracking is one of the main diseases of asphalt mixture pavement, which seriously affects the service quality and service life of the road. Especially in the northern coastal areas of China, the asphalt mixture pavement long-term suffers


the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action. For the above reasons, studying the anti-crack performance in low temperature of asphalt mixture under the coupling effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action has important theoretical value and practical signifi cance .

The low-temperature bending test, the method of asphalt mixture of relevant standard and literatures[39-42] were referenced in this study, and the optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio and the optimum dosage of basalt fi ber were determined by the Marshall test. Then the wheel-grind method was adopted to prepare the prism specimens with the size of 300 mm×300 mm×50 mm, and the specimens were cut into small beams with the size of 30 mm×35 mm×250 mm. There were 24 small beams, which were divided into 6 groups, and each group contained 4 beams.

According to the related research achievements, the concentration of NaCl was 10% which was used in the chlorine erosion test. To well simulate the condition of asphalt pavement under the coupling effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action in the northern coastal area of China, the small beams were put into the chlorine salt (NaCl) solution in the freezing and thawing box. Each freezing-thawing cycle was done according to the following steps: keep the specimens in 10% NaCl solution in the freezing and thawing box at -18±2 ℃ for 16±1 h, then the frozen specimens stay in the NaCl solution at room temperature for 8 h melting to complete a freezing-thawing cycle.

In order to extend the time for chloride erosion as much as possible and study the infl uence of the number of freezing-thawing cycles on the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture,16 cycles of freezing-thawing were done in the test, then the small beams were loaded under three-point loading on the MTS

material testing machine at 10 ℃(simulating the temperature of the northern coastal area) until the beams were destroyed, and the loading rate was 5 N/min.

The specifi c calculation formulas of the fl exural-tensile strength, the maximum fl exural-tensile strain at the bottom of the beam when it was damaged and the curving stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture can be expressed as follows:

(1)

(2)

(3)

where RB is the fl exural-tensile strength while fl exural failure occurs(MPa); B is the maximum flexural-tensile strain while the specimen is damaged; sB is the curving stiffness modulus while the specimen is damaged (MPa); L is the span of the specimen (mm); b and h are the width and height of specimens respectively (mm); PB is the maximum load while the specimen is damaged (N); d is the mid-span defl ection while specimen is damaged (mm).2.4 The fatigue property of asphalt mixture

under the coupling effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action

In order to study the coupling effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action on the fatigue property of asphalt mixture, the prism beam specimens with the size of 5 cm×5 cm×24 cm were prepared, which were divided into 6 groups according to the two


kinds of gradation and dosage of basalt fibers. Each group contained 4 specimens. The test condition of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle referred to the low temperature bending test. The test was carried out on MTS material testing machine using mid-point loading method at the temperature of about 25±0.5 ℃, and the half sine wave load with the frequency of 10 Hz was applied. The fatigue equation can be expressed as Eq.(4).

(4)

where Nf is the repeated loading times while the specimen is destroyed, 0 is the initial bending tensile stress (MPa); k and n are the regression coeffi cients of the test. The parameters k and n in the fatigue equation were obtained through regression by the means of stress control mode.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 The analysis of Marshall test resultsThe results of Marshall test are shown in Table 7

and Table 8. Table 7 and Table 8 show that there is a trend

of increase of the optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio, Marshall stability and flow value with the increase of fibers addition, however, the peak values of the optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio and Marshall stability appear while the fi bers addition is about 0.3%. For density, saturation of asphalt mixture, there is a reduction tendency with the increase of fi bers addition.

Considering that the stability value and flow value of the Marshall test results can not directly refl ect the long-term pavement performance, the optimum

bitumen-aggregate ratio of asphalt mixture should be determined comprehensively combining with high-temperature rutting test.

The dynamic stability of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt mixtures with the fi ber content of 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% respectively under their corresponding OAC at 60 ℃ is shown in Table 9 and Table 10.

Table 9, Table 10 and Fig.1 illustrate that the dynamic stability of fiber-modified asphalt mixtures is improved significantly. The peak value of dynamic stability of AC-16I is 2 862 while the fiber dosage is about 0.30%, and the corresponding optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio is 5.17%. Compared to common asphalt mixture, the dynamic stability of basalt fi ber reinforced asphalt mixture is increased by 65.9% at optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio and fiber addition .For AC-13I, the peak value of dynamic stability is 2 153 while the fi ber dosage is about 0.30%, and the corresponding optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio is 5.37%. Compared to common asphalt mixture, the dynamic stability of basalt fi ber reinforced asphalt mixture is improved by 41.1% at optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio and fiber addition.

