5
8/9/2019 Fate of Forerskin http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fate-of-forerskin 1/5 D FATE OF THE FORESKIN BRITISH 1433 MEDICAL JOUNL 13 THE FATE OF THE FORESKIN A STUDY OF CIRCUMCISION BY DOUGLAS GAIRDNER D.M., M.R.C.P. Consultant Paediatrician, United Cambridge Hospitals It is a curious fact that one of the operations most com monly performed in this country is also accorded the least critical consideration. In order to decide whether achild's foreskin should be ablated the normal anatomy and func- tion of the structure at different ages should be understood; the danger of conserving the foreskin must then be weighed against the hazards of the operation, the mortality and after-effects of which must be known. Though tens of thousands of infants are circumcised each year in this country, nowhere are these essential data assembled. The intention of this paper is to marshal the facts required by those concerned with deciding the fate of the child's foreskin. Origins of Circumcision Male circumcision, often associated with analogous sexual mutilations of the female such as clitoric circum- cision and infibulation, is practised, over a wide area of the world by some one-sixth of its population. Over the Near East, patchily throughout tribal Africa, amongst the Moslem peoples of India an d of South-East Asia, and amongst the Australasian aborigines circumcision has been regularly practised for as long as we can tell. Many of the natives that Columbus found inhabiting the American continent were circumcised. Th e earliest Egyptian mum mies (2300 B.C.) were circumcised, and wall paintings to be seen in Egypt show that it was customary several thousand years earlier still. According to Elliot Smith circumcision is one of the characteristic features of a heliolithic  culture which, some 15,000 years ago, spread out over much of the world; others believe that the practice must have arisen inde- pendently among different peoples. In spite of the enormous literature on the subject (well summarized in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics), we remain profoundly ignorant of the origins and significance of this presumably sacrificial rite. Th e age at which boys ar e circumcised varies widely in different races, from the Mosaic practice of circumcising at about the eighth day, to the custom in many African tribes of making circum- cision part of an initiation ceremony near the ag e of puberty. Circumcision was introduced into Roman Europe with Christianity ; little is known about its status in mediaeval Europe, but it was probably customary only amongst adherents of the Jewish faith until, with the rise of modern surgery in the nineteenth century, its status changed from a religious rite to that of a common surgical procedure. Development of the Prepuce The prepuce appears in the foetus at eight weeks as a ring of thickened epidermis (Fig. 1, a) which grows for- wards over the base of the glans penis (Fig. 1, b). It grows more rapidly on the upper surface than the lower. and so leaves the inferior aspect of the preputial ring deficient (Hunter, 1935). At 12 weeks the urethra still opens on the inferior aspect of the shaft of the penis an d the terminal part of the urethra has yet to be constructed. Arrest at this stage produces the glandular type of hypospadias, with the hooded  prepuce only partially covering the glans. From the inferior aspect of the glans a pair of out- growths are pushed out and meet (the sulcus on the under aspect of the glans marks their fusion), so enclosing a tube which, becoming continuiouis with the existing urethra, advances the meatus to its final site. These outgrowths from the glans carry with them the prepuce on each side (Fig. 1, c), thus com- pleting the prepuce inferiorly and form- ing the frenulum. jiD; By 16 weeks the .. b prepuce has grown ; forwards to the tip of the glans. At this stage (Fig. 1, d) the epidermis of the c deep surface of the prepuce is c o n - tinuous with the epi- dermis covering the glans, both consist- ing of squamous d epithelium. By a c process of desquam- FIG. 1.-Dev2lopment of prepuce. ., (a) Eight weeks; (b) sagittal section and ation the preputial (c) coronal section, 12 weeks; (d) 16 space is now formed weeks; (e) at about term, compare Fig. 3. in the following manner (Deibert, 1933). In places the squamous cells arrange themselves in whorls, forming epithelial cell nests. The centres of these degenerate, so forming a series of spaces (Fig. 1, e); these, as they increase in size, link up until finally a continuous preputial space is formed. The stage of development which has been reached by the time the child is born varies greatly. Figs. 2, 3, and 4 show sections of the penis in three full-term newborn infants; in Fig. 2 separation of the prepuce has not yet begun; in Fig. 3 separation is partial; in Fig. 4 separation is complete, though this, as will be shown, is uncommon at birth. Anatomy of the Prepuce The Younger Child.-The prepuce is still in the course of developing at the time of birth, and the fact that its separation is usually still incomplete renders the normal prepuce of the newborn non-retractable. (It will be seen that preputial  adhesions is an inapposite term to apply to the incompletely separated prepuce, suggesting as it does that the prepuce and glans were formerly separate structures.) The age at which complete separation of the prepuce with full retractability spontaneously occurs is shown in Fig. 5, which has been constructed from observa- tions of the prepuce in a series of 100 newborns and about 200 boys of varying ages up to 5 years. Of the newborns, 4 had a fully retractable prepuce, in 54 the glans could be uncovered enough to reveal the external meatus, and in the remaining 42 even the tip of the glans could not be uncovered. Of the older group 10 had been circum- cised and a few had at some time had their prepuce  stretched  ; the figures from which the diagram is con- structed are therefore not precise, but they indicate with sufficient accuracy that the prepuce is non-retractable in four out of five normal males of 6 months and in half of normal males of 1 year. By 2 years about 20 and by 3 years about 10 of boys still have a non-retractable prepuce. The fact that at these ages non-retractability depends upon incomplete separation of the prepuce ca n be easily demonstrated by running a probe round the preputial space, gently completing its continuity. It will then be found DEC. 24, 1949

Fate of Forerskin

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D

FATE

OF

THE

FORESKIN

B R I T I S H

1 4 3 3

M E D I C A L

JOUNL

13

THE

FATE

OF

THE

FORESKIN

A

STUDY

OF

CIRCUMCISION

BY

DOUGLAS

GAIRDNER

D.M.,

M.R.C.P.

C o n s u l t a n t

P a e d i a t r i c i a n ,

United

Cambridge

Hospitals

I t i s

a c u r i o u s

f a c t

t h a t

one

of

t he o pe rat i on s

most

com

m o n l y

p e r f o r m e d

i n

t h i s

country

i s

a l s o

accorded

the

least

c r i t i c a l

c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

In

order

to

decide

wh e t h e r

a

child's

f o r e s k i n

s h o u l d

b e

a b l a t e d

t h e

normal

anatomy

an d

func-

t i o n

o f

t h e

s t r u c t u r e

a t

d i f f e r e n t

ages

should

be

understood;

t h e

d a n g e r

o f

c o n s e r v i n g

t h e

f o r e s k i n

must

t h e n

be

weighe d

a g a i n s t

t h e

h a z a r d s

o f

t h e o p e r a t i o n ,

t h e m o r t a l i t y

and

a f t e r - e f f e c t s

o f

w h i c h

must

be

known.

Though

t e n s

of

t h o u s a n d s

o f

i n f a n t s

are

c i r c u m c i s e d

each

year

i n

t h i s

c o u n t r y ,

n o w h e r e

are

t h e s e

e s s e n t i a l

d a t a

a s s e m b l e d .

T h e i n t e n t i o n

o f

t h i s

paper

i s

t o

m a r s h a l

t h e f a c t s

r e q u i r e d

b y

t h o s e

c o n c e r n e d

w i t h

d e c i d i n g

t h e f a t e

o f t h e

c h i l d ' s

f o r e s k i n .

O r i g i n s o f

C i r c u m c i s i o n

M a l e

c i r c u m c i s i o n ,

o f t e n

a s s o c i a t e d

with

analogous

s e x u a l

m u t i l a t i o n s

o f

t h e

f e m a l e

s u c h as c l i t o r i c

circum-

c i s i o n

a n d

i n f i b u l a t i o n ,

i s

p r a c t i s e d ,

over

a

wide

area

of

t h e

w o r l d

b y

some

o n e - s i x t h

o f

i t s p o p u l a t i o n .

Over

t h e

N e a r

E a s t ,

p a t c h i l y

t h r o u g h o u t

t r i b a l

A f r i c a ,

amongst

t h e

M o s l e m

p e o p l e s

o f

I n d i a

an d

o f

S o u t h - E a s t

A s i a ,

an d

amongst

t h e

A u s t r a l a s i a n

a b o r i g i n e s

c i r c u m c i s i o n

h a s

been

r e g u l a r l y

p r a c t i s e d

f o r

as l o n g

as

we

can

t e l l .

Many

o f

t h e

n a t i v e s

t h a t

C o l u m b u s

f o u n d

i n h a b i t i n g

t h e

American

c o n t i n e n t

w e r e

c i r c u m c i s e d .

Th e

e a r l i e s t

E g y p t i a n

mum

m i e s

( 2 3 0 0

B . C . )

w e r e

c i r c u m c i s e d ,

a n d

w a l l p a i n t i n g s

t o

b e

seen

i n

E g y p t

s h o w

t h a t

i t

was customary

s e v e r a l

t h o u s a n d

years

e a r l i e r

s t i l l .

A c c o r d i n g

t o

E l l i o t

S m i t h

c i r c u m c i s i o n

i s

one

o f

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

f e a t u r e s

o f

a

 

h e l i o l i t h i c

 

c u l t u r e

w h i c h ,

some

1 5 , 0 0 0

years

ago,

s p r e a d

o u t

ov er

much

o f t h e

w o r l d ;

o t h e r s

b e l i e v e

t h a t

t h e

p r a c t i c e

must

h a v e

a r i s e n

i n d e -

p e n d e n t l y

among

d i f f e r e n t

p e o p l e s .

I n

s p i t e

o f

t h e

enormous

l i t e r a t u r e

on

t h e

s u b j e c t

( w e l l

s u m m a r i z e d

i n

H a s t i n g s ' s

E n c y c l o p a e d i a

o f

R e l i g i o n

a n d

E t h i c s ) ,

we

r e m a i n

p r o f o u n d l y

i g n o r a n t

o f

t h e

o r i g i n s

a n d

s i g n i f i c a n c e

o f

t h i s

p r e s u m a b l y

s a c r i f i c i a l

r i t e .

