FYP_June 2011_v4_APA6

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

PROJECT REPORT GUIDE

2

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF PROJECT REPORT

1.1 Introduction

The aim of this guide is to help students of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman in

the preparation of their project report. Students are advised to acquaint

themselves with the recommendations of this guide in the early stages of

preparation, even though some of the recommendations apply only to the final

stages. The Guide also provides information for supervisors whose

responsibilities include ensuring that the students follow its recommendations.

� A project report which does not follow the approved format will not

be accepted and the degree will not be conferred until an acceptable

standard has been met.

1.2 Project Report Preparation

The project report may be written in British or American English. However,

for consistency, the candidate must use only one spelling system and not a

mixture of both. The project report must form a distinct contribution to the

knowledge of the subject and afford evidence of originality. It must be of a

satisfactory literary standard and must be suitable for publication as a project

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report of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

The project report must consist of the candidate’s account of his/her own

research. A candidate will not be permitted to submit a project report

consisting wholly of work for which a degree has been conferred on him/her

in this or any other university.

A project report must be submitted in a form that can be reproduced in a clear

and usable format.

Close attention should be paid to the following criteria:

i. The text and all illustrative materials should be clear and error free;

ii. Good quality paper should be used;

iii. Margins on each page should be as specified in this Guide.

Two soft bound copies must be submitted to the Department for

examination. The report, including tables and figures, must not exceed

100 pages (inclusive of Appendices) and both copies should be bound with

soft covers. Upon examination both the soft bound copies will be returned to

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the candidate. After making the necessary corrections, the candidate is

required to submit ONE softcopy of the project report in a CD (in PDF

format) and a hardcopy of the Declaration form (Appendix D) and

Approval (Appendix E) and Permission sheets (Appendix F) to the

university; and a CD and/or hardcopy to the respective supervisor(s). An

abbreviated version of the degree, your name and the year should be printed

on the stem of the hard bound copy of your project report.

1.3 Technical specifications

1.3.1 Collation

It is the candidate’s responsibility to prepare and assemble all materials for the

project report, and to have the pages of the project report in correct order.

1.3.2 Paper

The project report must be written on one side only of good quality white

bond paper (usually of 80g weight) of A4 size (210mm x 297mm). The same

grade of paper must be used throughout the project report.

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1.3.3 Pagination

All pages should be numbered right flushed at the bottom margin. Page

numbers should appear by themselves and should not be placed in brackets,

hyphenated or accompanied by other decorative devices. Print text or figures

on only one side of each sheet. Only original word-processed copy or good

and clean photocopies are acceptable.

Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the project report,

including pages for tables, figures and appendices. Each appendix should be

identified separately using an uppercase letter beginning with A. The pages of

the appendices should also be numbered accordingly.

The Preliminary pages preceding Chapter 1 must be numbered in Roman

numerals (i, ii, iii,…). The Title Page should not be numbered though it is

counted as page i. Page 1 begins with the first page of the Introduction (or

Chapter 1) but not numbered. Subsequent pages should be numbered

beginning with page 2. Each chapter should begin on a new page.

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1.3.4 Production of Manuscript

Project reports must be produced on a word processor with printing done on a

high quality printer.

1.3.5 Spacing

Double line spacing must be used in between lines. However, four line

spacing must be used between paragraphs and sections. Single spacing is

permitted within:

i. Explanatory footnotes

ii. Quotations longer than three lines set in a block

iii. References (except between entries)

iv. Multi-line captions (tables, figures)

v. Appendices

vi. Headings or subheadings for Tables and Figures

A new paragraph should be at least two lines at the bottom of the page.

Otherwise, the new paragraph should start in a new page.

1.3.6 Margins

The top, bottom and right margins should be not less than 1" or 2.5 cm in

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width, and the left-hand margin should be 2" or 5 cm in width to allow for loss

in binding. Right margin of the text should be justified.

1.3.7 Typeface and Font Size

The font size should be 12 point, and the same typeface must be used

throughout the text, including heading and page numbers. Font should not be

scripted or italicized except for scientific names and terms in a different

language. Bold print may be used for headings. Footnotes and text in tables

should not be less than 8 point. Equations and formulae must be typed.