Firstly, the bridge joint effects formed by a large number of criss-cross distribution fibers interlaped and complemented with asphalt mortar cohesion would prevent the slippage of aggregate, and make up the cohesion of the asphalt, finally, resulting in the improvement of the high temperature stability of asphalt mixture.

Secondly, as a kind of composite material, the stress of various phases of asphalt mixture would be eased by the boundary layer produced by infiltration effect of the huge surface area of fi ber and asphalt. At the same time, the viscosity of asphalt is improved for the reasons of fi ber-modifi ed asphalt and the formation


of chemical bonds in the interface layer, besides, the temperature susceptibility of asphalt is reduced. As a result, the high temperature stability of asphalt mixture is increased.

3.2 The analysis of the low temperature bending test results

The results of the low temperature bending test are shown in Table 11.

It can be seen from Table 11 that:

a) The limiting fl exural-tensile strength of asphalt mixture affected by chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle decreases significantly compared with common asphalt mixture. For AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture, the reduction of the limiting flexural-tensile strength is 19.7% after the specimens suffered chloride erosion and 16 times cycles of freezing-thawing. For AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture, the decrease of limiting fl exural-tensile strength is 17.0%. The results indicate that the low temperature crack-resistance of asphalt mixture is greatly affected by chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle.

b) The failure strain of asphalt mixture drops signifi cantly with the infl uence of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action. For AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture ,without the influence of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action, the failure strain is 4.45×103, the value of failure strain reduces to 2.67×103, with a drop of 40% while the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action is considered. For AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture, with the infl uence of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action, the failure strain is decreased by 38.4%.

c) There is a trend of increase of the curving stiffness modulus when asphalt mixture suffered from the infl uence of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action. For AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture, the value of curving stiffness modulus increases from 1 698 MPa to 1 989 MPa after asphalt mixture suffered from the infl uence of the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action, with a growth of 17.3%. For AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture, the growth of the curving stiffness modulus is 16.2%. The stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture reflects the flexibility of asphalt mixture in low temperature environment, and the smaller stiffness modulus means more stronger ability of asphalt mixture to resist the deformation. The results indicate that the


anti deformation capacity of asphalt mixture is reduced to a certain extent with the influence of the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action.

d) Under the complicated environment, the decrease of low temperature performance of AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture is larger than that of AC-13I. The analysis of this phenomenon is as follows: the strength of AC-16I-graded and AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture mainly depends on the adhesion force between asphalt and mineral aggregates, assisted by the interlock strength and the internal friction force among the aggregates. Those kinds of gradation such as AC-16I and AC-13I have good compactness, but its stability is poor. Under the condition of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action, the outside salt, air and other mediums enter through voids into the space between the asphalt thin film and aggregates, which results in the speeding up of asphalt aging, then the adhesion force between asphalt and aggregates becomes reducing, as a result, the disease of fl aking off will arise, which leads to strength reducing of asphalt mixture. Besides, the intrusion of Na+ accelerates the alkali-aggregate reactions and generates the swelling silicate gel, which would cause the aggravation of expansion cracking of asphalt mixture. Eventually, the crystallization of NaCl in the interior of the asphalt mixture results in the crystalline inflation and the destruction of asphalt.

e) The addition of basalt fi ber improves limiting fl exural-tensile strength and the failure strain of asphalt mixture to a certain extent. Besides, it also reduces the stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture which is helpful to improve the low temperature flexural property of asphalt mixture. First of all, the addition of basalt fi ber improves the optimum asphalt content to a certain extent and enhances the cohesive force between asphalt and aggregates, and then the flexural-tensile strength of asphalt mixture is improved. Additionally, the fi ber

itself provides the reinforcement and toughening effect on asphalt mixture. While the cracks appears in asphalt mixture caused by the external force, the vertical and horizontal distributed fibers play the role of bridging and sharing the stress on the crack tip, so that the emergence and development of cracks are effectively prevented. The test results reveal that the addition of basalt fiber can make up the loss of tensile strength of asphalt mixture caused by chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action to some extent.3.3 The analysis of fatigue property test results

The fatigue property of asphalt mixture can be evaluated by the fatigue parameters n and k. The parameter k describes the line level of the fatigue curve and its value is proportional to the fatigue curve line. The larger it is, the better the anti-fatigue performance of the material will be. The larger the value of parameter n is, the steeper the fatigue curve will be. In other words, fatigue property is more sensitive to the change of stress level. The results are shown in Table 12.

