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Factors That Control Egress Through Type-III Exits - The Cicada View -. G. A. ‘Mac’ McLean, Ph.D. Cynthia L. Corbett, M.A. Protection and Survival Research Lab FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute. Clear Air. Smoke. Type III. Type IV. Type III. Type IV. PPBE. 1.70 / 0.12. 3.30 /0.15. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Factors That Control Egress Factors That Control Egress Through Type-III ExitsThrough Type-III Exits
- The Cicada View -- The Cicada View -
G. A. ‘Mac’ McLean, Ph.D.G. A. ‘Mac’ McLean, Ph.D.Cynthia L. Corbett, M.A.Cynthia L. Corbett, M.A.
Protection and Survival Research LabProtection and Survival Research LabFAA Civil Aerospace Medical InstituteFAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Clear Air Smoke
Type III Type IV Type III Type IV
PPBE 1.70 / 0.12 3.30 /0.15 2.00 / 0.09 3.30 / 0.16
No PPBE
1.40 / 0.08 2.90 / 0.16 1.70 / 0.08 2.60 / 0.12
Time in sec = mean / std err. n = 20 per group in clear air / 80 per group in smoke
CAMI 1989
Average Type-III and Type-IV Exit Crossing Times
CAMI 1989Individual Egress Times Through The Type-III Exit
Evacuation Trials
Configuration 1 2 3 4 mean
6” single 1.65 / 0.56 1.81 / 1.03 1.49 / 0.48 1.53 / 0.64 1.62 / 0.71
10” single 1.75 / 0.56 1.41 / 0.39 1.47 / 0.48 1.44 / 0.56 1.52 / 0.51
20” single 1.67 / 0.71 1.50 / 0.45 1.29 / 0.33 1.31 / 0.36 1.44 / 0.50
6” dual OBR 1.46 / 0.41 1.38 / 0.32 1.37 / 0.63 1.28 / 0.37 1.37 / 0.45
Times in seconds = mean / std. dev. n = 33 per group
CRANFIELD 1989 Total Cumulative Evacuation Times For The First 30 Subjects To Evacuate
Competitive Trials Non-CompetitiveTrials
Passageway
Configuration
1st trial 2nd trial Mean Mean
3”a 83.8 / 11.2 84.0 / 0.0 83.9* / 9.7
3”b 61.9 / 4.6 81.0 / 17.0 71.4*/ 15.0 53.2 / 1.8
6” OBR 55.1 / 11.6 48.6 / 1.4 53.2 / 10.0 39.6 / 2.5
13” 54.6 / 13.4 57.5 / 6.3 55.9 / 10.3 39.9 / 3.3
18” 49.1 / 6.5 58.5 / 7.7 53.7 / 8.20 37.2 / 0.2
25” 54.9 / 14.3 54.9 / 10.0 54.9 / 11.5 40.8 / 2.7
34” 57.2 / 5.7 67.3 / 7.2 62.3 / 8.10 35.3 / 0.6
Times in seconds = mean / std. dev. * = significant (p<.05)
CRANFIELD 1990 Total Cumulative Mean Evacuation Times For The First 30 Subjects To Evacuate
Passageway
Configuration
Competitive
Trials
Non-Competitive
Trials
Smoke
Trials
6” OBR 53.2 / 10.0 39.6 / 2.5 59.6 / 9.9
13” 55.9 / 10.3 39.9 / 3.3 51.6 / 14.9
18” 53.7 / 8.20 37.2 / 0.2 49.6 / 7.0
34” 62.3 / 8.10 35.3 / 0.6 57.9 / 3.2
Times in seconds = mean / std. dev.
