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Facilitating the Planning ProcessFacilitating the Planning Process
Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC)Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC)Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)
Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)
Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)
PurposePurpose Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)
– Terminology and Design– Command and Control– CTF Headquarters Staff and MNF Force Structure
References• MNF SOP (Working Draft #8)• Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Feb 95• JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,10 Sep 01• JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations• JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97• JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99
References• MNF SOP (Working Draft #8)• Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Feb 95• JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,10 Sep 01• JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations• JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97• JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99
Multinational OperationsMultinational Operations
“ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to
describe military actions conducted by forces of two
or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the
structure of a coalition or alliance” JP 3-16
Key TerminologyKey Terminology MNFMNF: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term”: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term”
– Describes the “broader force” and includes the participating Describes the “broader force” and includes the participating Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs).Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs).
– The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon “shared interests”.support based upon “shared interests”.
Two Types of MNF OperationsTwo Types of MNF Operations::
– CoalitionCoalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based : Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based
(East Timor)(East Timor)– CombinedCombined: Alliance / Treaty Based : Alliance / Treaty Based
(Example: NATO or UNC / CFC - Korea)(Example: NATO or UNC / CFC - Korea)
Key TerminologyKey Terminology(continued)(continued)
CTFCTF: Coalition / Combined Task Force : Coalition / Combined Task Force
– Coalition TF (CTF)Coalition TF (CTF): Ad-Hoc / Crisis-Oriented : Ad-Hoc / Crisis-Oriented
– Combined TF (CTF)Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty-Based : Alliance / Treaty-Based (predetermined(predetermined guidelines and / or guidelines and / or contingency plans present)contingency plans present)
Strategic GuidanceStrategic Guidance Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear
and legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquartersand legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquarters Sources of GuidanceSources of Guidance::
– Multinational Regional Organization guidanceMultinational Regional Organization guidance based upon alliance / based upon alliance / treaty.treaty.
– Coalition Multinational Organizational guidanceCoalition Multinational Organizational guidance based upon crisis based upon crisis action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions. action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions.
– UN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and mandateUN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and mandate for for
multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead). multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead).
– Unilateral Operations by a single countryUnilateral Operations by a single country that evolves into a coalition that evolves into a coalition operation or UN operation.operation or UN operation.
Essential Strategic GuidanceEssential Strategic Guidance
Essential Strategic GuidanceEssential Strategic Guidance::
Purpose for MNF Action (purpose for CTF activation)Purpose for MNF Action (purpose for CTF activation)
Broad Mission Statement MNF (CTF)Broad Mission Statement MNF (CTF)
Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF)Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF)
Broad Criteria for termination and transition of MNF OpnsBroad Criteria for termination and transition of MNF Opns
Participating Nations and contributionParticipating Nations and contribution
Lead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that will be usedLead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that will be used
Agreement on Collective Security Interests InvolvedAgreement on Collective Security Interests Involved
Specific Diplomatic, Economic, Informational, or Military Specific Diplomatic, Economic, Informational, or Military Limitations, Concerns, SensitivitiesLimitations, Concerns, Sensitivities
““The Realities”The Realities” Essential Strategic Guidance Essential Strategic Guidance
Guidance may be initially incomplete or Guidance may be initially incomplete or fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly evolving crisis situationevolving crisis situation
Guidance will require ongoing refinements and Guidance will require ongoing refinements and adjustments as the crisis evolvesadjustments as the crisis evolves
Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to continually press for updated / refined guidance as continually press for updated / refined guidance as required by the situation (never-ending process)required by the situation (never-ending process)
Command RelationshipsCommand Relationships&&
Control / Coordination RelationshipsControl / Coordination Relationships
Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist
– Within the CTF command, each nations’ forces are Within the CTF command, each nations’ forces are commanded by TWO separate chains of command:commanded by TWO separate chains of command:
#1: The Respective “NATIONAL” Chain of Command#1: The Respective “NATIONAL” Chain of Command
#2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL” Chain of Command#2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL” Chain of Command
Command Relationship TermsCommand Relationship Terms Command and Control Relationships / ConceptsCommand and Control Relationships / Concepts::
– Operational Control (OPCON):Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to organize and Command authority to organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the missionauthoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission
– Tactical Control (TACON)Tactical Control (TACON): A more restrictive command authority, : A more restrictive command authority, limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks.missions or tasks.
