EXTRACTION OF AN ESSENTIAL OIL FROM FRESH CANANGA … · E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] INTRODUCTION Indonesia has diverse natural resources which have

Ditta Kharisma Yolanda Putri, Intan Ekawati Puspa Dewi, Heri Septya Kusuma, Mahfud Mahfud

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EXTRACTION OF AN ESSENTIAL OIL FROM FRESH CANANGA FLOWERS (Cananga odorata) USING SOLVENT-FREE MICROWAVE METHOD

Ditta Kharisma Yolanda Putri, Intan Ekawati Puspa Dewi,Heri Septya Kusuma, Mahfud Mahfud

ABSTRACT

The essential oil extraction from fresh flowers of cananga plant is examined using orthodox procedures like hydro-distillation, steam hydro-distillation, and steam distillation They all require a longer time to produce a quality oil. The present research focuses on factors that affect cananga oil extraction using solvent-free microwave method aiming a maximum yield within a short period of time. The factors determining an optimum effect refer to a microwave power of 380W, a ratio (F/D) of the raw material mass and the distiller volume (a round bottom flask) of 0.10 g/mL, and a size of the undamaged raw material of ±4.5 cm. The definitive factors presumed by RSM refer to a microwave power of 380 W, a F/D ratio of 0.10 g/mL, and a material size of 3.23 cm. They provide a basil oil yield of 3.93 %. According to the physical properties examination, the cananga oil density and solubility in an alcohol are in an agreement with the quality standard SNI 06-3949-1995. The GC-MS examination proves that the components of the oil from fresh cananga flowers are in an agreement with those of previous studies. The use of the solvent-free microwave extraction technique produces a better distinctive smell. In conclusion, the results of this research imply that the use of the compound-free microwave technique for extraction of an essential oil from fresh cananga flowers is an effective procedure whose product’s properties are in accord with the standards applied. It can have an industrial application.

Keywords: fresh flowers, cananga oil, Cananga odorata, solvent-free microwave extraction.

Received 15 March 2018Accepted 08 March 2019

Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 54, 4, 2019, 793-802

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial TechnologyInstitute Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia 60111E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has diverse natural resources which have been under-utilized. They include the plants used for essential oil production. About 40-50 different types of essential oil plants traded around the world are grown there. Patchouli, lemongrass, cloves, jasmine, cananga, eucalyptus, sandalwood and vetiver are among the oils obtained. They are also known as volatile or fly oils because of their features of fluid compounds. The essential oils are obtained from various plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds and even flowers using steam distillation and other distillation techniques involving the use of organic compounds [1].

Indonesia is the sole producer of cananga oil with an annual output of about 20 tons [2]. Its consumption

is limited worldwide compared to that of ylang-ylang oil, but is however still relevant as it has a more durable smell and is cheaper. Hence, cananga oil has to be produced. Presently, essential oils are extracted from dehydrated cananga flowers using outdated methods such as hydro-distillation, steam hydro-distillation, and steam distillation [3]. The new “green technique” is a method that should be considered. It involves a shorter time frame, minimal energy, and limited compounds participation in the distillation. The microwave-assisted distillation is considered a green technique method. The studies carried out [4,5] have proven that it can be used as a substitute of the orthodox methods due to its short processing time, limited compounds participation and uncontaminated products.

The solvent-free microwave extraction [6] refers to

Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 54, 4, 2019

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the microwave-assisted extraction methods. Its merits can be related to those of the latter. Some of these merits refer to a rapid distillation rate and production of an uncontaminated extract [3]. According to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) study, the solvent-free microwave distillation procedure is incapable of changing the enzymatic constituents of the essential oils due to its feasible decrease of the energy required per ml. The present investigation analyzes thoroughly the distillation process of an essential oil from fresh cananga flowers using solvent-free microwave distillation. This is done aiming to get the finest cananga oil of a market satisfactory quality.