Th e

age

a t w h i c h

b o y s

ar e

c i r c u m c i s e d

v a r i e s

w i d e l y

i n

d i f f e r e n t

races,

f r o m

t h e

M o s a i c p r a c t i c e

o f

c i r c u m c i s i n g

a t

a b o u t

t h e

e i g h t h

d a y ,

t o

t h e custom

in

many

A f r i c a n

t r i b e s

o f

m a k i n g

c i r c u m -

c i s i o n

p a r t

o f

an

i n i t i a t i o n

ceremony

n ear

t h e

ag e

o f

p u b e r t y .

C i r c u m c i s i o n

was

i n t r o d u c e d

i n t o

Roman

Europe

w i t h

C h r i s t i a n i t y

;

l i t t l e i s

known

a b o u t

i t s

s t a t u s

i n

m e d i a e v a l

E u r o p e ,

b u t

i t

was

p r o b a b l y

customary

o n l y

amongst

a d h e r e n t s

o f

t h e

J e w i s h

f a i t h

u n t i l ,

w i t h t h e

r i s e

o f

m o d e r n

surgery

i n

t h e

n i n e t e e n t h

c e n t u r y ,

i t s

s t a t u s

c h a n g e d

f r o m

a r e l i g i o u s

r i t e

t o

t h a t

o f

a

common

s u r g i c a l

p r o c e d u r e .

D e v e l o p m e n t

o f

t h e P r e p u c e

T h e

prepuce

appears

i n t h e

f o e t u s

a t e i g h t

w e e k s

a s

a

r i n g

o f

t h i c k e n e d

e p i d e r m i s

( F i g .

1 ,

a )

w h i c h

grows

f o r -

w a r d s

ov er

t h e

b a s e

o f

t h e

g l a n s

p e n i s

( F i g .

1 ,

b ) .

I t

grows

more

r a p i d l y

on

t h e upper

s u r f a c e

t h a n

t h e

l o w e r .

a n d

so

l e a v e s

t h e

i n f e r i o r

a s p e c t

o f

t h e

p r e p u t i a l

r i n g

d e f i c i e n t

( H u n t e r ,

1 9 3 5 ) .

At

1 2

w e e k s

t h e

u r e t h r a

s t i l l

opens

on

t h e

i n f e r i o r

a s p e c t

o f t h e

s h a f t

o f

t h e

p e n i s

an d

t h e

t e r m i n a l

p a r t

o f t h e u r e t h r a

h a s

y e t

t o

b e

c o n s t r u c t e d .

A r r e s t

a t

t h i s

s t a g e

p r o d u c e s

t h e

g l a n d u l a r

t y p e

o f

h y p o s p a d i a s ,

w i t h

t h e

 

h o o d e d

 

p r e p u c e

o n l y

p a r t i a l l y

c o v e r i n g

t h e

g l a n s .

From

t h e

i n f e r i o r

a s p e c t

o f

t h e

g l a n s

a p a i r

o f

o u t -

g r o w t h s

a r e

p u s h e d

o u t

a n d

m e e t

( t h e

s u l c u s

o n

t h e

u n d e r

a s p e c t

o f

t h e

g l a n s

m a r k s

t h e i r

f u s i o n ) ,

s o

e n c l o s i n g

a

t u b e

w h i c h ,

b e c o m i n g

c o n t i n u i o u i s

w i t h

t h e

e x i s t i n g

u r e t h r a ,

a d v a n c e s

t h e

m e a t u s

t o i t s

f i n a l

s i t e .

T h e s e

o u t g r o w t h s

f r o m

t h e

g l a n s

c a r r y

w i t h

t h e m

t h e

p r e p u c e

o n e a c h

s i d e

( F i g .

1 ,

c ) ,

t h u s

c o m -

p l e t i n g

t h e

p r e p u c e

i n f e r i o r l y

a n d f o r m -

i n g

t h e

f r e n u l u m .

j i D ;

By

1 6

w e e k s

t h e

. .

b

p r e p u c e

h a s g r o w n

;

f o r w a r d s

t o

t h e

t i p

o f

t h e

g l a n s .

A t

t h i s

s t a g e

( F i g .

1 ,

d )

t h e

e p i d e r m i s

o f

t h e

c

d e e p

s u r f a c e

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

i s

c o

n

-

t i n u o u s

w i t h

t h e e p i -

d e r m i s

c o v e r i n g

t h e

g l a n s ,

b o t h

c o n s i s t -

i n g

o f

s q u a m o u s

d

e p i t h e l i u m .

By

a

c

p r o c e s s

o f d e s q u a m -

F I G .

1 . - D e v 2 l o p m e n t

o f

p r e p u c e .

. ,

( a )

E i g h t

w e e k s ;

( b )

s a g i t t a l

s e c t i o n

a n d

a t i o n

t h e

p r e p u t i a l

( c )

c o r o n a l

s e c t i o n ,

1 2

w e e k s ;

( d )

1 6

s p a c e

i s

n ow

f o r m e d

w e e k s ; ( e )

a t a b o u t

t e r m ,

c o m p a r e

F i g .

3 .

i n

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

m a n n e r

( D e i b e r t ,

1 9 3 3 ) .

I n

p l a c e s

t h e

s q u a m o u s

c e l l s

a r r a n g e

t h e m s e l v e s

i n

w h o r l s ,

f o r m i n g

e p i t h e l i a l

c e l l

n e s t s .

T h e

c e n t r e s

o f

t h e s e

d e g e n e r a t e ,

s o

f o r m i n g

a

s e r i e s

o f

s p a c e s

( F i g .

1 ,

e ) ;

t h e s e ,

a s

t h e y

i n c r e a s e

i n

s i z e ,

l i n k

u p

u n t i l

f i n a l l y

a

c o n t i n u o u s

p r e p u t i a l

s p a c e

i s

f o r m e d .

T h e

s t a g e

o f

d e v e l o p m e n t

w h i c h

h a s

b e e n

r e a c h e d

b y

t h e t i m e

t h e

c h i l d

i s

b o r n

v a r i e s

g r e a t l y .

F i g s .

2 ,

3 ,

a n d

4

s h o w

s e c t i o n s

o f

t h e

p e n i s

i n

t h r e e

f u l l - t e r m

n e w b o r n

i n f a n t s ;

i n

F i g .

2

s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

h a s

n o t

y e t

b e g u n ;

i n

F i g .

3

s e p a r a t i o n

i s

p a r t i a l ;

i n

F i g .

4

s e p a r a t i o n

i s

c o m p l e t e ,

t h o u g h

t h i s ,

a s

w i l l

b e

s h o w n ,

i s

uncommon

a t

b i r t h .

A n a t o m y

o f

t h e

P r e p u c e

T h e

Y o u n g e r

C h i l d . - T h e

p r e p u c e

i s

s t i l l

i n

t h e

course

o f

d e v e l o p i n g

a t

t h e

t i m e

o f

b i r t h ,

a n d

t h e

f a c t

t h a t

i t s

s e p a r a t i o n

i s u s u a l l y

s t i l l

i n c o m p l e t e

r e n d e r s

t h e

n o r m a l

p r e p u c e

o f

t h e

n e w b o r n

n o n - r e t r a c t a b l e .

( I t

w i l l

b e

s e e n

t h a t

p r e p u t i a l

 

a d h e s i o n s

i s

a n

i n a p p o s i t e

t e r m

t o

a p p l y

t o

t h e

i n c o m p l e t e l y

s e p a r a t e d

p r e p u c e ,

s u g g e s t i n g

a s

i t

d o e s

t h a t

t h e

p r e p u c e

a n d

g l a n s

were

f o r m e r l y

s e p a r a t e

s t r u c t u r e s . )

T h e

a g e

a t

w h i c h

c o m p l e t e

s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

w i t h

f u l l

r e t r a c t a b i l i t y

s p o n t a n e o u s l y

o c c u r s

i s

s h o w n

i n F i g .

5 ,

w h i c h

h a s

b e e n

c o n s t r u c t e d

f r o m

o b s e r v a -

t i o n s

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

i n

a

s e r i e s

o f

1 0 0

n e w b o r n s a n d

a b o u t

2 0 0

b o y s

o f v a r y i n g

a g e s

u p

t o

5

y e a r s .

O f t h e

n e w b o r n s ,

4

h a d

a

f u l l y

r e t r a c t a b l e p r e p u c e ,

i n

5 4

t h e

g l a n s

c o u l d

b e

u n c o v e r e d

e n o u g h

t o

r e v e a l

t h e

e x t e r n a l

m e a t u s ,

a n d

i n

t h e

r e m a i n i n g

4 2

e v e n

t h e

t i p

o f

t h e

g l a n s

c o u l d

n o t

b e

u n c o v e r e d .

O f

t h e

o l d e r

g r o u p

1 0

h a d

b e e n

circum-

c i s e d

a n d

a

f e w

h a d

a t

some

t i m e

h a d

t h e i r

p r e p u c e

 

s t r e t c h e d

  ;

t h e

f i g u r e s

f r o m

w h i c h

t h e

d i a g r a m

i s

con-

s t r u c t e d

a r e

t h e r e f o r e

n o t

p r e c i s e ,

b u t

t h e y

i n d i c a t e

w i t h

s u f f i c i e n t

a c c u r a c y

t h a t

t h e

p r e p u c e

i s

n o n - r e t r a c t a b l e

i n

f o u r

o u t

o f

f i v e

n o r m a l

m a l e s

o f

6

m o n t h s

a n d

i n

h a l f

o f

n o r m a l

m a l e s

o f

1

y e a r .

B y

2

y e a r s

a b o u t

2 0

a n d

b y

3

y e a r s

a b o u t 1 0

o f

b o y s

s t i l l

h a v e

a

n o n - r e t r a c t a b l e

p r e p u c e .

T h e

f a c t

t h a t

a t

t h e s e

a g e s

n o n - r e t r a c t a b i l i t y

d e p e n d s

u p o n

i n c o m p l e t e

s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

ca n

b e

e a s i l y

d e m o n s t r a t e d

b y

r u n n i n g

a

p r o b e

r o u n d

t h e

p r e p u t i a l

s p a c e ,

g e n t l y

c o m p l e t i n g

i t s

c o n t i n u i t y .