Some appropriate fonts for project report are:

i. Arial

ii. Times New Roman

1.3.8 Correction of Errors

The project report must be free of typographical errors. Corrections made in

ink or with opaque fluid are not acceptable. If a neat erasure cannot be made

the page must be re-typed. Deletions must not be made by crossing out or

striking out letters or words. The typed line must be continuous. If the word or

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words cannot be erased clearly and neatly with proper spacing, the whole line,

the paragraph, or the whole page must be re-typed.

Additions of words or phrases must not be typed between lines or inserted by

hand. The whole page must be re-typed to incorporate the additions.

Pages which are obviously insert pages are not acceptable. The surrounding

pages should be re-typed to incorporate the material.

1.3.9 Binding

For candidates who wish to present a hardcopy of the project report to their

supervisor(s), the report should be bound in hard cover [unless otherwise

requested by the supervisor(s)]. The binding should be as for a book in

which pages are permanently secured.

The following should be lettered in Gold with 18 point font size from the head

to the foot of the project report spine (Refer to Appendix A)

i. Name of candidate

ii. Abbreviated degree (e.g., BSc. (Hons) Biotech.)

iii. Year of submission

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The following particulars should be provided on the project report cover using

Gold block font with font size 18 point. Refer to Appendix A:

i. Title of project report

ii. Name of candidate

iii. Degree

iv. Name of University

v. Year of submission

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CHAPTER 2

FORMAT OF PROJECT REPORT

Generally, the project report consists of three major parts: preliminary pages,

text or main body and ending pages.

A) Preliminary Pages

Include the title page, dedication (optional), abstract, acknowledgement,

declaration sheet, approval sheet, permission sheet, table of contents, list of

tables, figures, and abbreviations.

B) Text or Main Body

Divided into chapters and sections.

C) Ending Pages

Consist of references and appendices.

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Below is the arrangement of various pages in a project report:

Items Remarks

Title Page Not to be paginated but counted as i.

Subsequent pages are paginated and

are numbered consecutively.

Appendix B

Dedication (if any)

Abstract Appendix C

Acknowledgement

Declaration Appendix D

Approval Sheet Appendix E

Permission Sheet Appendix F

Table of Contents Appendix G

List of Table(s) Appendix H

List of Figure(s) Appendix H

List of Abbreviations Appendix K

Main Body (Chapters)

References

Appendices

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2.1 Title Page

Title should describe the content of the project report accurately and concisely.

The title page should include:

i. The title page should look exactly like the sample on Appendix B.

ii. Full title of project report (uppercase)

iii. Full name of author (uppercase)

iv. Name of institution to which the project report is submitted

v. Name of faculty

vi. Degree of which the project report is submitted

vii. Month and year of submission

viii. This page is counted but not numbered (it counts as page i but

should not have a page number).

2.2 Abstract

An abstract is a concise summary of the project report, intended to inform

prospective readers about its content. It usually includes a brief description of

the research, the procedures or methods, and the results and conclusions. An

abstract should not include internal headings, parenthetical citations of items

listed in the reference section, diagrams, or other illustrations. The abstract

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should be in one paragraph and less than 300 words. In short, an abstract

actually points out what has been done, what was found and what can be

concluded.

Remember: an effective abstract gives information about the quality of

the research as well as the investigator.

An example of abstract is shown in Appendix C.

2.3 Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement is used to express the author’s appreciation for guidance

and assistance from individual(s) and institutions.

2.4 Table of Contents

Contains the list of all the chapter titles in upper case, preceded by their

numbers in Arabic numerals. Subheadings should be in title case (Refer to

Appendix G).

Not more than three levels of subheadings are allowed in the Table of

Contents (chapter names are level 1 headings, subheadings of a chapter are

level 2 headings, subheadings of subheadings are level 3). Subsections of

chapters may be numbered with Arabic numerals.

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i. The Table of Contents should follow closely the sample in

Appendix G.

ii. The heading Table of Contents must appear at the top of the first

page. The heading must be bold, centered, and without punctuation.

iii. List chapter titles and at least the first or second order subdivisions.

Make sure that chapter and section titles are worded exactly as they

appear in the body of the project report.

iv. Single space each entry, but double space between entries.

v. Separate titles from page numbers with right-justified tabs and dot

leaders. Do not use periods to separate titles and page numbers.

vi. These pages are counted and numbered in lowercase Roman

numerals.