From Table 12, it can be found that:a) The chloride erosion and freezing-thawing

cycles not only reduce the anti-fatigue performance of asphalt mixture, but also make it sensitive to the change of stress level. Compared with common asphalt mixture, the value of parameter k declines by 17.0%, and the value of parameter n increases by 21.8% of AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture. The value of parameter k declines by 14.9%, and the value of parameter n increases by 18.9% of AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture. The results show that the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action make it easier for chlorine salt to intrude through voids into the space between the asphalt thin fi lm and aggregates, which reduces the adhesion force between asphalt and aggregates, and finally leads to reduction of strength of asphalt mixture.

b) The fatigue property of asphalt mixture is


improved effectively by the addition of basalt fiber. For AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture, compared to the common asphalt mixture, the value of k of basalt fi bers reinforced asphalt mixture declines by 8.9% with the infl uence of the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action, while the value is 17.0% for asphalt mixture without fibers addition. The value of n increases by 12.3% of basalt fibers reinforced asphalt mixture (21.8% for asphalt mixture without fi bers) compared to the common asphalt mixture. The value of k of AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture with the addition of basalt fi bers declines by 9.6% (14.9% for asphalt mixture without fi bers), and the value of n increases by 8.8% (18.9% for mixture without fibers) compared to common asphalt mixture. The effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycles combined with the production of stress concentration caused by material distribution, result in the accumulation of strain energy and then lead to the generation of micro cracks. However, the addition of basalt fibers plays the role of lapping, reinforcing and limits the occurrence and extension of cracks, and then enhances the cohesive force between asphalt and aggregates, thus the fatigue life of asphalt mixture is prolonged and its sensitivity to stress level is reduced.

c) It can be found from the comparison that the reduction in the anti-fatigue properties of the AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture is usually less than that of the AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture. The asphalt content of the AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture is relatively more than that of the AC-16I, which improves the fl exibility of asphalt mixture and enhances the cohesive force between asphalt and aggregates to some degree. Secondly, the relatively small void ratio of AC-13I gradation is helpful to resist the intrusion of chloride ions and the moisture, then the influence of salt injury and freezing-thawing action on the anti-fatigue property is decreased.

4 Conclusions

In this study, the optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio and the optimum basalt fiber dosage of asphalt mixtures with different gradations were researched firstly by the Marshall test. Then the influences of the coupling effect of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycles on the low temperature performance and fatigue characteristics of asphalt mixture were studied by the low temperature performance test and the fatigue test. The improvement effect of the addition of basalt fi bers on the low temperature performance and

fatigue characteristics of asphalt mixture under chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action was also studied. The major conclusions can be drawn as follows:

a) The optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio and the optimum basalt fiber dosage of asphalt mixtures with different gradations were determined by the Marshall test combining with the rutting test at high temperature. The optimum basalt fiber dosages of the two kinds of asphalt mixtures with different gradations (AC-16I, AC-13I) are both 0.30%. The optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio of basalt fiber reinforced AC-16I asphalt mixture is 5.17%, while that of common AC-16I is 4.65%. The optimum bitumen-aggregate ratio of basalt fi ber reinforced AC-13I asphalt mixture is 5.37%, while that of common AC-13I is 4.95%.

b) It can be found from the low temperature bending test that the infl uence of chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycles on the ultimate tensile strength, the maximum flexural-tensile stress and the curving stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture is signifi cant. The chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycles not only reduce the anti-fatigue performance of asphalt mixture, but also significantly improve its sensitivity to the change of stress level.

c) From the comparison it can be found that the reduction in the low temperature bending performance and the anti-fatigue characteristics of AC-13I-graded asphalt mixture is usually less than that of AC-16I-graded asphalt mixture under the complicated environment. The results reveal that the dense gradation asphalt mixture has stronger ability to resist adverse environmental effects under the same condition. Based on the above research, the dense gradation asphalt mixture should be given preference for the selection of pavement structure form to improve pavement resistance to the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing action.

d) The addition of basalt fiber can improve the ultimate tensile strength and the maximum bending strain of asphalt mixture to some degree, and reduce the stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture ,besides, it is also helpful to improve the low temperature flexural performance and the anti-fatigue characteristics of asphalt mixture effectively. For the reasons, basalt fiber can be considered as a kind of useful addition for asphalt mixture to improve its low temperature performance and the anti-fatigue property of asphalt mixture pavement, especially under complicated environment.


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