I t

w i l l

t h e n

b e

f o u n d

D E C .

2 4 ,

1 9 4 9

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1 4 3 4

D E C .

2 4 ,

1 9 4 9

FATE

OF

THE

FORESKIN

t h a t ,

a l t h o u g h

t h e

prepuce i s

o f t e n

s o m e w h a t

t i g h t e r t h a n

i n

t h e

a d u l t ,

i t i s n o t

t i g h t

e n o u g h

t o

p r e v e n t

r e t r a c t i o n .

T h i s

t e s t

was

a p p l i e d

t o a s e r i e s

o f 5 4

b o y s

a g e d

f r o m

2

m o n t h s t o

3

years who

h a d b e e n

r e f e r r e d

t o

h o s p i t a l

f o r

circumcision, g e n e r a l l y

w i t h

a

d i a g n o s i s

o f

p h i m o s i s .

I n

F I G . 2 . - S e p a r a t i o n

o f

p r e p u c e

h a s n o t

b e g u n

an d t h e r e

i s a s

y e t

no p r e p u t i a l

s p a c e .

F I G . 3 . - F o c i

o f

d e s q u a m a t i o n

l e a d i n g

t o

p a r t i a l

s e p a r a t i o n

o f

p r e p u c e .

t h e

p r o c e s s .

A l t h o u g h

i n

t h i s

way

t h e

p r e p u c e

o f

n e a r l y

every

i n f a n t ca n

b e

r e n d e r e d

r e t r a c t a b l e ,

t h e

p r o c e d u r e ,

n e c e s s a r i l y i n v o l v i n g

t h e

t e a r i n g a p a r t

o f t w o a s

y e t

i n c o m -

p l e t e l y

s e p a r a t e d s u r f a c e s ,

causes some

b l e e d i n g

a n d

o p e n s

t h e

way

t o

p o s s i b l e

i n f e c t i o n . F o r t h e s e

r e a s o n s i t

i s

i n a d v i s a b l e as a r o u t i n e

p r o c e d u r e .

P r e p u c e

o f

t h e

10 0

O l d e r

C h i l d . - O f

2 0 0 u n c i r c u m c i s e d

b o y s a g e d

5 - 1 3

y e a r s

X 8 0

f r o m t h r e e

d i f f e r e n t

  S

s c h o o l s ,

6

h a d

a g

n o n - r e t r a c t a b l e pre- X 60

puce;

i n

a f u r t h e r

-

1 4

t h e

prepuce

-

c o u l d

b e

o n l y

p a r -

- 4 0 C

t i a l l y

r e t r a c t e d .

I n

 

t h e m a j o r i t y

o f

b o y s a

i n

t h i s age

group

° 2 0

n

o n -

r e t r a c t a b i l i t y

O

d e p e n d s

upon

t h e

g

p e r s i s t e n c e o f a

t 1   3  

5

f e w

s t r a n d s

o f

AGE

YEARS

t i s s u e

b e t w e e n

pre-

FiG. 5.-Proportion

of

 oys

of

varying

puce a n d

g l a n s ,

so

ages f rom

b i r t h

to 5

years i n whom

th e

t h a t m i n i m a l

f o r c e

p r e p u c e

h a s

s p o n t a n e o u s l y

b e c o m e

i s

required

  r e t r a c t a b l e . N o t e

t h a t

i t i s uncommon

a c h i e v e r e t r a c t a

°

f o r t h i s t o

occur

i n

t h e f i r s t s i x

m o n t h s .

achieve

l r e t r a c t a -

b i l i t y . I n

t h i s

age group however,

r e t r a c t i o n

o f

a

h i t h e r t o

u n r e t r a c t e d prepuce

d i s c o v e r s

i n s p i s s a t e d

smegma

w h i c h , i n contrast

t o t h a t

found i n the

younger c h i l d ,

i s

in

some cases

m a l o d o r o u s . T h i s , t o g e t h e r

with t h e f a c t s

d i s c u s s e d u n d e r p e n i l e

cancer i n d i c a t e s t h a t

a

d i f f e r e n t

v i e w

o u g h t t o b e

t a k e n

o f

t h e n o n - r e t r a c t a b l e

prepuce i n

t h e

c h i l d

ov er a b o u t 5 years,

an d

t h a t ,

w h e r e a s

a

non-

r e t r a c t a b l e

prepuce i n

t h e young

c h i l d s h o u l d be accepted

w i t h

e q u a n i m i t y

as n o r m a l , a f t e r about 3 years

of age

s t e p s

s ho u l d b e t a k e n t o

r e n d e r t h e

prepuce

o f a l l

boys

r e t r a c t a b l e

a n d

c a p a b l e

o f

b e i n g k e p t

c l e a n .

F u n c t i o n

o f t h e P r e p u c e

I t i s

o f t e n s t a t e d t h a t

t h e prepuce i s

a v e s t i g i a l

s t r u c t u r e

d e v o i d o f f u n c t i o n . H o w e v e r ,

i t

seems

t o

b e no

a c c i d e n t

t h a t

d u r i n g

t h e

years

when

t h e c h i l d

i s

i n c o n t i n e n t

t h e

g l a n s

i s

c o m p l e t e l y c l o t h e d b y

t h e prepuce, f o r ,

d e p r i v e d

o f

t h i s

p r o t e c t i o n , t h e

g l a n s b e c o m e s s u s c e p t i b l e

t o i n j u r y from

- c o n t a c t w i t h

s o d d e n c l o t h e s

or n a p k i n . M e a t a l u l c e r

i s

a l m o s t

c o n f i n e d

t o c i r c u m c i s e d

m a l e i n f a n t s , an d i s o n l y

o c c a s i o n a l l y

seen i n t h e

u n c i r c u m c i s e d

c h i l d when

t h e

prepuce h a p p e n s

t o

b e

u n u s u a l l y

l a x

a n d

t h e

g l a n s

c o n s e q u e n t l y e x p o s e d

( F r e u d , 1 9 4 7 ) .

I n c i d e n c e

o f C i r c u m c i s i o n

A m o n g s t

t h e

W e s t e r n n a t i o n s

t h e

c i r c u mc i s i o n o f i n f a n t s

i s

a

common

p r a c t i c e o n l y

w i t h t h e

E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g

p e o p l e s . I t

i s ,

f o r t h e most

p a r t ,

n o t

t h e

custom

i n con-

t i n e n t a l

E u r o p e

or

S c a n d i n a v i a ,

or i n S o u t h

A m e r i c a .

I n

E n g l a n d

t h e

c o l l e c t e d

d a t a o f v a r i o u s

c o l l e a g u e s *

wh o

h a v e

k i n d l y

made

o b s e r v a t i o n s on

i n f a n t s ,

s c h o o l - c h i l d r e n ,

a n d

u n i v e r s i t y

s t u d e n t s r e v e a l

w i d e

v a r i a t i o n s

a s

b e t w e e n

d i f f e r e n t

d i s t r i c t s a n d b e t w e e n

d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l

c l a s s e s .

F o r

F i b .

4 . - S e p a r a t i o n

o f

p r e p u c e c o m p l e t e d

t o form

f u l l y

d e v e l o p e d

p r e p t i t i a l

s p a c e .

5 3 o f

t h e

5 4

t h e

prepuce

became

e a s i l y

r e t r a c t a b l e

b y

t h i s

s i m p l e

m a n i p u l a t i o n ;

i n

on e

5 - m o n t h s - o l d

i n f a n t

t h i s

manceuvre

f a i l e d

b e c a u s e

p r e p u t i a l s e p a r a t i o n

had

n o t

a d v a n c e d

f a r

e n o u g h

t o

e n a b l e

m a n i p u l a t i o n

t o

c o m p l e t e

* D r . H . P .

B r o d a ,

a s s i s t a n t

s c h o o l

M . O . ,

C a m b r i d g e ;

D r .

E i l e e n

B r e r e t o n ,

a s s i s t a n t

s c h o o l

M . O . ,

C a m b r i d g e s h i r e ;

D r s .

F .

J .

W.

M i l l e r

a n d

S .

D .

C o u r t ,

C h i l d

H e a l t h

D e p a r t m e n t ,

K i n g ' s

C o l l e g e ,

N e w c a s t l e - u p o n - T y n e ;

D r .

M a r g a r e t

P a t t e r s o n ,

a s s i s t a n t

M . O . H . ,

C a m b r i d g e ;

S i r A l a n

R o o k ,

s e n i o r h e a l t h

o f f i c e r , C a m b r i d g e

U n i v e r -

s i t y ;

D r . R .

E .

S m i t h ,

m e d i c a l

o f f i c e r t o

R u g b y

S c h o o l .

I t

i s

a

p l e a s u r e

t o r e c o r d

my

t h a n k s t o

a l l t h e s e

c o l l e a g u e s

f o r t h e i r

r e a d y

c o - o p e r a t i o n

a n d

many p a i n s t a k i n g

o b s e r v a t i o n s ,

a n d

f o r

g e n e r o u s l y

a l l o w i n g

me

t o

q u o t e

t h e i r

f i n d i n g s .

B h r r

MEDICAL

J O U R N A L

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D E C .

2 4 , 1 9 4 9 FAIE

OF

THE

FORESKIN

B R I r I s H

1 4 3 5

MEDICAL

JOURNAL

i n s t a n c e , i n

N e w c a s t l e - u p o n - T y n e

12

o f 5 0 0

m a l e

i n f a n t s

a g e d 1 2

m o n t h s

w e r e c i r c u m c i s e d ;

i n

C a m b r i d g e

t h e c o m -

p a r a b l e f i g u r e

w a s 3 1

  o f 8 9 m a l e i n f a n t s a g e d 6 t o

1 2

m o n t h s . B o y s c o m i n g

f r o m

t h e

u p p e r c l a s s e s

a r e

m o r e o f t e n

c i r c u m c i s e d , 67 o f 8 1 1 3 - y e a r - o l d b o y s

e n t e r i n g

a

p u b l i c s c h o o l

h a d

b e e n c i r c u m c i s e d ,

w h e r e a s

o n l y 50

o f 1 5 4

b o y s a g e d 5 t o 1 4 i n p r i m a r y

a n d

s e c o n d a r y

s c h o o l s

i n

t h e r u r a l d i s t r i c t s

o f C a m b r i d g e s h i r e ,

a n d

3 0

o f

1 4 1

b o y s a g e d

5

t o

1 1

i n

p r i m a r y

s c h o o l s

i n

t h e t o w n o f C a m b r i d g e ,

h a d b e e n c i r c u m c i s e d . T h e

i n f l u e n c e

o f

s o c i a l

c l a s s i s

s h o w n a l s o b y some f i g u r e s

a n a l y s e d b y

S i r

A l a n

Rook

f r o m a

g r o u p

o f

u n i v e r s i t y

s t u d e n t s .