– SUPPORTSUPPORT: Command authority for support relationships to assist in : Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / directioncoordination, and control / direction
MOOTW / SSC is MOOTW / SSC is most likelymost likely scenario scenario Short Duration / Small Scale / No-NoticeShort Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice JointJoint Multinational / InteragencyMultinational / Interagency
MOOTW / SSC is MOOTW / SSC is most likelymost likely scenario scenario Short Duration / Small Scale / No-NoticeShort Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice JointJoint Multinational / InteragencyMultinational / Interagency
MNF / CTF MissionsMNF / CTF Missions
NEONEONEONEO PeacePeaceEnforcementEnforcement
PeacePeaceEnforcementEnforcement
CMCMCMCM
HA/HA/DisasterDisaster
ReliefRelief
HA/HA/DisasterDisaster
ReliefRelief
PeacePeaceKeepingKeepingPeacePeace
KeepingKeepingSSCSSCSSCSSC MRCMRCMRCMRC
Facts and Decisions Affecting Facts and Decisions Affecting MNF/CTF StructureMNF/CTF Structure
Assigned Tasks CTF MissionAssigned Tasks CTF Mission
Required Capabilities Force OptionsRequired Capabilities Force Options
Force Options Component StructureForce Options Component Structure
Component Structure C2 StructureComponent Structure C2 Structure
Basing Support StructureBasing Support Structure
• CTF Staff Structure• MNF Force Structure
Facts Decisions
• COMMON UNDERSTANDINGAll forces should understand the overall aim and the concept for its attainment. Simplicity of plan and organization are essential
• COORDINATED POLICY AND PLANSNations should exchange qualified liaison officers at the earliestopportunity to improve interoperability and mutual understanding
• TRUST AND CONFIDENCECommanders and their representatives must establish and maintain trust and confidence. Plain, objective communicationand common courtesy are essential.
Unified Action in Multinational OperationsCoordination and Consensus are key elements for MNF operations
Unity of Command is desired -- Unity of Effort is required
Principles of MultinationalUnity of Effort
A MNF/CTFA MNF/CTF that can:that can:
““The” GoalThe” Goal
Rapidly plan in a complex settingRapidly plan in a complex setting Develop a plan which supports national and strategic Develop a plan which supports national and strategic
theater goalstheater goals Continuously integrate logistics Continuously integrate logistics Orient on the threat/enemy’s center of gravityOrient on the threat/enemy’s center of gravity Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s
conceptconcept Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and
inter-agency capabilitiesinter-agency capabilities
Lead Nation ConceptLead Nation Concept A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the
MNF effortMNF effort
Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / coordination for the MNF effort coordination for the MNF effort – Among nations Among nations – With UN channelsWith UN channels– With other Non-Governmental or International Organization With other Non-Governmental or International Organization
(NGO / IO)(NGO / IO)
Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of MNF strategic Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of MNF strategic direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based upon collaboration and agreements with participating nationsupon collaboration and agreements with participating nations
Provides for “unity of effort”Provides for “unity of effort”
Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONStrategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd SupportAnd Support
National Command National Command, National Command National Command, TheaterTheater
Lead Nation NCALead Nation NCA(Nation #1)(Nation #1)
(NAT AUTHORITIES)(NAT AUTHORITIES)
Lead Nation NCALead Nation NCA(Nation #1)(Nation #1)
(NAT AUTHORITIES)(NAT AUTHORITIES)
Supported Strategic Supported Strategic CommanderCommander
(CDF)(CDF)
Supported Strategic Supported Strategic CommanderCommander
(CDF)(CDF)
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #2Nation #2
(NAT AUTHORITIES)(NAT AUTHORITIES)
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #2Nation #2
(NAT AUTHORITIES)(NAT AUTHORITIES)
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #3Nation #3
(NAT AUTHORITIES)(NAT AUTHORITIES)
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #3Nation #3
(NAT AUTHORITIES)(NAT AUTHORITIES)
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic CommanderCommander
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic CommanderCommander
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic CommanderCommander(AFP JCS)(AFP JCS)