2.5 List of Tables

Project reports that contain tables should provide a List of Tables (Appendix

H). The list should show the exact title of captions of all tables in the text,

together with the beginning page number of each table. Tables should be

numbered consecutively within each chapter.

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The following guidelines apply:

i. The table number and accompanying title is placed above the body

of the table and left justified (Appendix I).

ii. Table titles should be focused, descriptive, and short.

iii. Use a solid line above and below the body of the table, thus

delimiting the table.

iv. Use horizontal lines within the heading sections to encompass

several common elements.

v. Excessively large and complex tables that require multiple pages

are discouraged, but if necessary, secondary pages should state

“Table X continued” and repeat the headings.

vi. Table footers are used to explain symbols, give notes on a statistical

analysis, define abbreviations, amplify certain aspects of the table,

or recognize sources.

2.6 List of Figures

Project reports that contain figures should include a List of Figures (Appendix

H). The list of figures includes graphs, photographs, charts and printed images.

Figures should be numbered consecutively within each chapter.

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The following guidelines apply:

i. Figure captions should be placed immediately below the figure.

This includes the figure number (e.g., Figure 1.1) followed by a

concise, descriptive statement. The explanatory text should always

precede the figure (Appendix J).

ii. Colour can be used in graphs, maps, photos, etc.

iii. Glossy prints, photomicrographs, or other figures not produced on

the regular project report paper should be mounted.

Figures, tables, and illustrations must be self explanatory. Generally, a figure,

table, or illustration will occupy a separate page of the project report. However,

if it is integrated within a page of text, there must be sufficient space before

and after to clearly set it apart from the text. The text should cite a figure or

table when those data are noted. For example: “Graduate enrolment at

Missouri State University has increased during each of the last five years

(Figure 1.1).”

2.7 List of Abbreviations

When many abbreviations and/or symbols are used, a List of Abbreviations

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with appropriate definitions should be included for the sake of clarity. Such

lists should be included following the List of Tables and List of Figures. When

abbreviations or other symbols are used, they should be uniform and

consistent throughout the project report. This list serves as ready reference to

readers not familiar with the abbreviation. The list should be sorted in

alphabetical order. Universally recognized scientific symbols (cm, mm, kg,

etc.) need not be listed. Appendix K shows the example.

2.8 Text of Project Report

The major parts of a project report may contain such subjects as introduction,

general argument, description of experimental procedures, research methods,

discussion, summary, conclusions, recommendations, and other pertinent

topics that are necessary for a complete understanding on the part of a

sophisticated or professional reader.

i. The chapter and section titles should be the same as the headings

listed in the Table of Contents. The pages are counted and

numbered in Arabic numerals. The text begins four lines below

this heading.

ii. The text must be double spaced. (Note that the heading lines are

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single spaced.)

iii. The pages are counted and numbered in Arabic numerals.

iv. First line of each paragraph should not be indented.

2.9 Headings in Text

Chapter headings must be bold and centered.

The chapter number and title must be separated and double-spaced as shown

in the example below:

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Headings must not be larger than 12 points.

Headings and subheadings must be double spaced.

2.10 Introduction

Introduction is the introductory chapter (background information) that

indicates the problem to be addressed and its importance and validity. It sets

forth the context, the hypotheses to be tested and the research objectives to be

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attained.

2.11 Literature Review

A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g.,

dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of

research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation

of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature

published on a topic. However, a literature review is not a summary of works

of different authors. Justification is given in this section for the use of specific

solution techniques or problem solving procedures in your work.

2.12 Materials and Methods

Descriptions of materials, equipment, procedures, techniques, calculations and

calibration plots employed through out the study. Limitations, assumptions

and range of validity of the methods are also included in this section. This

information is required to allow the reader to assess the believability of your

results, and also is needed by another researcher to replicate your experiment.

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2.13 Results

The results are actual statements of observations, whether positive or negative.

It can be reported in the form of figures, tables, statistics or text. Sufficient

details should be presented so that others can draw their own inferences and

construct their own explanations. You can break up your results into logical

segments by using subheadings.

2.14 Discussion

A discussion is based on the results obtained from the study in relation to the

hypotheses and is not simply a restatement of the results. It highlights the main

finding, their significance and implications. The discussion section should be a

brief essay in itself, answering the following questions:

• What are the major patterns in the observations?