W h e r e a s

8 4

o f 7 3 s t u d e n t s

c o m i n g

f r o m

t h e

b e s t - k n o w n p u b l i c

s c h o o l s

h a d

b e e n

c i r c u m c i s e d ,

t h i s

was

s o o f

o n l y 5 0

o f

1 7 4

c o m i n g

f r o m

grammar

o r

s e c o n d a r y

s c h o o l s .

E i t h e r t h e

b o y s

o f

w e l l - t o - d o

p a r e n t s

a r e

s u f f e r i n g

c i r c u m c i s i o n

much t o o

o f t e n ,

o r

t h o s e o f

p o o r e r p a r e n t s

n o t

o f t e n

e n o u g h .

I n

v i e w

o f

t h e

w i d e d i f f e r e n c e

i n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f

c i r c u m c i s e d

m a l e s i n

d i f f e r e n t

p a r t s

o f

t h e

c o u n t r y ,

i t

i s

d i f f i c u l t

t o

g i v e

a n

a v e r a g e

f i g u r e

f o r t h e

w h o l e

c o u n t r y .

A c o n s e r v a t i v e

e s t i m a t e

o f

2 0 ,

w h i c h

i s

a b o v e

t h e

r a t e

f o r

N e w c a s t l e - u p o n - T y n e

b u t

w e l l

b e l o w

t h a t

f o r

a l l

t h e

o t h e r

g r o u p s q u o t e d ,

w o u l d mean

t h a t

t h e n u m b e r o f

c i r c u m c i s i o n s

p e r f o r m e d

on c h i l d r e n

i n

E n g l a n d

a n d

W a l e s

i s

o f

t h e o r d e r o f

9 0 , 0 0 0 a n n u a l l y .

M o r t a l i t y

a n d

S e q u e l a e

o f C i r c u m c i s i o n

C i r c u m c i s i o n ,

l i k e

a n y

o t h e r

o p e r a t i o n ,

i s

s u b j e c t

t o

t h e

r i s k s

o f h a e m o r r h a g e

a n d

s e p s i s ,

a n d ,

w h e r e a

g e n e r a l

a n a e s t h e t i c

i s

e m p l o y e d ,

t o

t h e r i s k

o f a n a e s t h e t i c

d e a t h .

T h e

n u m b e r o f

d e a t h s

p r e s u m e d

t o

b e

d u e t o

t h e s e c a u s e s

i s

s h o w n

i n t h e

a c c o m p a n y i n g

T a b l e .

T h e

R e g i s t r a r -

G e n e r a l

g r o u p s

c i r c u m c i s i o n

a n d

p h i m o s i s t o g e t h e r ,

b u t

i n v i e w

o f

t h e f a c t

t h a t

  p h i m o s i s ,

a s t h e t e r m

i s

com-

m o n l y

a p p l i e d

t o

i n f a n t s ,

i s

p h y s i o l o g i c a l

( s e e

b e l o w )

i t

i s p r o b a b l e

t h a t

t h e

g r e a t

m a j o r i t y

o f

t h e s e

d e a t h s

were

a t t r i b u t a b l e

t o

o p e r a t i o n

r a t h e r

t h a n

t o

a n y p a t h o l o g i c a l

c o n d i t i o n

n e c e s s i t a t i n g o p e r a t i o n .

T a b l e

S h o w i n g

D e a t h s

i n C h i l d r e n

A t t r i b u t e d t o

C i r c u m c i s i o n o-

P h i m o s i s i n

E n g l a n d

a n d W a l e s

U n d e r

1

Y e a r

1 - 4 Y e a r s

T o t a l ,

U n d e r

5

Y e a r s

1 9 4 2

1 2

4 1 6

1 9 4 3

1 0 7 1 7

1 9 4 4 1 0

6

1 6

1 9 4 5

1 5

2

1 7

1 9 4 6

. .

1 6

3

1 9

1 9 4 7

. . 9

 

1 0

A b o u t 1 6

d e a t h s

i n

c h i l d r e n

u n d e r

5

y e a r s

o c c u r

e a c h

y e a r

f r o m

c i r c u m c i s i o n .

I n most

o f t h e

f a t a l i t i e s

w h i c h

h a v e

come

t o

my

n o t i c e d e a t h

h a s o c c u r r e d

f o r

no

a p p a r e n t

r e a s o n

u n d e r

a n a e s t h e s i a ,

b u t

h a e m o r r h a g e

a n d i n f e c t i o n

h a v e

s o m e t i m e s

p r o v e d

f a t a l .

H a e m o r r h a g e

i s

n o t

uncommon a f t e r

c i r c u m c i s i o n .

F .

J .

W. M i l l e r a n d

S . D .

C o u r t

( 1 9 4 9 ,

p e r s o n a l

com-

m u n i c a t i o n ) ,

who f o l l o w e d

1 , 0 0 0

i n f a n t s

i n N e w c a s t l e -

u p o n - T y n e

f o r

t h e i r

f i r s t

y e a r ,

f o u n d

t h a t 5 8

were c i r c u m -

c i s e d ,

a n d

t w o o f t h e s e

b l e d

s u f f i c i e n t l y

t o

r e q u i r e

b l o o d

t r a n s f u s i o n . I n

my

own

e x p e r i e n c e

a b o u t

two

o u t o f

e v e r y

1 0 0 c h i l d r e n

c i r c u m c i s e d a s

h o s p i t a l o u t - p a t i e n t s

w i l l

b e

a d m i t t e d on

a c c o u n t

o f

h a e m o r r h a g e

o r

o t h e r

u n t o w a r d

e v e n t . B l o o d

l o s s e s i n t h e f i r s t

y e a r

a r e

p a r t i c u l a r l y

a p t

t o

l e a d t o

a n a e m i a ,

a n d

s e v e r a l

i n f a n t s

h a v e

b e e n

s e e n

w i t h

s e v e r e

i r o n - d e f i c i e n c y

a n a e m i a

f o l l o w i n g

h a e m o r -

r h a g e s

a f t e r c i r c u m c i s i o n .

R e f e r e n c e

h a s

a l r e a d y

b e e n

made

t o m e a t a l

u l c e r , w h i c h ,

i n s o

f a r

a s

i t

i s

s o

much more

f r e q u e n t

i n c i r c u m c i s e d

m a l e

i n f a n t s ,

s h o u l d

b e

c o u n t e d a

s e q u e l

o f

t h e

o p e r a t i o n .

P a t h o l o g i c a l

C o n d i t i o n s

o f

P r e p u c e

f o r w h i c h

C i r c u m c i s i o n

i s

P e r f o r m e d

T h e

s u r p r i s i n g v a r i e t y

o f

r e a s o n s

w h y

d i f f e r e n t

d o c t o r s

a d v i s e

c i r c u m c i s i o n

a n d

o t h e r

o p e r a t i o n s

a n d

m a n i p u l a -

t i o n s on

t h e

p r e p u c e

can

b e

f o u n d

d e s c r i b e d i n t h e

l o n g

c o r r e s p o n d e n c e

on

t h e

s u b j e c t

w h i c h ra n i n t h e

B r i t i s h

M e d i c a l

J o u r n a l

f r o m

A u g u s t

t o

N o v e m b e r ,

1 9 3 5 .

C i r c u m -

c i s i o n

i s

s o m e t i m e s

u n d e r t a k e n

i n

o r d e r

t o

cure

e x i s t i n g

p a t h o l o g i c a l

c o n d i t i o n s ,

s o m e t i m e s

i n o r d e r

t o

p r e v e n t

v a r i o u s

d i s e a s e s

f r o m

o c c u r r i n g

a t a much l a t e r

d a t e .

P h i m o s i s

  i n c e

i n

t h e

n e w b o r n

i n f a n t

t h e

p r e p u c e

i s

n e a r l y a l w a y s

n o n - r e t r a c t a b l e ,

r e m a i n i n g

so

g e n e r a l l y

f o r much o f t h e

f i r s t

y e a r

a t

l e a s t ,

a n d

s i n c e

t h i s

n o r m a l

n o n - r e t r a c t a b i l i t y

i s

n o t

d u e t o

t i g h t n e s s

o f t h e

p r e p u c e

r e l a t i v e

t o

t h e

g l a n s

b u t

t o

i n c o m p l e t e s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e s e two

s t r u c t u r e s ,

i t

f o l l o w s

t h a t

p h i m o s i s ( w h i c h i m p l i e s

a

p a t h o l o g i c a l

c o n s t r i c t i o n

o f t h e

p r e -

p u c e )

c a n n o t

p r o p e r l y

b e

a p p l i e d

t o

t h e i n f a n t .

F u r t h e r ,

t h e

c o m m o n l y p e r f o r m e d

m a n i p u l a t i o n

known a s

  s t r e t c h i n g

t h e

f o r e s k i n

b y f o r c i b l y o p e n i n g

s i n u s

f o r c e p s

i n s e r t e d

i n

t h e

p r e p u t i a l

o r i f i c e

c a n n o t b e

j u s t i f i e d

on a n a t o m i c a l

g r o u n d s ,

b e s i d e s

b e i n g

p a i n f u l

a n d

t r a u m a t i z i n g .