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic CommanderCommander(AFP JCS)(AFP JCS)
Commander Commander Coalition / Combined Coalition / Combined
Task ForceTask Force(CCTF)(CCTF)
Commander Commander Coalition / Combined Coalition / Combined
Task ForceTask Force(CCTF)(CCTF)
ParticipatingParticipating US ForcesUS Forces
ParticipatingParticipating US ForcesUS Forces
ParticipatingParticipatingAS ForcesAS Forces
ParticipatingParticipatingAS ForcesAS Forces
ParticipatingParticipatingAFP ForcesAFP Forces
ParticipatingParticipatingAFP ForcesAFP Forces
Consultation /Consultation /CoordinationCoordination
Collaboration/ Collaboration/ SupportSupport
NationalNationalCommandCommand
Element (NCE) Element (NCE)
NationalNationalCommandCommand
Element (NCE) Element (NCE)
NationalNationalCommand Command
Element (NCE) Element (NCE)
NationalNationalCommand Command
Element (NCE) Element (NCE)
Lead Nation Command Structure(Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort)
Legend:Legend:Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONStrategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd SupportAnd Support
National Command National Command, National Command National Command,
CoordinationCoordination
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #2Nation #2
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #2Nation #2
ParticipatingParticipatingNation #3Nation #3
ParticipatingParticipatingNation #3Nation #3
ParticipatingParticipatingNation #1Nation #1
CommanderCommander
ParticipatingParticipatingNation #1Nation #1
CommanderCommander
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #1Nation #1
ParticipatingParticipating Nation #1Nation #1
Lead NationLead NationLead NationLead Nation
Supported Strategic Supported Strategic CommanderCommander
Supported Strategic Supported Strategic CommanderCommander
Nation #1Nation #1Nation #1Nation #1
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic CommanderCommander
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic CommanderCommander
Consultation /Consultation / CoordinationCoordination
Collaboration/Collaboration/ CoordinationCoordination
Tailored Lead Nation Command StructureTailored Lead Nation Command Structure(Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue)(Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue)
Coalition Coordination CenterCoalition Coordination Center
CTF Component Structure CTF Component Structure (Service)(Service)
Supported Strategic CmdrSupported Strategic CmdrSupported Strategic CmdrSupported Strategic Cmdr
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
CAFFORCAFFORCAFFORCAFFOR CARFORCARFORCARFORCARFOR
Simplicity in aSimplicity in aTime Compressed Time Compressed
EnvironmentEnvironment
Capabilities Capabilities or functions or functions
do not do not overlapoverlap
CMARFORCMARFORCMARFORCMARFORCNAVFORCNAVFORCNAVFORCNAVFOR CSOTFCSOTFCSOTFCSOTF
CTF Component Structure CTF Component Structure (Functional)(Functional)
CINCCINCCINCCINC
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
Unity Unity of of
EffortEffort
Organize by Organize by capabilities capabilities or functionsor functions
CFMCCCFMCCCFMCCCFMCC CFACCCFACCCFACCCFACC CSOTFCSOTFCSOTFCSOTFCFLCCCFLCCCFLCCCFLCC CCMOTFCCMOTFCCMOTFCCMOTFCPOTFCPOTFCPOTFCPOTF
Supported StrategicSupported StrategicCommanderCommander
Supported StrategicSupported StrategicCommanderCommander
Unity Unity of of
EffortEffort
Geographic Geographic oror
Mission Mission SpecificSpecific
CTFCTFTRANSTRANS
CTFCTFTRANSTRANS
CTFCTFMEDMEDCTFCTFMEDMED
TF SecurityTF SecurityTF SecurityTF SecurityTF EngTF EngTF EngTF Eng
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
CINCCINCCINCCINCSupported StrategicSupported Strategic
CommanderCommanderSupported StrategicSupported Strategic
CommanderCommander
CTF Component Structure CTF Component Structure (Subordinate TFs & CTFs)(Subordinate TFs & CTFs)
TFTFWESTWEST
TFTFWESTWEST
TFTFEASTEAST
TFTFEASTEAST
Legend:Legend:
Lead NationLead Nation(NAT AUTH)(NAT AUTH)
Supported Strategic Supported Strategic CommanderCommander
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic Commander(s)Commander(s)
Commander Commander Coalition / Combined Coalition / Combined
Task ForceTask Force(CCTF)(CCTF)
CFACCCFACCAir Air
ComponentComponent
CFLCCCFLCCGroundGround
ComponentComponent
CFMCCCFMCCMaritime Maritime
ComponentComponent
CCCCCC
CSOTFCSOTF
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
CCMOTFCCMOTFCPOTFCPOTF
Strategic GuidanceStrategic GuidanceAnd Support And Support
OPCON or TACONOPCON or TACON
National CommandNational Command Tentative, This componentTentative, This componentmay or may not be may or may not be activated due to nature ofactivated due to nature ofthe crisis.the crisis.
