Fact Sheet - VUMC

Fact SheetDecember 14, 2011

SCIP – Ogumaniha:

Water, sanitation, and hygiene

Alfredo E. Vergara PhD1

Lara M.E. Vaz PhD12

Lazaro Gonzales Calvo PhD2

Jeff Weiser MS2

Meridith Blevins MS1

This publication was made possible through support provided by the Agency for International DevelopmentMozambique, under the terms of Award No. 656-A-00-09-00141-6 to World Vision Inc. and by VanderbiltUniversity through the endowment of the Amos Christie Chair in Global Health. The opinions expressedin this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agencyfor International Development or World Vision.

1Vanderbilt University Institute for Global Health. 2Friends in Global Health.

Table 1: Household uses safe water source(s)d

No Yes(n=781) (n=2968)

Household sizea (n=3749) 5 (3 – 6) 5 (3 – 6)Children under 5 (n=3749) 1 (1 – 2) 1 (1 – 2)Age of respondent (n=3210) 29 (22 – 35) 29 (23 – 37)

Marital Statusb (n=3748)Single 19.6% (13.1, 26.2) 16.8% (13.3, 20.3)Married/Common Law 74.5% (67.7, 81.3) 73.8% (70.4, 77.3)Widowed 3.6% (0.1, 7.2) 5.1% (3.1, 7.2)Divorced/Separated 2.2% (0.8, 3.6) 4.2% (2.0, 6.5)

Length of residency (years) (n=3649) 6 (3 – 15) 5 (3 – 10)Urban/rural (n=3749)

Rural 78.5% (63.3, 93.7) 80.9% (65.9, 95.8)Urban 21.5% (6.3, 36.7) 19.1% (4.2, 34.1)

Religion (n=3434)Catholic 52.5% (44.5, 60.6) 42.1% (35.3, 48.9)Protestant 12.0% (6.5, 17.6) 15.7% (10.5, 20.9)Evangelical and Pentecostal 16.3% (9.6, 22.9) 16.6% (11.2, 22.1)Other Christianc 2.8% (0.8, 4.8) 4.8% (1.6, 7.9)Muslim 3.3% (0.7, 5.9) 10.4% (6.1, 14.7)Non Christian Eastern 3.1% (0.9, 5.3) 2.4% (1.1, 3.6)Otherc 10.0% (6.4, 13.6) 8.1% (4.8, 11.3)

Education (n=3749) 2 (0 – 4) 1 (0 – 4)Primary language of household (n=3738)

Cinyanja 2.7% (0.1, 5.4) 18.5% (7.6, 29.4)Cisena 11.3% (3.2, 19.3) 12.8% (6.4, 19.3)Echuabo 13.2% (6.3, 20.2) 26.7% (16.5, 37.0)Elomwe 65.4% (52.6, 78.1) 32.8% (22.0, 43.7)Emakhuwa 0.0% (0.0, 0.1) 0.7% (0.0, 1.5)Portuguese 7.4% (1.9, 12.8) 8.4% (1.9, 15.0)

Respondent understands Portuguese (n=3746) 48.6% (39.2, 58.0) 36.4% (29.7, 43.0)Distance of EA from health facility (km)a (n=3723) 7.8 (3.6 – 11.1) 6.4 (3.2 – 10.1)

Monthly household incomeb (n=3454)No income 24.1% (15.6, 32.6) 35.7% (29.3, 42.2)Up to Mts 200 23.3% (15.8, 30.7) 18.3% (14.8, 21.7)Mts 200–400 14.8% (8.7, 20.8) 12.2% (8.8, 15.6)Mts 400–600 12.5% (7.6, 17.4) 8.3% (6.0, 10.7)Mts 600–800 5.8% (2.7, 9.0) 3.9% (2.5, 5.3)Mts 800–1000 9.0% (5.1, 12.9) 5.0% (2.8, 7.3)Mts 1000–1500 4.9% (0.7, 9.2) 6.4% (3.4, 9.4)Mts 1500–4000 5.0% (1.5, 8.6) 8.4% (4.0, 12.8)More than Mts 4000 0.5% (0.0, 1.2) 1.8% (0.6, 2.9)

Household member has a farm (n=3687) 93.5% (90.4, 96.7) 91.2% (87.8, 94.6)Sometimes sell crops (n=3286) 58.7% (50.8, 66.6) 57.4% (49.4, 65.3)Ever sold livestock (n=3745) 17.8% (11.4, 24.2) 18.1% (14.2, 22.0)Household member owns bicycle (n=3732) 40.6% (33.2, 48.0) 43.9% (39.6, 48.2)Owns chicken(s) (n=3749) 42.7% (32.5, 52.9) 45.5% (38.4, 52.5)Household uses latrine (n=3691) 36.8% (25.9, 47.6) 36.0% (26.2, 45.8)Empowerment (score) (n=3654) 50 (37.5 – 58.3) 47.4 (33.3 – 50)Gender equality (score) (n=3725) 77.8 (62.4 – 96.5) 80 (66.7 – 93.3)a Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range), with each

observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability.b Categorical variables are reported as weighted percentages, with each observation being weighted by

the inverse of the household sampling probability. The 95% confidence intervals include precisionestimates that incorporate the effects of stratification and clustering.

c ‘Other Christian’ includes LDS Mormon and Jehovah’s Witness. ‘Other’ includes Spiritual, Tradi-tional Religions, and Agnostic or Atheist.

d Safe water sources include public/private faucet, well (poco), or bottled water.

