Upload
damian-morris
View
279
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Exploring the Experiences of Reintegration in Trinidad and Tobago
from the Perspective of of Male Deportees
Cheryl-Ann Boodram
1
Background and Statement of the Problem Purpose and Objectives Theoretical Framework Methods: Design, Sample, Data Collection &
Analysis Themes, Findings and Discussion Implications for Social Work Recommendations for Future Research
2
Overview of the Presentation
Trinidad and Tobago
3
Since 1996, there has been a significant increase in the number of persons deported for criminal convictions to the Caribbean.
This increase has been as a result of the changing immigration laws of metropolitan countries, including the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Most significant are: The retroactive nature of the immigration laws The inclusion of felonies and “sins against moral
turpitude” as deportable crimes Limited to no provisions for appeal of the deportation
order
4
Background
The significant increase in the number of deported persons was tabled as an issue at the Caribbean Community Security Conference in 2001 and successive Heads of Government meetings and other regional meetings .
There is a perceived link between deportation and the increase in crime and violence in the Caribbean which has led to stereotyping and discrimination
Experiences of detention and deportation are traumatic life events for male deportees
Deported men face reintegration challenges due to stigma and discrimination and limited support
There is a paucity in the literature on the experiences of male deportees to the Caribbean
5
Statement of the Problem
Understand the experiences of male deportees and their experiences of reintegration after their return to Trinidad and Tobago
Examine the challenges that male deportees encountered upon their return and during their attempts at reintegration
Identify the sources of support which assisted males in reintegrating into Trinidad and Tobago.
Examine the extent to which the sources of support assisted in the reintegration of males upon their return
6
Purpose of the Study
Qualitative Research Phenomenology In-Depth Interviews
7
Research Design
Location: Trinidad and Tobago
Purposive convenience sampling
Participants were drawn from ‘Vision on Mission In-transit Centre’ and ‘Rebirth House’
8
Sampling Strategies
Participants
Males
Deported for criminal convictions
Nationals of Trinidad and Tobago
Age 18 and over
9
Selection Criteria
Age Range: 25 – 60 years
No. of Years in deporting country: 5 – 30 years
Period since deportation: 2 months to 5 years
Included participants who were married, single or divorced
Convicted of crimes including violation of restraining order, drug use, services fraud and murder10
Participant: Demographics
1.Psychological Emasculation
2. Ecological Embededdness:
psychosocial;
economic;
social
3. Deferred Dependency /Sustainable Return
11
Themes Emerged
Participants described deportation as a source of “Psychological Emasculation” . AS men, they felt that they were: “Stripped of role as the ‘provider’ for
relatives and children” Resulted in female headed households and
poor attempts at transnational parenting Reliance of family abroad (where possible) to
send money Cessation of remittances to local relatives.
One participant claimed that he “returned in shame because he was unable to send money to his family”.
Resulted in deportees perceiving themselves as being “less of a man”
12
Deportation and Masculinity
Permanent Loss loss of accumulated assets, resident status, family members
Double Rejection First rejected by a country they have grown to call “home” then
rejected by their country of birth Stressful / Traumatic Life Transition
Nightmares, loss of appetite, inconsolable crying, anger, profound sadness
Identity and citizenship Identity confusion relating to citizenship
13
Psychosocial Reintegration
Challenges facing deportees included inability to achieve economic embededdness
Inability to find sustainable employment loss of assets accumulated during the period spent
abroad inability to access suitable housing or materials for
survival Difficulty in developing small businesses Lack of opportunity to make economic contribution to
Trinidad and Tobago
14
Economic Reintegration
Sources of support during reintegration were related to the extent of Social-Network developed by the individual:
Connections with social networks provided a sense of belonging and assisted migrants in reintegrating
Networks included faith based organisations, NGOs and Social Capital
Access to and the strength of the social networks of the individual influenced the reintegration experience.
15
Social Embededdness
Reintegration efforts and social work intervention seemed to “Defer Dependency”
Reintegration was not an event but a process. Deportees slid along that continuum
Support was short-term and insufficient to achieve sustainable reintegration
Intervention did not focus on examining the skills and strengths of the individual
When support from social services ended or lessened, dependency returned
16
Deferred Dependency
Human Rights implications- > citizenship and the rights associated with citizenship
Research : Contributes to literature on resettlement of
involuntary returned migrants, particularly males deported for criminal convictions;
Practice: Findings will contribute to knowledge base for
social work practitioners in the Caribbean; Need for a coordinated and specialized approach
by social service agencies and NGOs to provide greater support to deportees.
Policy: Need for International and Caribbean policy makers to advocate for a re-examination of social justice and human rights issues related to deportation.
17
Implications for Social Work
Additional Research on: Sustainable Return for Involuntary Returned Migrants Transnational Studies to examine the effects of
deportation on the families in deporting and receiving countries
Relationship between identity, citizenship and reintegration of deportees
18
Recommendations for Future Research
The establishment of a coordinated approach to intervention with deportees to provide subsistence such as food, shelter, medical and psychosocial care.
Advocacy for the development of policies which allow deportees to return or have access to the assets which they accumulated abroad (Certainly should be included as an agenda in International Social Work practices)
Provision of psychosocial intervention to deportees. Including support groups, transnational intervention with the families across borders, substance abuse intervention 19
Recommendations
The establishment of family enrichment services which will provide counseling activities involving members of the families that are left behind in the deporting country and families in the receiving country. An avenue for social work intervention can be means of strengthening approaches to transnational parenting.
The provision of livelihood assistance which will promote the employability and employment of individuals deported.
National Education campaigns to reduce stigma and discrimination of deportees
20
Recommendations
Deportation and the process of resettlement were stressful life transitions.
Deportation resulted in permanent loss, double rejection and psychological emasculation
Challenges in reintegration to Trinidad and Tobago included establishing ecological embededdness, most significantly economic embededdness
Sources of support for reintegration included social services provisions, the deportees social capital and social networks
21
Conclusion
Thank You!
22