Coordination, SupportCoordination, Supportand Consultationand Consultation
Supporting Nation)s)Supporting Nation)s)(NAT AUTH)(NAT AUTH)
Coalition Coordination CenterCoalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions)(used within coalitions)
CCCCCC
Lead Nation CTF Component OrganizationLead Nation CTF Component OrganizationFunctional Component & Task ForceFunctional Component & Task Force
Lead NationLead Nation(NAT AUTH)(NAT AUTH)
Supported Strategic Supported Strategic CommanderCommander
Supporting Strategic Supporting Strategic Commander(s)Commander(s)
Commander Commander Coalition / Combined Coalition / Combined
Task ForceTask Force(CCTF)(CCTF)
CAFFORCAFFORAirAir
ForcesForces
CARFORCARFORArmyArmy
ForcesForces
CNAVFORCNAVFORNavy Navy
ForcesForces
CCCCCC
CSOTFCSOTF
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
National National ForcesForces
CMOTFCMOTF(Civil Military)(Civil Military)
CPOTFCPOTF(Psychological)(Psychological)
Legend:Legend:Strategic GuidanceStrategic GuidanceAnd Support And Support
OPCON or TACONOPCON or TACON
National Command National Command
Tentative, This componentTentative, This componentmay or may not be may or may not be activated due to nature ofactivated due to nature ofthe crisis.the crisis.
Coordination, SupportCoordination, Supportand Consultationand Consultation
Supporting Nation (s)Supporting Nation (s)(NAT AUTH)(NAT AUTH)
Coalition Coordination Center Coalition Coordination Center (used in coalitions)(used in coalitions)
CMARFORCMARFORMARINEMARINEForcesForces
CCCCCC
Lead Nation CTF Component OrganizationLead Nation CTF Component OrganizationService Component & Task ForceService Component & Task Force
The CTF StaffThe CTF Staff
Task Organized to the Specific MissionTask Organized to the Specific Mission
Capable of Rapid Information ProcessingCapable of Rapid Information Processing
Organized for Efficiency Organized for Efficiency
Shortened Plan-Decide-Execute CycleShortened Plan-Decide-Execute Cycle
CTFCTF
Lead Nation NAT AUTHLead Nation NAT AUTHThe Leap to the The Leap to the Operational LevelOperational Level
TACTICAL LEVEL
A formidable challenge,building an operational staff
from single service tactical HQs.A leap from the
“Comfort Zone”
Supported StrategicSupported Strategic Cmdr Cmdr
Supported StrategicSupported Strategic Cmdr Cmdr
CNAVFORCNAVFOR CPOTFCPOTFCARFORCARFOR CAFFORCAFFORCMARFORCMARFOR CSOTFCSOTF
MPAT& MNF
SOP
CTF Staff ProcessCTF Staff Process
OperationalOperationalLevel FocusLevel Focus
MinimalMinimalTimeTime
PhilosophyPhilosophy StructureStructure
ProceduresProcedures
Not BusinessNot BusinessAs UsualAs Usual
PlansPlans
PersPers LogLog
IntelIntel
OpsOps
Cellular Cellular Staff Staff
StructureStructure CommComm
Conducted by a “New” StaffConducted by a “New” Staff
Crisis Action PlanningCrisis Action Planning
Phase I: Phase I: Situation DevelopmentSituation Development
Phase II: Phase II: Crisis AssessmentCrisis Assessment
Phase III: Phase III: COA DevelopmentCOA Development
Phase IV: Phase IV: COA SelectionCOA Selection
Phase V:Phase V: Execution PlanningExecution Planning
Phase VI: Phase VI: ExecutionExecution
Single Service HQ StaffSingle Service HQ Staff
COMMANDERCOMMANDERCOMMANDERCOMMANDER
G1G1G1G1 G2G2G2G2 G6G6G6G6G3G3G3G3 G5G5G5G5G4G4G4G4
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
CTFCTFHQHQ
C1/PersonnelC1/Personnel C2/ IntelC2/ Intel C3/ OpsC3/ Ops C4/ LogC4/ Log C5/ PlansC5/ Plans C6/ CommsC6/ Comms
Lead Nation CTF Headquarters
SOPs CulturalDynamics
InfrastructureDifferences
CommunicationsTTPs Operational
Level focus
Add’l MPAT Add’l MPAT SMEs:SMEs:
PSYOP,PSYOP,Civil Affairs,Civil Affairs,
Legal, Medical,Legal, Medical,Pol-Mil, etc.Pol-Mil, etc.