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Table 2: Household uses a latrine

No Yes(n=2696) (n=995)




Rural 90.4% (83.7, 97.1) 63.6% (39.7, 87.6)Urban 9.6% (2.9, 16.3) 36.4% (12.4, 60.3)




Respondent understands Portuguese (n=3688) 32.5% (26.8, 38.3) 49.9% (40.4, 59.5)Distance of EA from health facility (km)a (n=3666) 7.2 (4.3 – 10.6) 5.1 (1 – 9.4)


Household member has a farm (n=3667) 93.4% (91.2, 95.7) 88.6% (83.9, 93.2)Sometimes sell crops (n=3272) 56.6% (49.9, 63.3) 60.0% (47.1, 72.9)Ever sold livestock (n=3687) 19.0% (14.6, 23.4) 17.0% (12.0, 22.0)Household member owns bicycle (n=3677) 36.5% (31.8, 41.3) 55.0% (47.8, 62.3)Owns chicken(s) (n=3691) 46.0% (39.4, 52.5) 44.9% (34.2, 55.7)Household uses latrine (n=3691) 0.0% (0.0, 0.0) 100.0% (100.0, 100.0)Empowerment (score) (n=3644) 41.7 (33.3 – 50) 50 (33.3 – 58.3)Gender equality (score) (n=3667) 77.8 (66.7 – 93.3) 80 (63.3 – 93.3)a Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range), with each

observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability.b Categorical variables are reported as weighted percentages, with each observation being weighted by the

inverse of the household sampling probability. The 95% confidence intervals include precision estimatesthat incorporate the effects of stratification and clustering.

c ‘Other Christian’ includes LDS Mormon and Jehovah’s Witness. ‘Other’ includes Spiritual, TraditionalReligions, and Agnostic or Atheist.

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Table 3: Household treats drinking water

No Yes(n=3335) (n=365)



Length of residency (years) (n=3600) 5 (3 – 12) 5 (3 – 10.2)Urban/rural (n=3700)

Rural 84.6% (74.8, 94.5) 56.1% (22.1, 90.1)Urban 15.4% (5.5, 25.2) 43.9% (9.9, 77.9)




Respondent understands Portuguese (n=3697) 34.1% (28.5, 39.7) 65.5% (57.3, 73.7)Distance of EA from health facility (km)a (n=3675) 7.2 (4 – 10.4) 3.6 (0.6 – 9.3)


Household member has a farm (n=3662) 92.2% (89.1, 95.3) 88.5% (81.1, 95.9)Sometimes sell crops (n=3268) 59.7% (53.5, 66.0) 45.9% (27.2, 64.5)Ever sold livestock (n=3696) 17.9% (13.9, 21.9) 20.3% (14.3, 26.3)Household member owns bicycle (n=3685) 41.4% (36.7, 46.0) 55.7% (45.8, 65.5)Owns chicken(s) (n=3700) 46.1% (39.7, 52.4) 42.3% (29.8, 54.8)Household uses latrine (n=3663) 32.1% (26.1, 38.1) 59.9% (34.9, 84.9)Empowerment (score) (n=3625) 50 (33.3 – 50) 50 (41.7 – 58.3)Gender equality (score) (n=3676) 77.8 (63.3 – 93.3) 85.2 (73.3 – 96.1)a Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range), with each




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Table 4: Head of household washed hands yesterday

No Yes(n=292) (n=3412)




Rural 83.5% (67.6, 99.5) 80.2% (66.1, 94.2)Urban 16.5% (0.5, 32.4) 19.8% (5.8, 33.9)




Respondent understands Portuguese (n=3701) 27.4% (19.2, 35.6) 39.6% (32.8, 46.3)Distance of EA from health facility (km)a (n=3678) 8.9 (5.9 – 12.4) 6.6 (3.3 – 10.3)


Household member has a farm (n=3664) 90.4% (84.0, 96.7) 91.7% (88.6, 94.8)Sometimes sell crops (n=3267) 56.2% (38.7, 73.8) 57.9% (50.6, 65.2)Ever sold livestock (n=3700) 5.5% (1.7, 9.4) 18.9% (15.1, 22.7)Household member owns bicycle (n=3688) 34.5% (15.9, 53.1) 44.0% (39.5, 48.4)Owns chicken(s) (n=3704) 32.3% (18.4, 46.2) 46.0% (39.2, 52.9)Household uses latrine (n=3664) 28.3% (17.0, 39.6) 36.7% (27.4, 46.0)Empowerment (score) (n=3628) 33.3 (25 – 50) 50 (33.3 – 58.3)Gender equality (score) (n=3680) 71.9 (60 – 86.7) 80 (66.7 – 93.3)a Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range), with each




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Figure 1: Boxplots of Education for Key Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Indicators

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The edges of the box are the first and third quartiles, with the median marked by the center line. Whiskers extendfrom the box 1.5×IQR (interquartile range; length of the box). Data outlying the whiskers are marked with points.

Actual values are overlayed to demonstrate the whole distribution.

5

Figure 2: Barplots of Portuguese Understanding for Key Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Indicators

No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes

Res

pond

ent u

nder

stan

ds P

ortu

gues

e (%

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Safe water Use latrine Treats water Washed hands

6

Figure 3: Boxplots for Distance of EA from health facility (km) for Key Water, Sanitation, and HygieneIndicators

● ●

No Yes

010

2030

Safe water

Dis

tanc

e fr

om H

F

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The edges of the box are the first and third quartiles, with the median marked by the center line. Whiskers extendfrom the box 1.5×IQR (interquartile range; length of the box). Data outlying the whiskers are marked with points.

Actual values are overlayed to demonstrate the whole distribution.

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Documents

Fact Sheet - VUMC