• What are the relationships, trends and generalizations among the

results?

• What are the likely causes (mechanisms) underlying these patterns?

• Is there agreement or disagreement with previous work?

• How do the obtained results relate to your hypothesis/problem

statement in the introduction?

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• Include possible explanations related to your results (must be

supported by references).

• What are the contributions of your findings to your field of study?

Outline and discuss also the future research work as a separate subsection in

the Discussion. The future work can arise from the results that you generated

or work that you would like to undertake to confirm your hypothesis.

2.15 Conclusions

A summary which highlights the most important observations and outcomes of

the study upon which a conclusion is drawn in line with the objective set. It

also outlines the significance and contribution of your work to the area your of

study.

2.16 Chapter Layout

Text in a chapter can be written into major sections and subsections. Major

section is numbered as first level (e.g., 1, 2, 3,….) and subsection is numbered

second level, and etc (e.g., 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.2.3,…..). Candidates should ensure

that it is consistent throughout the project report and should be limited to a

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maximum of 4 levels.

2.17 References

The project report should contain appropriate documentation, i.e., references

to original literature relevant to the research presented in the project report.

The format used by UTAR for in-text literature citations and the list of

references is based on the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

(Source: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of

the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.) Students must adhere to the in-text citation and

referencing styles of the APA 6th Edition (2010).

The List of References should follow closely the sample in Appendix L.

i. The heading References must appear at the top of the first page.

The heading must be bold, centered, and without punctuation.

ii. Begin the list of sources four spaces below the heading.

iii. Single space within each entry and double space between entries.

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iv. Do not split entries over two pages. If an entire entry does not fit

on one page, place the entire entry on the next page.

v. Entries are arranged according to alphabetical order.

vi. These pages are counted and numbered in Arabic numerals.

Every reference cited in the text (with the exception of personal

communications) should be listed in the List of References section that

follows the main body of the project report. Likewise, citation which is not

mentioned in the text should not be listed in the reference section. This

one-to-one correspondence between citations and listing of references is

essential.

Citations. The citations in the text are done using the author and date system,

as illustrated in APA style. Candidates should adhere closely to the examples

in Appendix L.

2.18 Appendices

If supplementary original data, illustrative material, a detailed derivation of

equations, an extensive proof of a theorem, or a quotation too extensive for the

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body of the project report are included, they may be presented in appendices.

Similar material should be gathered in a single appendix.

i. Number the appendices consecutively in alphabetical order

(Appendix A, Appendix B...).

ii. The heading Appendix A (or B, C) and the title of the material

must be bold, centered, and without punctuation.

iii. The appendix material should begin four spaces below the

heading.

iv. The pages are counted and numbered in Arabic numerals.

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CHAPTER 3

WRITING CONVENTION

3.1 Units of measure

Arabic numeral should be used before measurement units and should not be

spelt out, e.g., 5 kg, not five kg. Exemption is given to the first word of the

sentence.

3.2 Numbers

All numbers should be spelt out unless they are followed by units of measure.

Arabic numeral should be used for number 10 or more than 10. If a sentence

begins with a number, the number should be spelt out. e.g., “Three replicates

were done for the following experiment’.

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Appendix A

Spine and Cover of the Project Report

CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE AND

IMMOBILIZED BIOASS OF ASPERGILLUS AWAMORI

YVONNE CAROLINE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS)

BIOTECHNOLOGY / CHEMISTRY / BIOCHEMISTRY /

BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE / MICROBIOLOGY /

STATISTICAL COMPUTING AND OPERATIONS

RESEARCH / LOGISTICS AND INTERNATIONAL

SHIPPING

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

MAY / OCTOBER 20xx

YV

ON

NE

CA

RO

LIN

E

B

Sc. (H

on

s) Bio

tech.

2

0x

x

27

Appendix B

Title page

CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE AND IMMOBILIZED

BIOMASS OF Aspergillus awamori

By

YVONNE CAROLINE

A project report submitted to the Department of XXXXX

Faculty of Science

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science (Hons) Biotechnology / Chemistry / Biochemistry /

Biomedical Science / Microbiology / Statistical Computing and

Operations Research / Logistics and International Shipping

May / October 20xx

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Appendix C

Format of Abstract

ABSTRACT

CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE AND IMMOBILIZED

BIOMASS OF Aspergillus awamori

Yvonne Caroline

The ability of free and immobilized cells of Aspergillus awamori to act

as an effective cadmium biosorbent was investigated using………From

the study, ……………… However, …………….