EXPERIMENTALMaterials and Chemicals

Fresh cananga (Cananga odorata) flowers were obtained from Purwodadi, Pasuruan, and East Java, Indonesia. The size of the flowers used in this research work referred to: ± 4.5 cm of undamaged flowers, ± 2.5cm of partly damaged flowers, and ± 0.5 cm of flowers that were cut or diced into small pieces. The chemicals required for this research referred to anhydrous sodium sulfate and 90% ethanol obtained from PT. Brataco Chemicals (Surabaya branch). Distilled water was also used.

Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction The solvent-free microwave extraction was

conducted at atmospheric pressure. Fresh cananga flowers of a different size were used. The (F/D) ratio between the mass of the unprocessed flowers and the distiller (a round bottom flask) volume was 0.100 g/mL, 0.175 g/mL and 0.250 g/mL. EMM-2007X, Electrolux

microwave oven was used. Its volume was 20 L, its maximum delivered power amounted to 800 W, while the wave frequency provided was equal to 2450 MHz. The weighed plant material was placed in a 1000 mL flask. A power three different values was applied. They referred to 100 W, 240 W and 380 W. The duration of the extraction was equal to 60 min. The extracted oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and subsequently weighed. The oil was then put in gold-colored containers at a temperature of 4oC. This prevented any water introduction to the oil prior to a further investigation [3, 7]. The yield of the cananga oil was calculated [5, 8] as follows:Yield �%, w

w� = Mass of extracted cananga oil

Mass of fresh cananga flowers ×(1− water content )× 100 %

Yield �%, ww� = Mass of extracted cananga oil

Mass of fresh cananga flowers ×(1− water content )× 100 %

(1)Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a group of methods used to evaluate some of the variables and the practices involved in its growth or development [9]. The functioning environment of cananga oil extraction was developed by Box-Behnken Design (BBD). It used the Design Expert version 9.0.4.1 (State-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) applied to a total of 17 experiments in the optimization of three variables: the microwave power (A), the F/D ratio (B) and the material size (C). Each of these variables was at its low and high level: A (100 W - 380 W), B (0.10 g/mL - 0.25 g/mL) and C (0.5 cm - 4.5 cm). This is shown in Table 1. The regression analysis was performed in order to estimate the response function as a second order

Fig. 1. An experimental set up used for extraction of an essential oil from fresh cananga flowers (Cananga odorata) using solvent-free microwave extraction.


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polynomial [10, 11]:

𝑌𝑌 = 𝛽𝛽0 + ∑ 𝛽𝛽𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖2𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 + ∑ ∑ 𝛽𝛽𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘

𝑖𝑖=2𝑘𝑘−1𝑖𝑖=1 (2)

Chemical Analysis of Cananga Oil Components The components of the oil obtained from cananga

plant were identified by a coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It was performed with Agilent 6980N gas chromatograph and Agilent 5973 mass spectrometric detector. The column has a length of 30 m, an internal diameter of 0.25 μm, a film thickness of 0.32 mm contained 5% phenylmethylsiloxane. It was introduced to the chromatography column HP-5. The injection port and the interface were held at 230°C and 280°C, respectively. The temperatures were read between 50°C and 280°C at a rate of 10°C per minute. Helium was used as a carrier gas. Most of the components were identified by the mass spectra.

Physical Properties of Cananga OilThe physical properties of the cananga oil obtained

in this research referred to its density and solubility in an alcohol. This density analysis was conducted using a pycnometer, while 90 % ethanol was used for the solubility analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A Microwave Power Effect on Cananga Oil Yield

The power can be defined as a measure of the rate of doing work or transferring energy per unit time (Joule/second=Watt). During the distillation process, the power determines the processing of cananga plant material. It restricts the energy received by the plant and then changed in heat energy. The latter provides the oil expulsion from the plant matrix [12].

Fig. 2 illustrates the tendency of yield increase with power increase. It is seen that the optimal value is obtained when the microwave power is equal to 380W.

Generally, it can be deduced that the amount of energy taken in is greater than that transformed into heat energy. This causes an increase of essential oil production in accord with the results of Bayramoglu et al. [13]. It is worth noting that the microwave power serves as a driving force in the disintegration of the structures of the cell membranes of the plants thereby causing essential oils spreading over and subsequent dissolution. The increase of the microwave power improves the yield and leads to a shorter extraction times [14].