CAMI 1992
Total Group Evacuation Times And Mean Subject Flowrates
Passageway Configuration / Seat AssembliesTrial 20” Single
Triples10” Single
Triples
w/Breakover
10” SingleDuals
6” Triple OBRTriples
1 91.67 / 2.21 74.03 / 1.78 81.86 / 1.92 72.36 / 3.00
2 74.90 / 1.80 82.50 / 1.96 87.37 / 2.13 39.00 / 1.50
3 64.20 / 1.53 89.83 / 2.14 80.93 / 1.92 46.60 / 1.96
4 77.16 / 1.86 82.54 / 2.04 62.36 / 1.48 43.90 / 1.99
Mean 76.98 / 1.85 82.23 / 1.98 78.13 / 1.86 50.47 / 2.11
Times in seconds = Total group time / flowrate in seconds persubject n = 39 per group
CAMI 1992Time To Remove The Exit Plug
Passageway Configuration / SeatAssemblies
Trial20” Single
TripleSeats
10” Single
Triplesw/Breakover
10”Single
DualSeats
6” TripleOBR
TripleSeats
1 6.83 5.37 6.43 10.84
2 4.47 8.86 4.14 5.77
3 5.13 3.70 7.23 6.14
4 4.14 4.87 4.03 5.84
MeanTimes
5.15 5.70 5.46 7.18
Times in seconds n = 39 per group
CRANFIELD 1992 Evacuation Times From Competitive Evacuations In Non-toxic Smoke
Configuration AllEvacuations
Evacuations WithoutOutliers
6” OBR 70.7 / 16.2 70.7 / 16.2
13” 55.3 / 9.20 55.3 / 9.2
18” 64.1 / 20.5 57.2 / 6.7
34” 58.2 / 19.7 51.5 / 6.2
Times in seconds = mean / std dev. n = 30 per cell
CRANFIELD 1992
Comparison of Evacuation Times From Competitive AndNon-Competitive Evacuations In Non-toxic Smoke
Configuration Non-CompetitiveEvacuations
Competitive
Evacuations
6” OBR 59.6 / 9.9 70.7 / 16.2
13” 51.6 / 14.9 55.3 / 9.2
18” 49.6 / 7.0 57.2 / 6.7
34” 57.9 / 3.2 51.5 / 6.2 Times in seconds = mean / std dev. n = 30 per cell
CRANFIELD 1993Mean Times To Operate The Exit And Step Onto The Wing
12.5kg Exit Plug 15kg Exit plug 25kg Exit Plug
6” 13” 6” 13” 6” 13”
N 11.35 / 4.0 7.66 / 2.4 13.87 / 8.6 12.88 / 7.7 15.91 / 7.1 9.96 / 2.10
Male D 20.49 / 12.3 12.86 / 4.5 15.05 / 7.9 13.12 / 4.3 25.60 / 13.6 21.95 / 11.5
N 17.08 / 4.7 11.53 / 3.2 26.56 / 16.2 13.33 / 6.3 80.65 / 48.2 19.63 / 7.2
Female D 65.29/ 46.3 21.97 / 13.3 87.57 / 42.6 29.61 / 16.9 76.25 / 43.5 31.87 / 14.1
Note that times do not include reaction time to begin the evacuation or time for moving thedummy.
Times in seconds = mean / std. dev. N = No dummy D = Dummy n = 8 per cell
CAMI 1995Group Egress Times At Each Passageway Width
Passageway WidthSubjectGroup
6” 10” 13” 15” 20”Younger 43.78 42.77 38.03 35.85 36.39
Older 61.65 51.72 49.68 51.06 49.82Combined 52.72 47.24 43.86 43.46 43.11
Times in seconds = mean / std. dev. n = 37 per age group
CRANFIELD 1996 Cumulative Evacuation Times For The First 30 Competitive Subjects To Evacuate
PassagewayConfiguration
TrialMeans
StandardDeviations
3” 71.48* 15.04 6” 70.10* 16.18
10” 52.22 11.09 13” 55.92 10.38 18” 53.75 8.27 25” 54.90 11.54 34” 62.32 8.14
6” OBR 53.29 10.06
Times in seconds * = significant (p<.05)
Access to Egress2001
Study Highlights
2,544 subjects participated in 48 “naïve” evacuations
Each group completed another 3 evacuations (192 total)
192 of those “naïve” subjects opened the exit
4 independent variables
Naïve versus repeated measures data analyzed separately
Exit Plug: Inside Outside
Passageway:
Density Motive6” 10” 13” 20” 6” 10” 13” 20”
Low Gp1 Gp 2 Gp 3 Gp 4 Gp 5 Gp 6 Gp 7 Gp 8Low
(30) High Gp 9 Gp 10 Gp 11 Gp 12 Gp 13 Gp 14 Gp 15 Gp 16
Low Gp 17 Gp 18 Gp 19 Gp 20 Gp 21 Gp 22 Gp 23 Gp 24Medium
(50) High Gp 25 Gp 26 Gp 27 Gp 28 Gp 29 Gp 30 Gp 31 Gp 32
Low Gp 33 Gp 34 Gp 35 Gp 36 Gp 37 Gp 38 Gp 39 Gp 40High
(70) High Gp 41 Gp 42 Gp 43 Gp 44 Gp 45 Gp 46 Gp 47 Gp 48
Research Design Factors
* 6” passageway is OBR configuration
Passageway Configuration
Passageway Configuration
6” dual passageways with outboard seat removed
10” passageway with 14” aft seat encroachment
13” passageway with 10” aft seat encroachment
20” passageway with 5” aft seat encroachment
Hatch Operator Briefings
Hatch Effects
Start Signal To Exit Ready-To-Use Time Hatch Location Main Effect
5.11 6.15
0
2
4
6
8
10
In OutHatch Location
Mea
n Ti
me
in S
econ
ds
p = .004
Start Signal To Exit Ready-To-Use Time Passageway Width Main Effect
5.80
6.30
5.295.10
0
2
4
6
8
10
6" 10" 13" 20"
Passageway Width
Mea
n Ti
me
in S
econ
ds
p = .074
Start Signal To Exit Ready-To-Use TimePassageway Width X Hatch Location Interaction
5.655.14
5.05
4.57
8.03
5.95
5.07
5.54
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
6" 10" 13" 20"Passageway Width
Mea
n Ti
me
in S
econ
ds
InOut
Hatch Location
p = .001
Conclusions Exit preparation time was influenced little by passageway
configuration - except for “outside” hatch disposal at the 10” configuration - which was dependent on ergonomic constraints.