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Appendix D

Declaration

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report is based on my original work except for

quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare

that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree

at UTAR or other institutions.

Name

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Appendix E

Approval sheet

APPROVAL SHEET

This project report entitled “CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE

AND IMMOBILIZED BIOMASS OF Aspergillus awamori” was prepared by

YVONNE CAROLINE and submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons) Biotechnology / Chemistry /

Biochemistry / Biomedical Science / Microbiology / Statistical Computing and

Operations Research / Logistics and International Shipping at Universiti Tunku

Abdul Rahman.

Approved by:

___________________________

(Prof./Assoc. Prof./Dr./Mr./Ms. ABCDEF) Date:…………………..

Supervisor

Department of XXXXX

Faculty of Science

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

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Appendix F

Permission sheet

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

Date: __________________

PERMISSION SHEET

It is hereby certified that YVONNE CAROLINE (ID No: 10ADB12345)

has completed this final year project entitled “CADMIUM

BIOSORPTION USING FREE AND IMMOBILIZED BIOMASS OF

Aspergillus awamori” supervised by __________________________

(Supervisor) and _____________________________ (Co-Supervisor) from

the Department of XXXXX, Faculty of Science.

I hereby give permission to my supervisor(s) to write and prepare

manuscripts of these research findings for publishing in any form, if I do not

prepare it within six (6) months from this date, provided that my name is

included as one of the authors for this article. The arrangement of the name

depends on my supervisor(s).

Yours truly,

____________________

(YVONNE CAROLINE)

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Appendix G

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

DECLARATION vi

APPROVAL SHEET vii

PERMISSION SHEET viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Cadmium: Occurrences in Nature 6

2.2 Major Uses and Production of Cadmium 12

2.3 Conventional (Non-Biological) Treatment Methods 14

2.4 Biological Treatment 44

2.4.1 History 44

2.4.2 Biosorption Phenomenon and Mechanism 48

2.4.3 Fungal Biomass as an Effective Biosorbent 56

2.5 Type of Heavy Metal Removal System 62

2.5.1 Free Cell System 62

2.5.2 Immobilized Cell System 65

2.6 Concluding Remarks 66

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3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 68

3.1 Materials 68

3.1.1 Chemicals and Solutions 68

3.1.2 Microorganisms and Maintenance 69

3.1.3 Inoculum Preparation and Medium Composition 70

3.2 General Plan of the Experimental Work 71

3.3 Analytical Procedures 76

3.3.1 Dry Cell Weight Determination 77

3.3.2 Viable Cell Counts 78

3.3.3 Statistical Analysis 81

4 RESULTS 82

4.1 Effect of Different Initial Cadmium Concentrations 82

4.1.1 Langmuir Linear Adsorption Model 85

4.1.2 Comparison with Other Microbial Sorbents 87

4.2 Effect of Different Biomass Concentration on Biosorption

of Cadmium 90

4.3 Cadmium Removal in Stirred Tank Reactor 95

4.3.1 Batch Phase 95

4.3.2 Continuous Phase 97

5 DISCUSSION

5.1 Effect of Different Initial Cadmium Concentrations 82

5.1.1 Langmuir Linear Adsorption Model 85

5.1.2 Comparison with Other Microbial Sorbents 87

5.2 Effect of Different Biomass Concentration on Biosorption

of Cadmium 90

5.3 Cadmium Removal in Stirred Tank Reactor 95

5.3.1 Batch Phase 95

5.3.2 Continuous Phase 97

6 CONCLUSIONS 101

REFERENCES 107

APPENDICES 125

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Appendix H

List of Tables / List of Figures

LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES

Table / Figure

Page

2.1 A Haworth projection representation of the structure of

glucose (α-D-glucopyranose)

8

2.2 Section of the amylose molecule showing the repeating

anhydroglucose unit

10

3.1

The effect of substrate concentration on maximum D-glucose

concentration

11

4.2

The effect of enzyme dosage on reaction time 32

4.10

Production of CGTase enzyme during the batch culture of

(A) Thermococcus hydrothermalis and (B) Klebsiella sp.