Table 1. A design summary of cananga oil extraction.

Factors Name Units Low Actual High

Actual Low Coded High Coded

A Microwave power W 100 380 -1 1 B F/D ratio g/mL 0.10 0.25 -1 1 C Material size cm 0.5 4.5 -1 1

Fig. 2. An illustration of the microwave power effect: (a) a F/D ratio of 0.175 g/mL, (b) a material size of ±2.5 cm.

(a)

(b)


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The Effect of the (F/D) Ratio of the Raw Material Mass and the Volume of the Distiller (A Round Bottom Flask) on Cananga Oil Yield

The weight of the fresh cananga flowers in this research is 100 g, 175 g, and 250 g. The F/D effect, i.e. the effect of ratio of the materials used and the volume of the distiller (a round bottom flask) on the production of cananga oil can be seen in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 shows that there is always a decrease of the oil output when F/D ratio is increased. The best output is obtained in case of a F/D ratio of 0.10 g/mL. It should be noted that this is the lowest value. The results show that the cananga flowers can be extracted even at a moderate density level of the materials. It correlates to the spaces within the plant material. The increase of the density level hampers the vapors passage, thereby causing difficulty in the ejection of the essential oils molecules [15]. The high and irregular density level of the material results in the creation of vapor paths which can decrease the production and the value of the essential oils. The high density level of the material decreases the distillation rate as it restraints the vapor space.

A Raw Material Size Effect on Cananga Oil YieldThe size of the fresh cananga flowers used in this

study refers to ± 4.5 cm of undamaged flowers, ± 2.5 cm of partly damaged flowers, and ± 0.5 cm of flowers that are cut into pieces. The impact of the material size on the production of cananga oil is shown in Fig. 4. It is seen that the smaller size of the materials used leads to a decrease of the production. An idetnical result has been obtained in a previous investigation [16] of the extraction of essential oils from lemon grass leaves using steam distillation. The fresh lemon grass leaves used were of a different size referring to 4 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm, while the experiment lasted for 30 min. The obtained yield of lemongrass oil amounted [16] to 0.45 %, 0.49 %, 0.51 %, 0.53 % and 0.56 %, correpondingly, i.e. the yield increased with the increase of the size of the raw material size. The results of Akhihiero et al. [16] show that the optimum yield obtained by steam distillation refers to the largest lemon grass size of about 20 mm. It is so because these leaves have a greater surface area containing essential oils than that of leaves of a smaller size. The optimum

Fig. 3. An illustration of the F/D ratio effect: (a) a mate-rial size of ±0.5 cm; (b) a microwave power of 240 W.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4. The raw material size effect in case of: (a) a F/D ratio of 0.175 g/mL (b) a microwave power of 240 W.


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yield of cananga oil extraction is also obtained from intact flowers and those of a size of ± 4.5 cm.

Optimization of Cananga Oil Extraction by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Table 2 shows the Box-Behnken Design matrix referring to the experimental production of cananga oil. The study of the variance (ANOVA) of the response surface model is illustrated in Table 3. The F-value of the model is equal to 6.90. This shows that it is significant. There is a 0.93 % possibility that the huge F-value might have happened as a result of a noise. In this study, the A and B values refer to a significant model parameter of p < 0.05. The precision measures the signal to noise ratio.

The ratio obtained amounts to 0.937 suggesting a strong signal. Hence, this model can be used to maneuver the design space.

A response curve is drawn in order to identify the relationships between the variables and to estimate the highest level of each of the variables providing an utmost response [10]. The response curve is shown in Fig. 5(a). It evidences the interaction between the microwave power and the F/D ratio in respect to the yield at a constant fresh flowers size. Fig. 5(b) shows the interactions of the microwave power and the size of fresh flowers in respect to the yield at a constant F/D ratio, while Fig. 5(c) illustrates the interaction of the F/D ratio and the size of fresh flowers in respect to cananga

Table 2. Box-Behnken Design matrix.

