Exploration, Discovery, Exploration, Discovery, SettlementSettlement

1492-17001492-1700

The original exploration, discovery, The original exploration, discovery, andand settlement settlement of North and South America occurred thousands of of North and South America occurred thousands of years before Columbus.years before Columbus.

• Many archeologists believe first people to settle the North Many archeologists believe first people to settle the North America arrived as much as 40,000 years ago.America arrived as much as 40,000 years ago.

• Waves of migrants from Asia may have crossed a land bridge Waves of migrants from Asia may have crossed a land bridge that then connected Siberia and Alaska ( a bridge now that then connected Siberia and Alaska ( a bridge now submerged under the Bering Sea).submerged under the Bering Sea).

• Over a long period of time successive generations migrated Over a long period of time successive generations migrated from the Arctic Circle to the southern tip of South Americafrom the Arctic Circle to the southern tip of South America

• First Americans- or Native Americans- adapted to the varied First Americans- or Native Americans- adapted to the varied environments of the regions they found.environments of the regions they found.- divided into hundreds of tribes- divided into hundreds of tribes- spoke different languages- spoke different languages- practiced different cultures- practiced different cultures

• Estimates of Native population in the Americas in the 1490s Estimates of Native population in the Americas in the 1490s vary from 50 to 75 million persons.vary from 50 to 75 million persons.

Cultures of North AmericaCultures of North America- estimates of the population in the region north of Mexico (present - estimates of the population in the region north of Mexico (present day U.S. and Canada) in the 1490s vary from under a million persons day U.S. and Canada) in the 1490s vary from under a million persons to over 10 million peopleto over 10 million people

Small SettlementsSmall Settlements• Most of the Native Americans Most of the Native Americans

lived in semi-permanent lived in semi-permanent settlementssettlements

• Small populations seldom Small populations seldom exceeding 300.exceeding 300.

• Gender rolesGender roles- Men spent time making tools, - Men spent time making tools, hunting for gamehunting for game- Women grew crops such as corn, - Women grew crops such as corn, beans, tobaccobeans, tobacco

• Some tribes more nomadic than Some tribes more nomadic than othersothers- Sioux and Pawnee followed - Sioux and Pawnee followed buffalo herdsbuffalo herds

Larger SocietiesLarger Societies• Several tribes developed more Several tribes developed more

complex cultures and societies in complex cultures and societies in which thousands lived and worked which thousands lived and worked togethertogether- - PueblosPueblos in the Southwest in the Southwest

lived in multistoried lived in multistoried buildings buildings and developed intricate and developed intricate

systems of irrigationsystems of irrigation- East of the Mississippi, Woodland - East of the Mississippi, Woodland

tribes prospered with a rich tribes prospered with a rich food supplyfood supply

- Mound building cultures evolved in - Mound building cultures evolved in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleysthe Mississippi and Ohio River valleys-In the Northeast (present-day NY), -In the Northeast (present-day NY), IroquoisIroquois formed a political formed a political confederacy, the League of the confederacy, the League of the IroquoisIroquois

Cultures of Central and South AmericaCultures of Central and South America

• Exact population of Native Americans in this region in the 1490s is Exact population of Native Americans in this region in the 1490s is unknown, most historians agree it was greater than that of North America.unknown, most historians agree it was greater than that of North America.

• Great majority of Native Americans-estimates vary widely, to as many as Great majority of Native Americans-estimates vary widely, to as many as 25 million people-lived in Central and South America25 million people-lived in Central and South America

• Three peoples developed complex civilizationsThree peoples developed complex civilizations

- The Mayas (b/w A.D. 300 and 800) built remarkable cities in the rain - The Mayas (b/w A.D. 300 and 800) built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize, and forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize, and Southern Mexico)Southern Mexico)

- Centuries later, the - Centuries later, the AztecsAztecs in central Mexico and the in central Mexico and the IncasIncas in Peru ruled in Peru ruled over vast empiresover vast empires

-all three civilizations developed highly organized societies, carried on an -all three civilizations developed highly organized societies, carried on an extensive trade, and created calendars that were based on accurate extensive trade, and created calendars that were based on accurate scientific observations.scientific observations.

- the Aztecs- the Aztecs’’ capital of Tenochtitlan was equivalent in size and capital of Tenochtitlan was equivalent in size and population to the largest cities of Europe.population to the largest cities of Europe.

Europe moves toward ExplorationEurope moves toward Exploration

• Until the late 1400s, Americans Until the late 1400s, Americans had no knowledge of the other had no knowledge of the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. side of the Atlantic Ocean. Europeans and Asians, moreover, Europeans and Asians, moreover, had no knowledge of the had no knowledge of the Americas.Americas.

• Voyages and settlements such as Voyages and settlements such as those of the Vikings around the those of the Vikings around the year 1000 Greenland and North year 1000 Greenland and North America had no lasting impact.America had no lasting impact.

• It was the voyages of Christopher It was the voyages of Christopher Columbus in the 1490s that finally Columbus in the 1490s that finally brought Europe and the Americas brought Europe and the Americas into contact.into contact.