74

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Appendix I

Example of Table Layout

Table 1.1: Graduate school enrolment at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

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Appendix J

Example of Figure Layout

Figure 1.1: Graduate school enrolment at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Female Male Total

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Appendix K

List of Abbreviations

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

g Acceleration of gravity (∼9.8 m/s2)

α-D-glucopyranose Alpha-D-glucopyranose

BSA Bovine serum albumin

Ca2+

Calcium ion

C Carbon

C/N ratio Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio

Co2+

Cobalt ion

CFU Colony forming units

CD

Cyclodextrin

DP Degree of polymerization

DEAE-cellulose Diethylaminoathyl-cellulose

DOT Dissolved oxygen tension

EC Enzyme commission number

38

Appendix L

Reference List

(i) BOOK REFERENCE

(a) Single / Multiple Author(s)

General Format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (edition). Location, State/Country:

Publisher.

Examples:

Playfair, J. H., & Bancroft, G. J. (2004). Infection and immunity. (2nd ed.).

Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Zautra, A. J. (2006). Emotions, stress, and health. New York, NY: Oxford

University Press.

List the publisher’s city and state (2 letter code) for all books if the city is in

the USA.

Example:

Grafton, R. Q., Hilborn, R., Squires, D., Tait, M., & Williams, M. (Eds.)

(2010). Handbook of marine fisheries conservation and management.

New York, NY: Oxford University Press

List the publisher’s city and country for all books if the city is not in the USA.

Example:

Neftci, S. N. (2009). Principles of financial engineering (2nd ed.). London,

England: Academic Press

When the author and publisher are identical, use the word "Author" as the

name of the publisher.

Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual

of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

For books with up to 7 authors, all their surnames should be spelt out in the

reference list.

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Example:

Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., & Peterson,

R. (1967). Nerve cells and insect behaviour. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press.

For references with 8 or more authors, list the surnames of the first 6 authors,

insert “…” between the 6th and last author, and then list the last author’s

surname.

Example:

Dietrich, W. F., Miller, J., Steen, R., Merchant, M. A., Damron-Boles, D.,

Husain, Z., … Lander, E. S. (1996). A comprehensive genetic map of

the mouse genome. Nature, 380(6570), 149-152.

(b) Corporate Author

General Format:

Corporate Author. (Year). Title of book. Location, State/Country: Publisher.

Example:

Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006). Managing personal fund. Toronto,

Canada: Midwestern.

(c) Unknown or No Author

Begin the entry with the work’s title. Titles of books are italicized.

General Format:

Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Education Handbook. (2005). London, England: Longman.

(ii) EDITED BOOK REFERENCE

General Format:

Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Title of book. Location, State/Country:

Publisher.

Examples:

Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholinguistics. Beijing, China: Peking

40

University Press.

Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Early language development.

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

(iii) BOOK CHAPTER REFERENCE

General Format:

Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In Title of book (p. XXX). Location,

State/Country: Publisher.

Example:

Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. In How to research (p. 19).

Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

(iv) JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCE

(a) One Author

General Format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Vol (no), pages.

Examples:

McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performance as a rhetoric of dimension.

Text and Performance Quarterly, 26(4), 389-404.

Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An initial exploration of the internal dynamics of

leadership teams. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice &

Research, 55, 179-188.

(b) Two Authors

List all authors following the format as shown above in (iv)(a).

Example:

Racette, A., & Bard, C. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak. Journal of

Logic and Computation, 18, 27-45.

(c) More Than Six Authors

For references with up to 7 authors, all their surnames should be spelt out in

41

the reference list.

Example:

Bjokr, R. N., Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Y., Kwok, O. M., Haine, R. A.

(2003). Classroom Interaction in Science: Teacher questioning and

feedback to students’ responses. International Journal of Science

Education, 63, 57-60.

For references with 8 or more authors, list the surnames of the first 6 authors,

insert “…” between the 6th and last author, and then list the last author’s

surname.

Example:

Dietrich, W. F., Miller, J., Steen, R., Merchant, M. A., Damron-Boles, D.,

Husain, Z., … Lander, E. S. (1996). A comprehensive genetic map of

the mouse genome. Nature, 380(6570), 149-152.