LNOs fromLNOs from Supporting Supporting CommandsCommands
MPAT MPAT
Forming the CTF Staff (MNF Ops)Forming the CTF Staff (MNF Ops)
CTF Staff StructureCTF Staff Structure
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2 C6C6C6C6C3C3C3C3 C5C5C5C5C4C4C4C4
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
LIAISONLIAISON
Command GroupCommand Group
Battle StaffBattle Staff
Integrated Staff CellsIntegrated Staff Cells
Routine SupportRoutine Support
LiaisonLiaison
How Does It Work?How Does It Work?
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
Command GroupCommand Group Decision MakersDecision Makers
– IntentIntent– GuidanceGuidance– CCIRCCIRCCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2 C6C6C6C6C3C3C3C3 C5C5C5C5C4C4C4C4
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
LIAISONLIAISON
Battle StaffBattle Staff
Chief of Staff Chief of Staff DirectionDirection
Staff Cognizance Staff Cognizance over Integrated over Integrated CellsCells
Represents all Key Represents all Key Battlefield Battlefield Operating SystemsOperating Systems
Deals with Deals with Processed DataProcessed Data
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2 C6C6C6C6C3C3C3C3 C5C5C5C5C4C4C4C4
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
LIAISONLIAISON
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
Integrated Staff CellsIntegrated Staff Cells
Cross Functional Cross Functional RepresentationRepresentation
LNO LNO RepresentationRepresentation
Information Information ManagementManagement
Battle Rhythm Battle Rhythm
Plans HandoverPlans Handover
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2 C6C6C6C6C3C3C3C3 C5C5C5C5C4C4C4C4
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
COALITION / COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG)COALITION / COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG)
INFORMATION OPERATIONS CELLINFORMATION OPERATIONS CELL
COALITION / COMBINED OPERATIONS CENTER (COC)COALITION / COMBINED OPERATIONS CENTER (COC)
FORCES DEPLOYMENT / TPFDD WORKING GROUPFORCES DEPLOYMENT / TPFDD WORKING GROUP
LIAISONLIAISON
Routine Staff SupportRoutine Staff Support
More Closely Aligned More Closely Aligned with Normal Staff with Normal Staff OrganizationOrganization
Representatives on Representatives on Integrated CellIntegrated Cell
More meetings than More meetings than Bodies: Battle RhythmBodies: Battle Rhythm
Linkage to staffs higher Linkage to staffs higher and lowerand lower
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2 C6C6C6C6C3C3C3C3 C5C5C5C5C4C4C4C4
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
LIAISONLIAISON
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
LiaisonLiaison
Liaison supporting, Liaison supporting, higher and lower staffshigher and lower staffs
Liaisons to CTF staff Liaisons to CTF staff become key members of become key members of Integrated CellsIntegrated Cells
More meetings than More meetings than Bodies: Battle RhythmBodies: Battle Rhythm
Rank/Experience critical: Rank/Experience critical: Must be able to speak Must be able to speak for the commanderfor the commander
CCTFCCTFCCTFCCTF
C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2 C6C6C6C6C3C3C3C3 C5C5C5C5C4C4C4C4
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
LIAISONLIAISON
““They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.” and make their recommendations.”
““They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.” and make their recommendations.”