Run Actual variables An Yield (%)

Microwave power (W)

F/D (g/mL)

Material size (cm)

Experimental Predicted Residual

1 100 0.175 4.5 1.1700 1.0683 0.1017

2 100 0.100 2.5 1.2387 1.5730 -0.3342

3 100 0.250 2.5 1.0027 1.2750 -0.2722

4 100 0.175 0.5 1.9500 1.4382 0.5118

5 240 0.175 2.5 2.7100 2.6996 0.0104

6 240 0.175 4.5 2.7100 2.5947 0.1153

7 240 0.250 0.5 1.7107 1.9363 -0.2255

8 240 0.250 4.5 2.6307 2.4464 0.1843

9 240 0.175 2.5 2.7100 2.6996 0.0104

10 240 0.100 0.5 2.8307 2.9943 -0.1635

11 240 0.175 2.5 2.7100 2.6996 0.0104

12 240 0.175 2.5 2.7100 2.6996 0.0104

13 240 0.10 4.5 2.9907 2.7444 0.2463

14 380 0.10 2.5 4.1787 3.8785 0.3002

15 380 0.175 0.5 2.7900 2.8637 -0.0737

16 380 0.175 4.5 3.0100 3.4939 -0.4839

17 380 0.25 2.5 3.1827 2.8205 0.3622


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oil yield at a constant microwave power. In terms of the actual variable, the final equation is given by Eq. 3:

Yield = 0.905603 + 0.015491A–3.39005B–0.190952C– 0.018095AB + 0.000893AC+ 1.26667BC– 0.000016A2+0.132107B2 – 0.042500C2 (3)

The data listed in Table 2 can be substituted in Eq.1. This can lead to the estimation of the anticipated production level of cananga oil. The oil amounts obtained and the corresponding anticipated results in Table 2 show that 2 sets of values are closely related. This is verified by the mathematical parameters of the model. The R2 value of 0.8987 proves the adequacy of the data used in the model. As predicted by the mathematical optimization technique, the best conditions refer to a microwave power of 380 W, a F/D ratio of 0.10 g/mL and fresh flowers of a size of 3.231 cm. The result

obtained on the ground of this condition refers to 3.92 %.Physical and Chemical Properties of Cananga Oil

It is essential to determine the quantity of the cananga oil obtained by the microwave method. It is also necessary to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the oil produced. The analysis can be conducted by determining the oil density and solubility. The analysis of the chemical properties can be carried out on the ground of the compounds contents identified by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The purity, the quality and the originality of the essential oil can be defined by comparing the results obtained with the standard quality data. The physical property data presented in Table 4 shows that the density and the solubility are in accordance with the quality standard SNI 06-3949-1995.

The GC-MS analysis carried out provides to determine the level of each component of the essential

Table 3. An analysis of the variance (ANOVA) of the response surface quadratic model aiming to identify the significant factors affecting the cananga oil extraction.

Standard deviation: 0.3943; R2: 0.8987; Adj R2: 0.7684; Pred R2: -0.6211; Adeq precision: 9.3747*Significant variable

Source Sum

of squares df Mean Square F Value

p-value

Prob > F

Model 9.65 9 1.07 6.90 0.0093

A-Microwave

power 7.61 1 7.61 48.93 0.0002*

B-F/D ratio 0.9194 1 0.9194 5.91 0.0453*

C-Size of fresh

flowers 0.0338 1 0.0338 0.2174 0.6552

AB 0.1444 1 0.1444 0.9290 0.3672

AC 0.2500 1 0.2500 1.61 0.2453

BC 0.1444 1 0.1444 0.9290 0.3672

A2 0.4046 1 0.4046 2.60 0.1507

B2 2.325E-06 1 2.325E-06 0.0000 0.9970

C2 0.1217 1 0.1217 0.7828 0.4056

Residual 1.09 7 0.1554

Lack of Fit 1.09 3 0.3627

Cor Total 10.74 16


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(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 5. Response surfaces showing the effect of: (a) the microwave power and the F/D ratio on the yield at a constant size of the fresh flowers (2.5cm); (b) the microwave power and the size of the fresh flowers on the yield at a constant F/D ratio (0.10g/mL); (c) the F/D ratio and the size of the fresh flowers on the yield at a constant microwave power (240W).