(v) MAGAZINE ARTICLE REFERENCE

General Format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if

given, page-numbers.

Example:

Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive control. Natural

Science, 33, 969-970.

(vi) NEWSPAPER ARTICLE REFERENCE

General Format:

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pages.

Example:

Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the priority watch list for pirated

movies, music. New Straits Times, p. 6.

(vii) UMI PROJECT REPORT REFERENCE

General Format:

Author, A. (Year). Title of project report. Dissertation Abstracts International,

42

vol (no), page. (UMI No.xxxxx)

Example:

Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals:

Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation

Abstracts International, 54(01), 534. (UMI No. 9315947)

(viii) UNPUBLISHED PROJECT REPORT REFERENCE

For theses and dissertations, the text “Unpublished doctoral thesis” or

“Unpublished master’s dissertation” is to be placed within parentheses after

the title.

General Format:

Author, A. (Year). Title of project report. (Unpublished level project report).

University, Location, Country.

Examples:

Bowker, N. I. (2003). What it means to be online for people with disabilities

(Unpublished doctoral thesis). Massey University, Palmerston North,

New Zealand.

Kondo, T. (1991). The making of a corporate elite adult targeted comic

magazines of Japan. (Unpublished master’s project report). McGill

University, Canada.

(ix) WEB PAGE REFERENCE

The retrieval date for electronic sources is no longer listed in the reference list

(unless the source is likely to change often such as in a Wiki).

General Format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from source.

Example:

Geiger, P. (2002). An introduction to Drosophila melanogaster. Retrieved

from http://biology.arizona.edu/sciconn/lessons2/geiger/intro.htm

43

(x) ARTICLES RETRIEVED FROM ONLINE DATABASES /

JOURNALS

For sources retrieved electronically and has a DOI, the DOI should be listed

after the page nos. of the source.

General Format:

Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, vol(no), pages. doi:XXXXXX

Example:

Jorgensen, T. R., Larsen, T. B., & Buchmann, K. (2009). Parasite infections in

recirculated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms. Aquaculture,

289(1-2), 91-94. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.030

If no DOI is assigned to the online document, the homepage URL of the

article or periodical must be included.

Example:

Hsing, Y., Baraya, A., & Budden, M. (2005). Macroeconomic policies and

economic growth: The case of Costa Rica. Journal of Applied Business

Research, 21(2), 105-112. Retrieved from

http://www.cluteinstitute.com/journals/JABR.htm

NOTE: Reference List Order

� Alphabetical by author’s name

� Chronological by same author

� Alphabetical by title

Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). Managing information …

Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). Multimedia management …

Hewlett, L. S. (2005). Critical thinking about…

Hewlett, L. S. (2006). Doing quantitative research …

Hewlett, L. S., Baheti, J. M., Marthur, A. L.,…

Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative …

Additional examples of APA Style Referencing may be obtained from the

UTAR Library.

44

Appendix M

In-text Citation

(i) WORK BY ONE AUTHOR

(a) When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation:

Examples:

Walker (2000) compared reaction times …

In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) …

Reference list:

Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults with reading

disorders. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(1), 257-267.

(b) Cite by author and year only even when reference includes month or date:

Example:

Mak (2006) found workers are happier …

Reference list:

Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers. The Star, p. N6.

(ii) WORK BY TWO AUTHORS

(a) Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. Use the

word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the

parentheses:

Examples:

Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems …

A survey on the problems in … (Serlin & Lapsley, 1985).

Reference list:

Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in psychological research:

The good-enough principle. American Psychologist, 40, 73-83.

(b) If the author’s name appears in the text followed by the year in parentheses,

it is not necessary to include the year again when the author’s name is

repeated in the same paragraph.

Example:

45

Delbare and Dhert (1996) found that the carapace enclosed the whole trunk,

except the head and the apical spine. They were observed to moult

periodically by shedding their external shell. From their experiments, Delbare

and Dhert concluded that the number of moults depended on the thermal

conditions of the culture.

(c) Any citations (of the same authors) that appear inside parentheses in the

same paragraph should include the year.

Example:

According to Rottmann et al. (2003), the pair of antennae serves as a means of

locomotion. Moina has a single median compound eye which lies under its

head. An adult Moina macrocopa is about 0.7-1.0 mm and a young Moina is

usually less than 0.4 mm. It is approximately the same size or slightly larger

than adult rotifers and smaller than newly-hatched brine shrimp.