LTG Stiner, USALTG Stiner, USACdr, JTF South, Operation Just CauseCdr, JTF South, Operation Just Cause
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
Standardized CTF HQs Standardized CTF HQs
MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLEMNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLE LIAISON & COORD =LIAISON & COORD =
Commander Commander Coalition / Combined Coalition / Combined
Task ForceTask Force(CCTF)(CCTF)
DCCTFDCCTF
Personal StaffPersonal StaffCoalitionCoalitionCoordinationCoordination
CenterCenter(CCC(CCC))
Civil-MilitaryCivil-MilitaryOperationsOperations
CenterCenter(CMOC(CMOC))
Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination CenterCoalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center(CLCC) Secret – MNF REL(CLCC) Secret – MNF REL
CTF PLANNING PROCESSCTF PLANNING PROCESS(PLANS, FOPS, AND COPS)(PLANS, FOPS, AND COPS)
Red Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info AreaRed Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area
Special Special AccessAccess
OpsOps(SOF)(SOF)
ClassificationClassification::Secret – MNF RELSecret – MNF REL
ClassificationClassification::Case by Case Case by Case
Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools) (Coalition / Combined Media Pools)
COSCOS
C1C1PERSPERS
C2C2INTELINTEL
C3C3OPNSOPNS
C4C4LOGLOG
C5C5PLANSPLANS
C6C6COMMSCOMMS
C7C7CIV-MILCIV-MIL
12
Command GroupPrioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance
Command GroupPrioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance
CTF: 0-96 HrsCTF: 0-96 Hrs
Issues Orders, Drafts Issues Orders, Drafts Pertinent MessagesPertinent Messages Monitor, Assess, Monitor, Assess, Direct & ControlDirect & Control
Execution. Execution. Maintain SA.Maintain SA.
CAP ProductsCAP Products
CTF: 168 Hrs /CTF: 168 Hrs / Next PhaseNext PhaseTransition,Transition,
or Terminationor Termination
Initial & Campaign PlanInitial & Campaign PlanFollow-on Follow-on
Phase - PlansPhase - Plans
What’s Next?What’s Next?
CTF: 96-168 HrsCTF: 96-168 Hrs
Refines, Adjusts & Refines, Adjusts & Modifies Modifies
OPORDs-OPLANsOPORDs-OPLANs (Based upon Current(Based upon Current
Situation)Situation)
““Hand-Off”Hand-Off”of Planof Plan
• OPORD-OPLANS / Campaign PlanOPORD-OPLANS / Campaign Plan• Sequel plans for future phasesSequel plans for future phases
–Concept of operationsConcept of operations–Draft Cmdr’s IntentDraft Cmdr’s Intent
• Initial Cmdr’s guidanceInitial Cmdr’s guidance• Wargaming resultsWargaming results• Pol-Mil Issues Pol-Mil Issues
• OPORD-OPLANS / Campaign PlanOPORD-OPLANS / Campaign Plan• Sequel plans for future phasesSequel plans for future phases
–Concept of operationsConcept of operations–Draft Cmdr’s IntentDraft Cmdr’s Intent
• Initial Cmdr’s guidanceInitial Cmdr’s guidance• Wargaming resultsWargaming results• Pol-Mil Issues Pol-Mil Issues
• Branch plans with triggersBranch plans with triggers• Draft Commander’s IntentDraft Commander’s Intent• Commanders EstimateCommanders Estimate• Orders (WARNO, FRAGO, Etc.)Orders (WARNO, FRAGO, Etc.)• Recommend CCIR, ROERecommend CCIR, ROE• CCIR & ROECCIR & ROE
• Situational Awareness (SA / COP)Situational Awareness (SA / COP)• Monitor Plan Execution Monitor Plan Execution • Briefings Briefings • SITREP/ SITREP/ near-term FRAGOsnear-term FRAGOs• Message ReleaseMessage Release• Track Actions / SuspensesTrack Actions / Suspenses
CAP ProductsCAP Products
““Hand-Off”Hand-Off”of Planof Plan
C3 Future C3 Future OperationsOperations(FOPS)(FOPS)
C3 Current C3 Current OperationsOperations
(COPS)(COPS)
C5 Future C5 Future Plans Plans
(PLANS)(PLANS)
CollaborationCollaborationToolsTools
CTF Battle Staff Battle Staff
CAP Phase VI ExecutionPlans and Operations Synchronization
Coalition/Combined Planning Group Coalition/Combined Planning Group (CPG)(CPG)
C-4C-4StaffStaffC-4C-4StaffStaff
C-5C-5StaffStaffC-5C-5StaffStaff
C-6C-6StaffStaff
PAPAStaffStaffPAPAStaffStaff
SJASJAStaffStaffSJASJAStaffStaff
MedicalMedicalStaffStaff
MedicalMedicalStaffStaff
JTFJTFCompCompJTFJTF
CompComp
C-3C-3StaffStaffC-3C-3StaffStaff
C-2C-2StaffStaffC-2C-2StaffStaff
C-1C-1StaffStaffC-1C-1StaffStaff
C-3
Rep
sC
-3 R
eps
C-5 RepsC-5 Reps
C-6 Reps
C-6 Reps
C-4 Reps
C-4 Reps
PA
Reps
PA
Reps
SJA R
eps
SJA R
eps
Med Reps
Med Reps
LNOsLNOs
C-2 R
eps
C-2 R
epsC-1 Reps
C-1 RepsDeployment CellDeployment Cell
IO C
ell
IO C
ell IM
Cell
IM C
ell
Orders CellOrders Cell
CPGCPG
Lesson Learned:• Clearly define command relationships between components (especially “supported” and supporting relationships)
Summary:Summary:Lessons Learned - FormingLessons Learned - Forming
Lesson Learned:• Augmentation “cells” (i.e. MPAT) clearly provide a “jump start” to the processes of forming and planning during a crisis.