I n

s p i t e

o f

t h e

f a c t

t h a t

t h e

p r e p u t i a l

o r i f i c e

o f t e n

a p p e a r s

m i n u t e - t h e s o - c a l l e d

p i n - h o l e

m e a t u s - i t s

e f f e c t i v e

l u m e n ,

w h e n

t e s t e d

b y

n o t i n g

w h e t h e r

o r

n o t a

g o o d

s t r e a m

o f

u r i n e i s

p a s s e d ,

i s a l m o s t

i n v a r i a b l y

f o u n d t o

b e

a d e q u a t e .

I n f a n t s

w i t h

u m b i l i c a l

or

i n g u i n a l

h e r n i a are

p a r t i c u l a r l y

l i a b l e

t o

s u f f e r c i r c u m c i s i o n

on

a c c o u n t

o f

 

p h i m o s i s ,

b u t

i f

t h i s

s i m p l e

t e s t

i s

a p p l i e d ,

r a r e l y

w i l l

a n y

o b s t r u c t i o n

t o

t h e

u r i n a r y

f l o w

b e f o u n d

p r e s e n t . O c c a s i o n a l l y

t h e

p r e p u t i a l

o r i f i c e

i s

i m p e r f e c t l y

r e l a t e d

t o

t h e

e x t e r n a l

m e a t u s ,

so

t h a t t h e

u r i n a r y

s t r e a m

b a l l o o n s

o u t

t h e

s u b p r e p u t i a l s p a c e ;

t h i s

can

b e

e a s i l y

r e m e d i e d

b y g e n t l y s e p a r a t i n g

t h e

p r e p u c e

f r o m t h e

g l a n s

i n

t h e

r e g i o n

o f

t h e

m e a t u s

b y

means

o f

a

p r o b e .

T r u e

p h i m o s i s

c a u s i n g u r i n a r y

o b s t r u c t i o n

h a s

b e e n

d e s c r i b e d

( C a m p b e l l ,

1 9 4 8 ) ,

b u t must

b e

e x c e e d i n g l y

r a r e :

i n t h e

c a s e s

I

h a v e

s e e n

i n w h i c h

t h i s

d i a g n o s i s

h a s

b e e n

m a d e , s i m p l e

s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

h a s

s h o w n

t h a t t h e r e

was

no

c o n s t r i c t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e p u t i a l

o r i f i c e .

T h r o u g h i g n o r a n c e

o f

t h e

a n a t o m y

o f t h e

p r e p u c e

i n

i n f a n c y ,

m o t h e r s

a n d

n u r s e s a r e

o f t e n

i n s t r u c t e d t o

d r a w t h e

c h i l d ' s

f o r e s k i n

b a c k

r e g u l a r l y ,

on

t h e

s u p p o s i t i o n

t h a t

s t r e t c h i n g

o f

t h e

f o r e s k i n i s w h a t

i s

r e q u i r e d .

I h a v e on t h r e e o c c a s i o n s

s e e n

y o u n g

b o y s

w i t h

a

p a r a p h i m o s i s

c a u s e d

b y

m o t h e r s

o r

n u r s e s

who

h a v e

o b e d i e n t l y

c a r r i e d

o u t

s u c h

i n s t r u c t i o n s ; f o r ,

a l t h o u g h

t h e s i z e

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

d o e s a l l o w

t h e

g l a n s

t o

. b e

d e l i v e r e d ,

t h e f i t

i s

o f t e n a

c l o s e on e

a n d

s l i g h t s w e l l i n g

o f t h e

g l a n s ,

s u c h a s

may

r e s u l t

f r o m

f o r c e f u l

e f f o r t s a t

r e t r a c t i o n ,

may

make i t s

r e d u c t i o n

d i f f i c u l t .

B a l a n i t i s

a n d

P o s t h i t i s

I n f l a m m a t i o n o f t h e

g l a n s

i s uncommon i n

c h i l d h o o d

w h e n

t h e

p r e p u c e

i s

p e r f o r m i n g

i t s

p r o t e c t i v e f u n c t i o n .

P o s t h i t i s -

i n f l a m m a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e - i s c o m m o n e r ,

a n d

i t

o c c u r s

i n

two f o r m s .

On e

f o r m

i s

a

c e l l u l i t i s o f t h e

p r e p u c e ;

t h i s

r e s p o n d s

w e l l

t o

c h e m o t h e r a p y

a n d

d o e s

n o t

s e e m t o h a v e

a n y

t e n d e n c y

t o

- r e c u r ;

h e n c e i t

i s

q u e s t i o n a b l e w h e t h e r

c i r c u m c i -

s i o n

i s i n d i c a t e d .

More

o f t e n

i n f l a m m a t i o n

o f t h e p r e p u c e i s

p a r t

o f

a n

a m m o n i a

d e r m a t i t i s

a f f e c t i n g

t h e

n a p k i n

a r e a . T h e

n a t u r e o f t h i s

c o n d i t i o n was

f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d

b y

C o o k e i n

1 9 2 1 ,

b u t

i s

s t i l l

n o t

u n i v e r s a l l y

k n o w n . T h e

u r e a - s p l i t t i n g

B a c t .

a m m o n i a g e n e s ( d e r i v e d

f r o m f a e c a l

f l o r a )

a c t s u p o n t h e

u r e a

i n t h e u r i n e

a n d

l i b e r a t e s a m m o n i a .

T h i s

i r r i t a t e s

t h e

s k i n ,

w h i c h b e c o m e s

p e c u l i a r l y t h i c k e n e d ,

w h i l e

s u p e r f i c i a l

d e s q u a m a t i o n

p r o d u c e s

a

s i l v e r y

s h e e n o n t h e

s k i n a s

i f i t

were

c o v e r e d w i t h

a

f i l m

o f

t i s s u e

p a p e r .

S u c h

a p p e a r a n c e s

a r e

d i a g n o s t i c

o f

ammonia

d e r m a t i t i s ,

a n d

i n q u i r y

w i l l

c o n -

f i r m t h a t

t h e

n a p k i n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y

t h o s e

l e f t o n

t h r o u g h

t h e

l o n g e r

n i g h t

i n t e r v a l , s m e l l

p o w e r f u l l y

o f

a m m o n i a . T r e a t m e n t

c o n s i s t s i n

i m p r e g n a t i n g

t h e

n a p k i n s

w i t h a

m i l d

a n t i s e p t i c

i n h i b i t i n g

t h e

g r o w t h

o f t h e

u r e a - s p l i t t i n g o r g a n i s m s . F o r t h i s

p u r p o s e

b o r i c

a c i d

p o w d e r

s p r i n k l e d

o v e r

t h e

n a p k i n s o r

a

r i n s e o f

 

i n

4 , 0 0 0

m e r c u r i c

c h l o r i d e

o r

o f

t h e

r e c e x t l y

Page 4: Fate of Forerskin

8/9/2019 Fate of Forerskin

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fate-of-forerskin 4/5

1 4 3 6 D E C . 2 4 , 1 9 4 9

FATE

OF THE

FORESKIN

i n t r o d u c e d n o n - t o x i c

s u b s t a n c e   d i a p a r e n e ( B e n s o n

e t a l . ,

1 9 4 9 ) , are g r a t i f y i n g l y

e f f e c t i v e .

W h e n

i n v o l v e d

i n an

ammonia d e r m a t i t i s t h e prepuce

s h o w s

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

t h i c k e n i n g

o f t h e s k i n , a n d

t h i s i s

o f t e n

l a b e l l e d

a   r e d u n d a n t prepuce   - a n o t h e r m i s n o m e r

w h i c h may

serve

as a

reason

f o r

c i r c u m c i s i o n .

T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f

r e c o g n i z i n g

ammonia d e r m a t i t i s l i e s

i n t h e d a n g e r

t h a t

i f c i r c u m c i s i o n

i s

p e r f o r m e d

t h e

d e l i c a t e g l a n s ,

d e p r i v e d

o f

i t s proper

p r o t e c t i o n ,

i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y

a p t

t o s h a r e

i n t h e i n f l a m m a t i o n a n d

t o d e v e l o p

a

m e a t a l

u l c e r . O n c e f o r m e d , a

m e a t a l

u l c e r

i s o f t e n

most

d i f f i c u l t t o

c u r e .

E n u r e s i s

A number o f symptoms

o f

o b s c u r e

cause,

s u c h as

e n u r e s i s ,

m a s t u r b a t i o n , h a b i t

spasm,

n i g h t t e r r o r s ,

or

e v e n

c o n v u l s i o n s ,

h a v e

f r o m t i m e t o t i m e

b e e n

a t t r i b u t e d

t o

p h i m o s i s , a n d

c i r c u m -

c i s i o n

h a s

b e e n a d v i s e d .

No e v i d e n c e

e x i s t s

t h a t

a

prepuce

w h o s e o n l y

f a u l t i s t h a t i t h a s n o t y e t

d e v e l o p e d r e t r a c t a b i l i t y

ca n ca us e

s u c h

s y m p t o m s .

I t

may

b e a pp o s i t e

a t

t h i s

s t a g e

t o

q u o t e

t h e

reasons

g i v e n

b y t h e

m o t h e r

f o r

d e s i r i n g

h e r c h i l d ' s c i r c u m c i s i o n

i n

a

s e r i e s

o f

5 4

i n f a n t s r e f e r r e d t o

h o s p i t a l b y

a d o c t o r . I n 3 9

i n f a n t s

t h e

reason

was a

s y m p t o m l e s s

  p h i m o s i s ,

f o u n d

on

r o u t i n e

i n s p e c t i o n b y d o c t o r ,

n u r s e ,

m o t h e r ,

or

n e i g h b o u r .

I n n i n e

cases

i t

was s a i d

t h a t

 he

c r i e s

when

h e

w e t s :

f i v e o f

t h e s e

p r o v e d

t o

b e d u e

t o

ammonia

d e r m a t i t i s ;

c l o s e r

q u e s t i o n i n g

o f

t h e

o t h e r s

r e v e a l e d

e i t h e r n o c o n n e x i o n

b e t w e e n

when

t h e

b a b y

c r i e d

a n d when

h e

u r i n a t e d ,

or

m e r e l y

t h a t

c r y i n g

o f t e n s t a r t e d

m i c t u r i t i o n .