Subjects can and will comply with hatch removal and disposal instructions when they understand what is expected.
Positive review of briefing cards by hatch operators allowed them to understand the intended method of hatch operation.
The results indicate that passengers can be more effective survivors if they are properly informed about emergency procedures.
Evacuation Effects
Design Factors Effects on Individual Egress Time
Subject Egress TimeHatch Location Main Effect
1.591.60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
In Out
Hatch Disposal Location
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p = .56
Subject Egress TimeGroup Motivation Main Effect
1.64
1.55
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Low HighGroup Motivation
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p = .001
Subject Egress TimeGroup Density Main Effect
1.601.611.56
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Low (30) Medium (50) High (70)
Group Density
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p = .46
Subject Egress Time Passageway Width Main Effect
1.50
1.661.661.56
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
6" 10" 13" 20"Passageway Width
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p < .001
Subject Egress Time Passageway Width X Hatch Disposal Interaction
1.54
1.75
1.581.54 1.47
1.58
1.74
1.58
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
6" 10" 13" 20"Passageway Width
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
InOut
Hatch Disposal
p = .001
Hatch Obstruction
Conclusions Passageway configuration effects were small and generally
correlated with the human subject effects.
Hatch removal and disposal effects were small and were resistant to interactions with passageway width.
Motivation effects were small and not qualitatively different from each other; there were no interactions between motivation level and the other design factors.
Subject group density effects were small and not predictive of subject egress time.
Human Subject Effects onIndividual Egress Time
Evacuation Effects
Subject Egress Time Subject Gender Main Effect
1.70
1.49
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Male (n=1180) Female (n=1129)
Gender
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p < .001
Subject Egress TimeSubject Age Main Effect
1.57
1.441.34
1.71
2.01
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
18-22 23-32 33-42 43-52 53-65Age in Years
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p < .001
Subject Egress TimeSubject Waist Size Main Effect
1.35 1.431.51
1.72
1.96
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
24-30 31-33 34-37 38-40 41-62
Girth in Inches
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p < .001
Subject Egress Time Subject Height Main Effect
1.591.52 1.55
1.58
1.74
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
57-64 65-66 67-68 69-71 72-79Height in Inches
Mea
n In
divi
dual
Egr
ess
Tim
e in
Sec
onds
p = .174
Conclusions
Human subject effects accounted for most of the variance in the subject egress time data.
Age, waist size, and gender were predictive of subject egress time, as older and larger subjects, particularly females, were found to egress more slowly.
These findings replicate and extend those from previous evacuation research employing practiced subjects.
Relative Magnitude of Effects on Subject Egress Time
0
3
6
9
12
15
GroupMotivation
HatchLocation
GroupDensity
PassagewayWidth
DesignFactor
Interactions
Egress Factors
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al E
ffect
Relative Magnitude of Effects on Subject Egress Time
0
3
6
9
12
15
SubjectHeight
SubjectGender
Subject Age
WithinSubject
Interactions
Subject Girth
Egress Factors
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al E
ffect
Relative Magnitude of Effects on Subject Egress Time
0
3
6
9
12
15
GroupMotivation
HatchLocation
GroupDensity
SubjectHeight
PassagewayWidth
SubjectGender
DesignFactor
Interactions
Subject Age
WithinSubject
Interactions
Subject Girth
Egress Factors
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al E
ffect