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Table 4. Physical properties of cananga oil.

Physical properties SNI 06-3949-1995 Extraction Results

Density (25o / 25 oC) 0.906 – 0.923 0.906 – 0.922

Solubility in alcohol 90% 1:1.5 1:1.5

Fig. 6. A chromatogram of cananga oil extracted by solvent-free microwave extraction from fresh cananga flowers (Cananga odorata).


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oil. It can be also used to determine the quality of the cananga oil. As shown in Fig. 6, there are up to 54 components of the fresh cananga oil. Linalool L and β-Caryophyllene present in amounts referring to 16.246 % and 14.785 %, correspondingly, are the main constituents. The results of the GC-MS analysis carried out are compared with those of a previous research of Kusuma et al. [3]. The latter shows that there are over 63 components. The presence of Linalool L and β-Caryophyllene is found [3] equal to 3.755 % and 16.855 %, correspondingly.

The number of the components of the fresh cananga oil is greater than that produced from a dried material. This difference is attributed to possible essential oils reactions like isomerisation, oxidation, dehydrogenation, polymerisation, and thermal rearrangements, which are favored by the heat, the light, the air and the sun drying of the material [17]. The content of β-Caryophyllene in cananga oil is higher when dried flowers are used. It is in accordance with the previous research, where the amount of β-Caryophyllene of the cananga oil (27.904 %) produced from a dried material is higher than that of the product of fresh flowers (15.048 %) [18]. The amount of Linalool L in the oil produced on the ground of a fresh material is 16.246 %, whereas it is only 3.755 % in case of using a dried material. Linalool L evaporates during the drying process, and is classified as a light fraction component of a molecular weight of 154. Additionally, the higher heat extraction process leads to a greater possibility of oxidation of the fresh material when compared to that of the dried one.

The components of the essential oil can be referred to monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes,

oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated compounds. The oxygenated compounds are of greater importance in terms of the essential oils distinctive smell in comparison to the monoterpenes effect. The amount of the oxygenated components of the fresh material is greater than that of the dried one according to a study of Mahfud et al. [3]. In conclusion, the extraction of cananga oil from a fresh material has an advantage as it provides a better aroma when compared to that obtained using a dry one [19, 20].

CONCLUSIONS

The essential oil obtained from fresh flowers of cananga (Cananga odorata) plants using solvent-free microwave extraction is altered by a lot of factors such as the microwave power, the (F/D) ratio of the raw materials mass and the volume of the distiller (a round bottom flask) and the raw material size. The required values of these parameters refer to a microwave power of 380W, a F/D of 0.10 g/mL, and a size of undamaged raw flowers of ± 4.5 cm. A response surface methodology (RSM) is used to develop a model predicting cananga oil yield. The values obtained refer to a microwave power of 380 W, a F/D ratio of 0.10 g/mL and a material size of 3.23 cm. They provide an essential oil production level of 3.93%. The values of the examined cananga oil density and solubility in an alcohol are found in an agreement with the quality standard SNI 06-3949-1995. The GC-MS examination identifies the components of the cananga oil obtained from a fresh material. The results obtained are in an agreement with those of Qin et al. [18]. The GC-MS examination shows that the cananga oil obtained from fresh materials has a better

Table 5. A somparison of cananga oil components groups determined by a GC-MS analysis in case of using fresh and dried materials.

No. Group of constituents

Area (%)

Fresh cananga (this research)

Dried cananga (Mahfud et al., 2017)

[3] 1 Monoterpenes 3.775 0.448 2 Oxygenated Monoterpenes 17.584 6.781 3 Sesquiterpenes 37.528 49.937 4 Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes 14.705 17.619 5 Other Compounds - 0.093 6 Other Oxygenated Compounds 26.411 25.121


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distinctive smell than that produced on the ground of dried materials. It can be concluded that the technique used is efficient and can produce cananga oil of a quality in accord with the standards accepted. It can also have an industrial application.

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Documents

EXTRACTION OF AN ESSENTIAL OIL FROM FRESH CANANGA … · E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] INTRODUCTION Indonesia has diverse natural resources which have