I n t h r e e cases

t he f o r e s k i n

was

j u d g e d

t o

b e t o o

l o n g

or

r e d u n d a n t ,

a n d

i n a

f u r t h e r t h r e e

t h e

reason was

e v e n

more

f r a n k l y

c o s m e t i c

(

i t

l o o k s

f u n n y

  )

or

was

i n t a n g i b l e

(

we b e l i e v e

i n

i t

  ) .

As

has b e e n

s t a t e d

e a r l i e r ,

i n a l l

e x c e p t

on e

o f t h i s

group

o f

5 4

i n f a n t s , p h i m o s i s

was

d i s p r o v e d ,

i n

so

f a r

a s

g e n t l e

m a n i p u l a t i o n

e n a b l e d t h e

prepuce

t o

b e

s e t r a c t e d .

C o n d i t i o n s

Prevented

by

Circumcision

U n i v e r s a l

c i r c u m c i s i o n

o f m a l e i n f a n t s h a s

b e e n

u r g e d

as a m e a n s

o f

p r e v e n t i n g

t h e

l a t e r

d e v e l o p m e n t

o f

a

v a r i e t y

o f

c o n d i t i o n s - p a r a p h i m o s i s ,

v e n e r e a l

d i s e a s e s ,

p e n i l e

c a n c e r ,

a n d c e r v i c a l

cancer o f women.

P a r a p h i m o s i s

Some

i d e a

o f t h e

i m p o r t a n c e

o f

p a r a p h i m o s i s

can be

g a i n e d

f r o m

f i g u r e s

from

t h e

R o y a l

V i c t o r i a

I n f i r m a r y ,

Newcastle-

u p o n - T y n e ,

a

h o s p i t a l

s e r v i n g

a

l a r g e

p o p u l a t i o n

i n

w h i c h ,

as

h a s b e e n

m e n t i o n e d ,

i n f a n t s are

c i r c u m c i s e d

l e s s

o f t e n

than

i n

t h e

c o u n t r y g e n e r a l l y .

I n

t h e c h i l d r e n ' s

wards

p a r a p h i m o s i s

a c c o u n t s

f o r a b o u t

sev en

o u t

o f

a t o t a l

o f 800

male

c h i l d

admis-

s i o n s

e a c h

y e a r

( 0 . 9 ) :

an

a p p r e c i a b l e

number

o f t h e s e

are

f o u n d

t o

b e

t h e r e s u l t

o f t h e

mother's

o b e y i n g m i s g u i d e d

i n s t r u c t i o n s

t o

r e t r a c t

h e r

i n f a n t ' s

p r e p u c e

f o r c i b l y .

I n

th e

a d u l t

w a r d s

i t

a c c o u n t s

f o r

about

1 0

o u t o f

a t o t a l

of

5 , 0 0 0

m a l e

s u r g i c a l

a d m i s s i o n s

( 0 . 1 % ) ,

s o

t h a t

p a r a p h i m o s i s

s c a r c e l y

c o n s t i t u t e s

an

i m p o r t a n t

hazard

t o t h e uncircumcised

male.

V e n e r e a l

D i s e a s e

A l t h o u g h

t h e r e i s

a

common

b e l i e f

t h a t t h e c i r c u m c i s e d

man

runs

a

l e s s e n e d r i s k

o f v e n e r e a l

i n f e c t i o n ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y s y p h i l i t i c ,

t h e r e

ar e

f e w

f i g u r e s

t o

s u p p o r t

t h i s .

L l o y d

an d

L l o y d

( 1 9 3 4 ) ,

who

r e v i e w e d

t h e

p u b l i s h e d

e v i d e n c e

an d

a n a l y s e d

t h e i r

own

f i g u r e s ,

c o n c l u d e d

t h a t

c i r c u m c i s i o n

d i d

n ot d i mi n is h

t h e

chance

o f

a

s y p h i l i t i c

c h a n c r e .

Schrek

an d

Lenowitz

( 1 9 4 7 )

found

that

h o s p i t a l p a t i e n t s

g a v e

a

h i s t o r y

o f

v e n e r e a l

d i s e a s e

e q u a l l y

o f t e n

w h e t h e r c i r c u m c i s e d

or

n o t . Wilson

( 1 9 4 7 )

has

p u b l i s h e d f i g u r e s

s h o w i n g t h a t ,

o f t h e

men

a t t e n d i n g

a Canadian

Army

venereal

d i s e a s e

c e n t r e ,

t h e

p r o p o r t i o n

o f uncircumcised

s o l d i e r s

( 7 7 )

was

h i g h e r

t h a n

i n

t h e

Canadian

Army g e n e r a l l y

( 5 2 ) ,

an d

c o n c l u d e d

t h a t t h e

uncircumcised

s o l d i e r i s more

p r o n e

t o

v e n e r e a l

i n f e c t i o n .

I t

may b e ,

h o w e v e r ,

t h a t s i n c e

circumci-

s i o n

o f

i n f a n t s

i s

d e

r i g u e u r

i n

C a n a d a ,

t h e

uncircumcised

man

w i l l

t e n d

t o

come

from

a

lower

s o c i a l

g r a d e

an d

thus

t o

be

more

l i k e l y

t o

expose

h i m s e l f

t o

i n f e c t i o n .

The evidence

s e em s

s c a r c e l y

t o

w a r r a n t

u n i v e r s a l c i r c u m c i s i o n

as

a

p r o p h y l a c t i c

a g a i n s t

v e n e r e a l

i n f e c t i o n .

P e n i l e

Cancer

T h i s

s u b j e c t

m e r i t s

c a r e f u l

a p p r a i s a l ,

f o r i t alone

o f

the

m e d i c a l

reasons

c o m m o n l y

a d v a n c e d

f o r

t h e u n i v e r s a l

circum-

c i s i o n

o f i n f a n t s i s

c a p a b l e

o f

w i t h s t a n d i n g

c r i t i c a l

s c r u t i n y .

In

E n g l a n d

an d

Wales d e a t h s

from

p e n i l e cancer

number

about 1 5 0

a

y e a r .

Th e r e l a t i o n

between t h i s

d i s e a s e an d

a n t e c e d e n t

c i r c u m c i s i o n

has

r e c e n t l y

been

reviewed

b y

Kennaway ( 1 9 4 7 ) .

A l l

o b s e r v e r s

a g r e e

t h a t

circumcision

i n

t h e f i r s t f i v e

y e a r s

o f

l i f e

p r o t e c t s

a b s o l u t e l y

from

p e n i l e

c a n c e r ,

an d

t h i s

a p p l i e s

n o t

o n l y

t o on e

g r o u p

such as

the

J e w i s h

b u t

e q u a l l y

t o t h e

mixed

races

o f t h e

U.S.A.

Th e

. r e a s o n

f o r t h i s

p r e v e n t i v e

e f f e c t

of

e a r l y

circumcision

i s not

known:

i t

i s

n o t

due

t o

removal

o f

t h e

c a n c e r - b e a r i n g

a r e a ,

s i n c e t h e

u s u a l

s i t e

o f

p e n i l e c a n c e r ,

t h e s u l c u s

behind

t h e

g l a n s ,

i s

r e t a i n e d .

I f

i t i s due

t o r e t a i n e d

smegma

or i t s

d e c o m p o s i -

t i o n

p r o d u c t s b e i n g c a r c i n o g e n i c ,

t hi s e f f e c t must

be of

s t a r t l i n g

p o t e n c y ,

s i n c e

c i r c u m c i s i o n

a f t e r

t h e

f i f t h

y e a r

f a i l s

t o

p r e v e n t

cancer

o c c u r r i n g

s e v e r a l

d e c a d e s l a t e r .

A

c l u e

t o t h e

p r o b l e m

may

l i e

i n

t h e

e x c e p t i o n a l l y

low

h y g i e n i c

s t a n d a r d s

o f

p a t i e n t s

with

p e n i l e

c a n c e r ,

w hich

has

s t r u c k

s e v e r a l

o b s e r v e r s .

Dean

( 1 9 3 5 ) ,

r e v i e w i n g

1 2 0

c a s e s ,

w r i t e s :

 

Men

w i t h

p e n i s

cancers

g a v e

t h e

i m p r e s s i o n

o f

b e i n g

l e s s

i n t e l l i g e n t ,

as

a

c l a s s ,

than o t h e r cancer

p a t i e n t s .

Not

o n l y

had t h e

m a j o r i t y

i g n o r e d

f o r

l o n g

p e r i o d s

t h e

p r e c a n c e r o u s

s t a t e o f

p h y s i c a l annoyance,

f i l t h ,

an d o d o r i f e r o u s

d i s c h a r g e s ,

b u t

a l s o i t

was

n o t

unusual

f o r

many

t o

d e l a y s e e k i n g

advice

u n t i l

a

l a r g e p a r t

o f

t h e

p e n i s

h ad become

a f f e c t e d with

an

u l c e r a t i n g g r o w t h .

Th e

unusual

f r e q u e n c y

with

which

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

p e n i l e

cancer

have

had

v e n e r e a l

d i s e a s e

has

been

d e m o n -

s t r a t e d

b y

De a n

( 1 9 3 5 )

an d

b y

Schrek

an d

Lenowitz

( 1 9 4 7 ) ,

t h e s e

a u t h o r s

h a v i n g

come

t o

t h e

conclusion

t h a t t h i s f a c t

i n d i -

c a t e s

a g a i n

t h e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y

low

standard

of

s o c i a l

h y g i e n e

of

t h e s e

p a t i e n t s .

A

f u r t h e r f a c t o r

f r e q u e n t l y p r e s e n t

i n

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

p e n i l e

cancer i s

p h i m o s i s ;

a l t h o u g h

t h i s i s o f t e n

t h e

r e s u l t

o f

t h e

g r o w t h ,

i n

many

p a t i e n t s

t h e

p r e p u c e

has n ev er

been

r e t r a c t a b l e

( L e w i s ,

1 9 3 1 ) .

W i t h

t h e s e

f a c t s

i t

may

r e a s o n a b l y

be

contended

t h a t ,

i f

t h e

u n c i r c u m c i s e d

male h a s

a

p r e p u c e

which

he

ca n

r e t r a c t

an d

which

h e

k e e p s c l e a n ,

he i s

l i k e l y

t o

e n j o y

t h e same

i m m u n i t y

from

p e n i l e

cancer

as

h i s circumcised b r o t h e r .