Newly-hatched fry of most freshwater fish species can ingest young Moina as

their initial food (Rottmann et al., 2003).

(d) If the full citation appears in parentheses first, subsequent citations should

always show the year after the author’s name.

Example:

It is known that the embryos of M. macrocopa are fed by placenta (Goulden &

Horning, 1980). The food supply of embryos is closely related to the energy

reserves of the female (Burak, 1997). Therefore, M. macrocopa, cultured

under high initial densities (40 ind/40 mL and 80 ind/40 mL) might suffer

from the effect of food limitation and reduce the clutch size of embyos. The

survival of neonates is also dependent on the quantity of reserves which

remain after the completion of embryonic development (Goulden & Horning,

1980).

(iii) WORK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS (3-5 AUTHORS)

Cite all authors the 1st time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations,

include only the surname of the 1st author followed by “et al.” and the year if

it is the 1st citation of the reference within a paragraph. (et al. means and

others).

Examples:

Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow (1993) did a survey on … (1st citation in

46

text)

Skinner et al. (1993) found … (subsequent 1st citation per paragraph

thereafter)

Skinner et al. also found … (Omit year from subsequent citations after 1st

citation within the same paragraph)

(iv) WORK HAS 6 OR MORE AUTHORS

For works with 6 or more authors, cite only the surname of the 1st author

followed by “et al.” and the year for the 1st and subsequent citations.

Example of in-text citation:

Martin et al. (2001) studied the use of …

Reference list:

Martin, S., Smith, L., Forehand, M. R., Mobbs, R., Lynch, T. F., & Renfrew, E.

J. (2001). Use of collaborative technology in business, The Academy of

Management Executive, 19, 130-138.

(v) GROUP AUTHORS

If a group author is readily identified by its abbreviation, then abbreviate the

name in the second and subsequent citations:

Example of 1st citation in text:

American Dietetic Association [ADA], (1999) …

Subsequent text citations:

… (ADA, 1999).

(vi) WORKS WITH NO AUTHOR

For periodical, book, brochure or report with no author(s), cite the first few

words of the reference list entry (usually the title of the article or book) and

the year.

Example of in-text citation:

… (Studies of Alcohol, 1999).

Reference list:

Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). The Straits Times, p. 32.

47

(vii) AUTHOR(S) WITH THE SAME SURNAME

To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names if the reference list

includes two or more authors with the same surname.

Examples:

Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .

Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that …

Reference list:

Young, J. (1989). The Purification Plan. New York, NY: Rodale Books.

Young, E. (1990). Caring for the Vulnerable. London, England: Jones and

Bartlett Publishers.

(viii) PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Personal communications that are not recoverable such as phone

conversations, personal interviews, emails and memos, are cited in the text

only and are not included in the references list:

Examples:

… (F. Johnson, personal communication, October 20, 2004).

According to K.K. Ho (personal communication, June 20, 2011) …

Reference list:

Do not include personal communications in the reference list.

(ix) SECONDARY SOURCES

List the source the work was discussed in, and give the secondary source in

the references list. In the text, name the original work and give a citation for

the secondary source. For example, if Berger’s work is cited by Masterpasqua

and Healey, but you did not read (or possess a copy of) Berger’s original work,

list the Masterpasqua and Healey reference in the References list.

Example of in-text citation:

Berger was attributed to have first used the term electroencephalogram (EEG)

(as cited in Masterpasqua & Healey, 2003).

Original reference:

48

Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenenkephalogramm des menschen [On the

electroencephalogram of humans]. Archives von Pscyhiatrica

Nervkrankh, 87, 527-570.

Reference list:

Masterpasqua, F., & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in psychological

practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34,

652-656.

(x) QUOTATIONS

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author,

year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").

Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's surname

followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

Example:

According to Jones (2004), “Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).

Reference list:

Jones, L. (2004). How to research. London, England: Open University Press.

For longer quotations of 40 words or more (block indent without “ ”), and

use … to indicate omitted words.

Example:

We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:

Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative to

conventional psychopharmacological agents but rather… (p. 8).

Reference list:

Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Additional examples of APA Style In-Text Citation may be obtained from the

UTAR Library.