Lesson Learned:• Keep the number of cells/boards/agencies/centers to a minimum, but if the function is required, forming them is usually beneficial.
Lessons Learned - PlanningLessons Learned - Planning
Lesson Learned:• “Master the mechanics & techniques; understand the art and profession; and be smart enough to know when to deviate from it.” GEN Zinni, CINCCENT
Lesson Learned:“Leaders should use the military decision-making processto expedite or facilitate planning, but should not let it hinder their efforts to understand the complex issues that lay beneath the operation’s surface.”
LTC D. Scalard, Military Review, 1998
Lessons Learned - DeployingLessons Learned - Deploying
Lesson Learned:A CCTF should almost daily ask the following question: “What are we doing to ensure that CTF personnel & their equipment arrive at the PODs at approximately the same time?”
Lesson Learned:CCTFs must balance combat vs. support forces in the deployment process. When inadequate support forces are deployed, backlogs of personnel & equipment at the PODs will occur (I.e., adequate JRSOI is on-hand).
Lessons Learned - EmployingLessons Learned - Employing
Deter…Deter… Fight to win...Fight to win...
Lesson Learned:A CCTF should always seek to gain & maintain the initiative -- this applies not only to conventional combat operations, but to the information domain as well.
Lesson Learned:There is no replacement for the application of overwhelming force at the proper time & place. Seek or create enemy weakness and attack it quickly, decisively, and relentlessly.
Lesson Learned:Keep your logisticians abreast of the operational situation -- only with full situational awareness can they anticipate future requirements as operations unfold.
Lesson Learned:Always maintain a reserve ready for immediate employment to reinforce success, capitalize on unanticipated opportunities, or to address unforseen exigencies.
Lessons Learned - TransitionLessons Learned - Transition
Lesson Learned:Transition may occur between the CTF with a UN command, with another military command with host nation forces, or to civilian control. Regardless, the command must prepare for and coordinate the transition to ensure an orderly change of authority and responsibility.
Lessons Learned - Lessons Learned - RedeployingRedeploying
Lesson Learned:Redeployment is essentially the reverse of deployment. Redeployment can begin at any point during CTF operations and planning for it should begin as soon as possible.
Multinational Force SOPMultinational Force SOP“A Journey Starts with a first step”“A Journey Starts with a first step”
MNF SOPMNF SOP – “ A Step in the Right Direction” – “ A Step in the Right Direction”– A “Guide”A “Guide” for Operational Start Points and CTF procedures for Operational Start Points and CTF procedures
Not prescriptive, binding, or directive Not prescriptive, binding, or directive
– Focus on Operational LevelFocus on Operational Level – CTF HQs and Command – CTF HQs and Command
– PurposePurpose::
Speed of Initial Response Speed of Initial Response
InteroperabilityInteroperability
Overall Mission EffectivenessOverall Mission Effectiveness
– Is a Multinational ProductIs a Multinational Product
28 Nations -- Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)28 Nations -- Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)
Forming the Multinational Force Forming the Multinational Force (MNF)(MNF)
Forming the Multinational Force Forming the Multinational Force (MNF)(MNF)
Multinational Planning Multinational Planning Augmentation TeamAugmentation Team
Multinational Planning Multinational Planning Augmentation TeamAugmentation Team
Questions?Questions?