C e r v i c a l Cancer

In

Women

Th e

lo w

i n c i d e n c e

o f

c e r v i c a l

cancer

among

Jewesses

has

l e d

H a n d l e y ( 1 9 4 7 )

t o

t h e

conclusion

t h a t

t h i s d i s e a s e

i s

m a i n l y

caused

b y

t h e

i n t r o d u c t i o n o f

i r r i t a n t

material

b y

the

uncircum-

c i s e d

husband

d u r i n g

c o i t u s .

I t

should

be a

s i m p l e

matter

t o

p u t

t h i s

t h e o r y

t o

t h e

t e s t

b y n o t i n g

wh eth er the

husbands

of

women

w i t h

c e r v i c a l

cancer are

more

f r e q u e n t l y

uncircum-

c i s e d

t h a n

o t h e r s .

Meanwhile

t h e

evidence

seems

i n s u f f i c i e n t

t o

warrant

u n i v e r s a l

c i r c u m c i s i o n

or

p r e p u t i o t o m y ,

such

as

H a n d l e y

a d v o c a t e s .

Minor

A d v a n t a g e s

o f

C i r c u m c i s i o n

There

remain

a number o f more

or l e s s t r i v i a l

f a c t o r s which

are sometimes

mentioned

as reasons

why

i n f a n t c i r c u m c i s i o n

i s

d e s i r a b l e :

d i f f i c u l t i e s

i n

k e e p i n g

t h e

uncircumcised

p a r t s

c l e a n ,

or

t h e

s u p p o s e d

a e s t h e t i c

* o r

e r o t i c

s u p e r i o r i t y

of the

s h o m

member.

I n o r d e r

t o f u l f i l t h e

i n t e n t i o n o f

t h i s

p a p e r

an

i n q u i r y

on

t h e s e

p o i n t s

should

h av e be en

made

a m o n g s t

a

group

o f

uncircumcised

m e n .

This was not

a t t e m p t e d ,

a l t h o u g h

w i t h

r e g a r d

t o t h e l a s t

two

of

t h e

f a c t o r s

mentioned

i t

should

be

s t a t e d

t h a t

whenever t h e

s u b j e c t

has

been

broached

i n

male

company

t h o s e

s t i l l

i n

p o s s e s s i o n

of

t h e i r

f o r e s k i n

have

be e n

forward

i n t h e i r

i n s i s t e n c e

t h a t

a n y

d i f f e r e n c e s which

may

e x i s t

i n

such

m a t t e r s

o p e r a t e

e m p h a t i c a l l y

t o t h e i r own

a d v a n t a g e .

M o r e o v e r ,

i f t h e r e

w er e

s e n s i b l e

d i s a d v a n t a g e s

i n

b e i n g

un -

c i r c u m c i s e d ,

on e would

e x p e c t

t h a t

t h e

f a t h e r s

o f

candidates

f o r

c i r c u m c i s i o n

would

sometimes

r e g i s t e r

t h e i r

f e e l i n g s

i n

t h e

m a t t e r .

Ye t i n

i n t e r v i e w i n g

t h e

p a r e n t s

o f

s e v e r a l

hundred

i n f a n t s r e f e r r e d f o r c i r c u m c i s i o n

I have me t but on e

f a t h e r

wh o

wished

h i s son c i r c u m n c i s e d

because o f h i s own

d i s a g r e e -

a b l e

e x p e r i e n c e

o f

t h e uncircumcised s t a t e . Th e

r e s t

o f

t h e

f a t h e r s

w er e

e q u a l l y

i n d i f f e r e n t

about

t h e

matter w he t her

t h e y

t h e m s e l v e s had been c i r c u m c i s e d

or n o t .

I n d e e d ,

so

l i t t l e

d i d

t h e f a t h e r ' s

p e r s o n a l e x pe r i e n c e

s e e m

i m p o r t a n t

t h a t

one-

q u a r t e r

o f

t h e

m o t h e r s d i d

n o t

ev e n

know whether

t h e i r

h u s b a n d s

w e r e

or

w er e n o t c i r c u m c i s e d .

These

f a c t s

p r o v i d e

BRmSH

MEICAL

JOURNAL

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D E C . 2 4 ,

1 9 4 9 FATE OF

THE

FORESKIN

i M E C A H o u L

1 4 3 7

s o m e e v i d e n c e

t h a t f e w

u n c i r c u m c i s e d

m e n

h a v e c a u s e

t o

r e g r e t

t h e i r

s t a t e .

C o n c l u s i o n s

I t h a s

b e e n

shown

t h a t ,

s i n c e

d u r i n g

t h e

f i r s t f e w

y e a r s

o f

l i f e

t h e

p r e p u c e

i s

s t i l l

i n

p r o c e s s

o f

d e v e l o p i n g ,

i t

i s

i m p o s s i b l e

a t

t h i s p e r i o d

t o d e t e r m i n e

i n

w h i c h

i n f a n t s

t h e

p r e p u c e

w i l l

a t t a i n

n o r m a l r e t r a c t a b i l i t y .

I n f a c t ,

o n l y

a b o u t

10

w i l l

f a i l

t o a t t a i n

t h i s

b y t h e

a g e o f

3

y e a r s .

O f t h i s

10

o f 3 - y e a r - o l d

b o y s , i n

m o s t

i t

w i l l

b e f o u n d

a s i m p l e

m a t t e r

t o

r e n d e r

t h e

p r e p u c e r e t r a c t a b l e

b y

c o m -

p l e t i n g

i t s

s e p a r a t i o n

f r o m

t h e

g l a n s

b y g e n t ' e

m a n i p u l a -

t i o n .

I n

a

v e r y

f e w t h i s

may

p r o v e

i m p o s s i b l e

a n d

c i r c u m -

c i s i o n

m i g h t

t h e n

b e c o n s i d e r e d

a j u s t i f i a b l e

p r e c a u t i o n .

H i g g i n s

( 1 9 4 9 ) ,

w i t h

l o n g

e x p e r i e n c e

o f

p a e d i a t r i c

u r o l o g y ,

a l s o

c o n c l u d e s

t h a t

c i r c u m c i s i o n

s h o u l d

n o t

b e

c o n s i d e r e d

u n t i l

 

a f t e r

t h e a g e

o f ,

s a y , 2

t o

3

y e a r s .

T h e p r e p u c e

o f

t h e

young

i n f a n t

s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e

b e

l e f t

i n i t s

n a t u r a l

s t a t e .

As

s o o n

a s i t b e c o m e s

r e t r a c t a b l e ,

w h i c h

w i l l

g e n e r a l l y

o c c u r

some

t i m e b e t w e e n

9

m o n t h s

a n d

3 y e a r s ,

i t s t o i l e t

s h o u l d

b e

i n c l u d e d

i n

t h e

r o u t i n e

o f

b a t h

t i m e ,

a n d

s o a p

a n d w a t e r

a p p l i e d

t o i t

i n

t h e

s a m e

f a s h i o n

a s t o

o t h e r

s t r u c t u r e s ,

s u c h

a s

t h e

e a r s ,

w h i c h

a r e

c u s t o m a r i l y

t r e a t e d

w i t h

s p e c i a l

a s s i d u o u s n e s s

o n

a c c o u n t

o f

t h e i r

p r o p e n s i t y

t o r e t a i n

d i r t .

A s

t h e

b o y

g r o w s

u p

h e

s h o u l d

b e

t a u g h t

t o k e e p

h i s p r e p u c e

c l e a n h i m s e l f ,

j u s t

a s

h e

i s

t a u g h t

t o w a s h

h i s e a r s .

I f s u c h

a p r o c e d u r e

b e c a m e

c u s t o m a r y

t h e c i r c u m c i s i o n

o f

c h i l d r e n

w o u l d

b e c o m e

a n

uncommon

o p e r a t i o n .

T h i s

w o u l d

r e s u l t

i n

t h e

s a v i n g

o f a b o u t

1 6

c h i l d r e n ' s

l i v e s l o s t f r o m

c i r c u m c i s i o n

e a c h

y e a r

i n

t h i s c o u n t r y ,

b e s i d e s

s a v i n g

much

p a r e n t a l

a n x i e t y

a n d a n a p p r e c i a b l e

amount

o f

t h e

t i m e

o f

d o c t o r s

a n d

n u r s e s .

Summary

T h e

d e v e l o p m e n t

o f

t h e

p r e p u c e

i s

i n c o m p l e t e

i n t h e

n e w b o r n

m a l e c h i l d ,

a n d

s e p a r a t i o n

f r o m

t h e

g l a n s ,

r e n d e r i n g

i t

r e t r a c t -

a b l e ,

d o e s

n o t

u s u a l l y

o c c u r

u n t i l

s o m e

t i m e

b e t w e e n 9

m o n t h s

a n d

3

y e a r s .

T r u e

p h i m o s i s

i s

e x t r e m e l y

r a r e

i n

i n f a n c y .

D u r i n g

t h e

f i r s t

y e a r

o r t w o

o f l i f e , w h e n

t h e

i n f a n t

i s

i n c o n t i n e n t ,

t h e

p r e p u c e

f u l f i l s

a n

e s s e n t i a l

f u n c t i o n

i n p r o t e c t -

i n g

t h e g l a n s .

I t s r e m o v a l p r e d i s p o s e s

t o

m e a t a l

u l c e r a t i o n .

T h e

many

a n d

v a r i e d

r e a s o n s

c o m m o n l y

a d v a n c e d

f o r

c i r c u m c i s i n g

i n f a n t s

a r e c r i t i c a l l y

e x a m i n e d .

None

a r e

c o n v i n c i n g .

T h o u g h

e a r l y

c i r c u m c i s i o n

w i l l p r e v e n t

p e n i l e

c a n c e r ,

t h e r e

i s

r e a s o n

t o

s u p p o s e

t h a t

k e e p i n g

t h e

p r e p u c e

c l e a n

w o u l d

h a v e

a

l i k e e f f e c t

i n

p r e v e n t i n g

t h i s

d i s e a s e .

