Extension and Extension Education2

7/30/2019 Extension and Extension Education2

1/25

Extension andExtensionEducation


2/25

Extension

From the latin word tensio

meaning stretching andex meaning out

Literal meaning stretching

out


3/25

Terminology for Extension and their

Meanings in Some Selected CountriesCOUNTRY TERMINOLOGY MEANING

Dutch Voorlichting Lighting the pathwayahead to help people findtheir way

Indonesia Penyuluhan Lighting the way aheadwith a torch

Germany Beratung Advisory work anexpert can give advice on

the best way to reachones goal but leaves theperson the finalresponsibility for selectingthe way


4/25

COUNTRY TERMINOLOGY MEANING

Aufklrung Enlightenment sothat one knows clearlywhere he/she is going

Erziehung Education, that is, toteach, people to solvetheir problems

themselves

Austria Frderung Furthering orstimulating one to go ina desirable direction


5/25

France Vulgarisation Simplification of themessage for thecommon man

Spain Capacitacion Improving peoplesabilities, normallythrough training

USA Extension Education, orinfluencing people tochange their behavior

Malaysia Perkembangan Education, the wayUSA interprets it


6/25

Different Perspective

as technical assistance a bridge that connects farmers to

agricultural research technology transfer or delivery nonformal educationone that

happens outside the formal school

system


7/25

Saguiguit, 1976

A system of RURAL EDUCATION whichendeavors to MAKE AVAILABLE to ruralpeople who CANNOT ATTEND SCHOOL, atype of service to IMPROVE THE LIVINGCONDITIONS of the farmers, homemakers,

and rural people by teaching them TOADOPT BETTER AND IMPROVED METHODSin their farming persuits.


8/25

Maunder, 1973, 1994

A SERVICE or system which ASSISTS FARMPEOPLE, through EDUCATIONAL PROCEDURES,in IMPROVING FARMING METHODS and

TECHNIQUES INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY and

INCOME LIFTING SOCIAL and EDUCATIONAL

STANDARDS of rural people


9/25

Rling 1988

An instrument of PREMEDITATED,DELIBERATE INTERVENTION to achieve theINTERVENERS GOALS

and

can only be effective by INDUCINGVOLUNTARY CHANGE on the part of theclient and hence satisfying clients goals.


10/25

PREMEDITATEDcharacterized by fullyconscious willful intent and a

measure of forethought and planningDELIBERATEcharacterized by or resulting

from careful and thoroughconsideration, being aware of theconsequence(s) of actions and/or

decisionsINTEREVENORthe extension organizationCLIENTthe farmer, fisherfolk, rural people


11/25

VOLUNTARYproceeding from the willor from ones own choice or consent;

unconstrained by interference;acting or done on ones own free willwithout valuable consideration orlegal obligation

CHANGEto make or become differentin some particular; to undergo amodification or a transformation


12/25

Extension is

AN INSTRUMENT FOR INDUCINGVOLUNTARY CHANGE TO ACHIEVE THE INTERVENORS

GOALS YET SATISFYING CLIENTS GOALS


13/25

Extension Education Common

Elements

Is an intervention

Is an educational process

Is a communication intervention

Intends to voluntary change in behavior

Focus on a number of target processes at

outcome Has altruistic orientation

Has dimension


14/25


15/25

Altruistic Dimension

Extension is aimed at HELPING farmers

A BASIC PREMISE of extension that mustbe observed by practitioners


16/25

Educational Dimension

Extension is a NON-FORMAL methodof ADULT EDUCATION

Thus, extension professionals must beimbued with knowledge on HOWADULTS LEARN


17/25

Communication Dimension

Extension is a COMMUNICATIONINTERVENTION

Knowledge of BASIC COMMUNICATIONPROCESS and its dynamics must beadequately understood by the extensionprofessional


18/25

Behavioral Dimension

Extension is aimed at INDUCINGBEHAVIORAL CHANGES among farmers

This makes behavioral change the ENDGOAL of extension

If farmer has not changed his behavior(for his betterment) NO EXTENSION HAS

BEEN DONE


19/25

Technology Dimension

Extension helps in the TRANSFER OFTECHNOLOGY

Extension should be able to identifytechnologies APPROPRIATE TO CLIENTELE

The NEED for ALTERNATIVE APPROACHESand METHODS for diagnosing technical

problems should be recognized


20/25

Research Dimention

Extension aims at LINKING research withfarmers

Ways to foster CLOSER LINKS between thefarmers and the researchers need furtherunderstanding


21/25

Input Dimension

PROVISION of TECHNICAL INPUTS plays animportant linking function in the transfer of

technology Requires that extension professional be

KNOWLEDGEABLE of these technicalinputs


22/25

Income Dimension

Extension is aimed at INCREASED INCOMEfor the farmer through INCREASED

PRODUCTION and PRODUCTIVITY


23/25

Management Dimension

Extension aims to function according toSOUND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES.

Hence, requiring that the extensionprofessional be a GOOD MANAGER


24/25

Formal Education vs Extension Education

1. Starts with theory &works

2. Students study

subjects.3. Fixed curriculum

offered4. Authority rests with

the teacher5. Attendance is

compulsory6. Teacher instructs the

students

1. Starts with practices &may take up theory up topractice later on

2. People study problems3. No fixed curriculum or

course of study & peoplehelp to formulate thecurriculum

4. Authority rests with thepeople

5. Participation is voluntary.6. Extension worker teaches

& also learns from7. the people


25/25

7. Teaching is onlythrough instructors

8. Teaching is mainlyvertical

9. More or lesshomogeneousaudience

10. Rigid

11. Pre-planned & pre-decided

12. More theoretical

7. Teaching is also throughlocal leaders

8. Teaching is mainlyhorizontal

9. Heterogeneous audience10. Flexible11. Freedom to develop

programmes locallyprogrammes. based onthe development needs

& expressed desires of thestakeholders ofdevelopment

12. More practical and &intended for immediateapplication in' thesolution of problems.

Documents

Extension and Extension Education2