I n

t h e

l i g h t

o f

t h e s e

f a c t s

a

c o n s e r v a t i v e

a t t i t u d e

t o w a r d s

t h e

p r e p u c e

i s

p r o p o s e d ,

a n d a r o u t i n e

f o r i t s h y g i e n e

i s s u g g e s t e d .

I f a d o p t e d

t h i s

w o u l d e l i m i n a t e

t h e

v a s t m a j o r i t y

o f t h e

t e n s

o f

t h o u s a n d s

o f c i r c u m c i s i o n o p e r a t i o n s

p e r f o r m e d

a n n u a l l y

i n

t h i s

c o u n t r y ,

a l o n g

w i t h

t h e i r

y e a r l y

t o l l

o f

some

1 6

c h i l d

d e a t h s .

My

t h a n k s

a r e

d u e

t o D r .

A .

M .

B a r r e t t

f o r

p a t h o l o g i c a l

f a c i l i t i e s .

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a n d

S u l l i v a n .

N .

( 1 9 4 9 ) .

J .

P e d i a t . ,

3 4 ,

4 9 .

C a m p b e l l ,

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I n

B r e n n e m a n n ' s

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o f

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3 ,

c h a p .

3 0 ,

p .

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J .

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1 3 1 .

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S .

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I n

G a r r o d ,

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T h u r s f i e l d ' s

D i s e a s e s

o f

C h i l d r e n .

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H u n t e r ,

R . H .

( 1 9 3 5 ) .

J .

A n a t . ,

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L .

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B r i t .

J .

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3 3 5 .

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L .

G .

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J .

U r o l . ,

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N .

L .

( 1 9 3 4 ) .

B r i t i s h

M e d i c a l

J o u r n a l ,

1 ,

1 4 4 .

S c h r e k ,

R . ,

a n d L e n o w i t z ,

H .

( 1 9 4 7 ) .

C a n c e r

R e s . ,

7 ,

1 8 0 .

W i l s o n ,

R . A .

( 1 9 4 7 ) .

C a n a d .

m e d .

A s s .

J . , 5 6 ,

5 4 .

THE

USE

OF RADIOGRAPHS

I N

A S S E S S I N G

DISPROPORTION*

BY

J .

CHASSAR

MOIR,

M . A . , M . D . ,

F . R . C . S . E d .

F . R . C . O . G .

N u f f i e l d

P r o f e s s o r

o f

O b s t e t r i c s

a n d G y n a e c o l o g y ,

U n i v e r s i l y

o f

O x f o r d

What

h a s r a d i o l o g y

d o n e

t o

h e l p

t h e

o b s t e t r i c i a n

w i t h

h i s

p r o b l e m - c a s e s

o f d i s p r o p o r t i o n

? I

d o n o t d o u b t

t h a t

s o m e

a t t h i s

moment

a r e

m u t t e r i n g ,

  N o t h i n g ;

a n d

p e r h a p s

a

c y n i c

i s

a d d i n g

i n

r u d e r

t o n e s ,

  L e s s t h a n

n o t h i n g - i t

i s

a

m e n a c e  

B u t

1 am

e q u a l l y s u r e

t h a t

t h e r e

a r e

many

o t h e r s

o f

a m o r e

s a n g u i n e

d i s p o s i t i o n

who

t a k e

a n

o p p o s i t e

v i e w ; a n d

o n e

a n d a l l

o f u s

a r e , I

h o p e ,

r e a d y

a n d

w i l l i n g

t o

e n t e r

i n t o

a

f a i r d i s c u s s i o n

c o n c e r n i n g

t h e m e r i t s o f

t h i s

new t o o l t h a t

h a s

b e e n

p u t

i n t o o u r

h a n d s .

W h y

s h o u l d

t h e r e

b e

a n y

s h a r p

d i f f e r e n c e

o f

o p i n i o n :

a n d

why

s h o u l d

t h e r e

b e , i n

s o m e q u a r t e r s ,

a

d i s t r u s t

o f

r a d i o g r a p h y

? C h i e f l y , I

b e l i e v e ,

i t i s

b e c a u s e

r a d i o l o g i s t s

a s

a

c l a s s

h a v e

l i t t l e

f i r s t - h a n d

k n o w l e d g e

o f

o b s t e t r i c s

a n d

o f t e n

f a i l t o

a p p r e c i a t e

t h e

i n t r i c a c i e s

o f c h i l d b i r t h .

S i m i l a r l y ,

t h e

o b s t e t r i c i a n

s e l d o m

h a s

a n

u n d e r s t a n d i n g

o f

t h e

t e c h n i c a l

d i f f i c u l t i e s

e n c o u n t e r e d

i n

t h e

x - r a y room

a n d

o f t e n d e m a n d s

t h e

i m p o s s i b l e

f r o m

t h e r a d i o l o g i s t .

Too

o f t e n ,

t h e r e f o r e ,

a n

e a r l y e n t h u s i a s m

g i v e s

p l a c e

t o

a d i s t r u s t

o r

e v e n

f r a n k

d i s b e l i e f

r e g a r d i n g

t h e

v a l u e o f r a d i o l o g y

i n

a s s e s s i n g

o b s t e t r i c a l

d i s p r o p o r t i o n .

I m u s t t h e r e f o r e

f i r s t

p l e a d

f o r

t h e

m o s t

i n t i m a t e

a n d g e n u i n e

c o - o p e r a t i o n

b e t w e e n

o b s t e t r i c i a n

a n d

r a d i o l o g i s t

i f p r o g r e s s

i n

t h i s

f i e l d

i s

t o b e m a d e .

No

d i s c u s s i o n

o n

t h e

t o p i c

o f

d i s p r o p o r t i o n

c a n

e s c a p e

t h e

c r i t i c i s m

t h a t

i t

d e a l s

w i t h

o n e a s p e c t

o n l y

o f

d y s t o c i a

a n d

i g n o r e s

o t h e r

f a c t o r s

o f

c a p i t a l

i m p o r t a n c e .

No n o t i c e

i s t a k e n ,

f o r

e x a m p l e ,

o f t h e f o r c e

a n d

f r e q u e n c y

o f

t h e

u t e r i n e

c o n t r a c t i o n s ,

o f t h e

a d a p t a t i o n

a n d

r e a l i g n m e n t

o f

t h e

s o f t t i s s u e s - p a r t i c u l a r l y

t h o s e

o f

t h e

l o w e r

u t e r i n e

s e g m e n t - o f

t h e

m o u l d a b i l i t y

o f t h e

b a b y ' s

h e a d ,

o r o f t h e

'

g i v e

 

o f

t h e p e l v i c

j o i n t s .

L e a s t

o f

a l l d o e s

r a d i o l o g y

m e a s u r e t h e

p a t i e n t ' s

p s y c h o l o g y

o r

f o r t i t u d e ,

n o r

a s

I

j o c u l a r l y

a d d t o

my

s t u d e n t s ,

d o e s

i t

j u d g e

t h e

c h a r a c t e r ,

s i z e ,

a n d p r o x i m i t y

o f t h e

m o t h e r - i n - l a w

 

Y e t o f a l l

t h e

c a u s e s o f d y s t o c i a ,

d i s p r o p o r t i o n

i s t h e

m o s t i m p o r t a n t ;

a n d

i t

i s

t h e r e f o r e

r i g h t

t h a t i t

s h o u l d

b e

s i n g l e d

o u t

f o r

s p e c i a l

c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

D e v e l o p m e n t

o f R a d i o g r a p h i c

P e l v i m e t r y

a n d

C e p h a l o m e t r y

L o o k i n g

b a c k

o v e r

t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t

o f

o b s t e t r i c

s c i e n c e ,

we s e e

a n

e a r l y

r e c o g n i t i o n

o f t h e

i m p o r t a n c e

o f

p e l v i c

m e a s u r e m e n t .

W i l l i a m

S m e l l i e

knew

f u l l w e l l t h e m e a n i n g

o f t h e

f l a t t e n e d

p e l v i c

b r i m

a n d t h e

o m i n o u s

s i g n i f i c a n c e o f

a

p r o j e C t i n g

s a c r a l

p r o m o n t o r y .

B a u d e l o c q u e ,

M i c h a e l i s ,

a n d

o t h e r s d e v e l o p e d

t h i s

s c i e n c e ;

a n d

b y

t h e

e n d o f t h e

n i n e -

t e e n t h

c e n t u r y

p e l v i m e t r y

w a s

r e c o g n i z e d

a s a n

e s s e n t i a l

p a r t

o f

e v e r y

o b s t e t r i c a l

e x a m i n a t i o n .

Now

c o m e s t h e

p a r a d o x .

I n m o d e r n

t i m e s

a

new

m e t h o d

o f o b t a i n i n g

t h i s s u p p o s e d l y

v i t a l i n f o r m a t i o n - a n d

o f

o b t a i n i n g

i t w i t h

u n d r e a m e d - o f a c c u r a c y - h a s

b e e n

p l a c e d

i n

o u r

h a n d s .

Y e t

c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s l y

w i t h t h i s

w o n d e r f u l

d e v e l o p m e n t

t h e r e

h a s a r i s e n

a

g e n e r a t i o n

o f o b s t e t r i c i a n s

who

m a i n t a i n

t h a t

e x a c t

p e l v i c

m e a s u r e m e n t

i s , g e n e r a l l y

s p e a k i n g ,

u n n e c e s s a r y

a n d

e v e n

m i s l e a d i n g

a n d

d e c l a r e

t h a t

t h e many

c o m p o n e n t s

c o l l e c t i v e l y

m a k i n g

f o r

e u t o c i a

* P a n e r

r e a d

a t t h e c o m b i n e d

m e e t i n g

o f

t h e

S e c t i o n s

o f

O b s t e t r i c s

a r n d

G y n a e c o l o g y

a n d R a d i o l o g y

a t t h e

A n n u a l M e e t i n g

o f

t h e

B r i t i s h

M e d i c a l

A s s o c i a t i o n ,

H a r r o g a t e ,

1 9 4 9 .