ObjectiveObjective

What factors contributed to the What factors contributed to the oceanic crossing and the advent oceanic crossing and the advent of the Age of Exploration during of the Age of Exploration during

the late 15the late 15thth century and early 16 century and early 16thth century?century?

Brainstorm ActivityBrainstorm Activity

Based on your knowledge of Based on your knowledge of social studies, list at least 4 social studies, list at least 4 factors that contributed to the factors that contributed to the rise of the Age of Exploration.rise of the Age of Exploration.1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.

Improvements in TechnologyImprovements in Technology

In Europe, there occurred a rebirth of classical In Europe, there occurred a rebirth of classical learning and scientific activity known as the learning and scientific activity known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance brought Renaissance. The Renaissance brought about gradual increase in scientific about gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological changeknowledge and technological change– gunpowder (invented by the Chinese)gunpowder (invented by the Chinese)– sailing compass (adopted from the Chinese by Arab sailing compass (adopted from the Chinese by Arab

merchants)merchants)– improvements in shipbuilding and cartographyimprovements in shipbuilding and cartography– invention of the printing press, which also aided the invention of the printing press, which also aided the

spread of knowledge across Europespread of knowledge across Europe

Religious ConflictReligious Conflict

The later years of the The later years of the Renaissance were a time Renaissance were a time of intense religious zeal of intense religious zeal and conflict. The Roman and conflict. The Roman Catholic Church that had Catholic Church that had once dominated the once dominated the culture of Western Europe culture of Western Europe was threatenedwas threatened

• from without by Ottoman from without by Ottoman TurksTurks

• from within by a Protestant from within by a Protestant revolt against the poperevolt against the pope’’s s authorityauthority

Religious Conflict (continued)Religious Conflict (continued)

Catholic victory in SpainCatholic victory in Spain

• In the Middle Ages, Spain had In the Middle Ages, Spain had been partly conquered by Muslim been partly conquered by Muslim invadersinvaders

• Only one Moorish stronghold Only one Moorish stronghold remained when Isabella and remained when Isabella and Ferdinand united their separate Ferdinand united their separate Christian kingdomsChristian kingdoms

• In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand succeeded in defeating the Moors succeeded in defeating the Moors of Granada.of Granada.

• The uniting of Spain was a sign of The uniting of Spain was a sign of new leadership, hope, and power new leadership, hope, and power for European Catholicsfor European Catholics

Protestant Revolt in Northern Protestant Revolt in Northern EuropeEurope

• In the early 1500s, certain In the early 1500s, certain Christians revolted against the Christians revolted against the popepope’’s authoritys authority

• Their revolt is known as the Their revolt is known as the Protestant Reformation.Protestant Reformation.

• Conflicts b/w Catholics and Conflicts b/w Catholics and Protestants led to a series of Protestants led to a series of religious wars.religious wars.

• These conflicts caused the These conflicts caused the Catholics of Spain and Portugal Catholics of Spain and Portugal and the Protestants of England and the Protestants of England and Holland to want to spread and Holland to want to spread their own versions of Christianity their own versions of Christianity around the globe.around the globe.

Expanding tradeExpanding trade

• Economic motives for exploration grew out of a fierce competition Economic motives for exploration grew out of a fierce competition among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, and China.and China.- In the past, trade had travelled from Italian city-state of Venice and the In the past, trade had travelled from Italian city-state of Venice and the

Byzantine city of Constantinople on to an overland route to ChinaByzantine city of Constantinople on to an overland route to China- Land route became blocked when Ottoman Turks seized control of Land route became blocked when Ottoman Turks seized control of

ConstantinopleConstantinople- Might a new route to the riches of Asia be opened up by sailing west Might a new route to the riches of Asia be opened up by sailing west

across the Atlantic Ocean or south along the West African coast?across the Atlantic Ocean or south along the West African coast?- Voyages sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal eventually Voyages sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal eventually

succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africasucceeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa ’’s Cape of s Cape of Good Hope.Good Hope.

- In 1498, the Portuguese sea captain Vasco da Gama was the first to reach In 1498, the Portuguese sea captain Vasco da Gama was the first to reach India by that route.India by that route.

- By that time, however, Columbus had already attempted what he thought By that time, however, Columbus had already attempted what he thought would be a shorter route to Asia.would be a shorter route to Asia.

Developing Nation-StatesDeveloping Nation-States(a nation state is a country in which the majority of people share both (a nation state is a country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward central a common culture and common political loyalties toward central government)government)

• Europe was changing politically in the 15Europe was changing politically in the 15thth century century• Monarchs were gaining power and building nation-Monarchs were gaining power and building nation-

states in Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the states in Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands.Netherlands.

• Monarchs of the emerging nation-states depended Monarchs of the emerging nation-states depended on trade to bring in needed revenues and the on trade to bring in needed revenues and the Church to justify their right to rule.Church to justify their right to rule.

- for example, both Isabella and Ferdinand - for example, both Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain and Prince Henry the Navigator of of Spain and Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal used their power to search for riches Portugal used their power to search for riches abroad and to spread the influence of the Roman abroad and to spread the influence of the Roman

Catholic church Catholic church

http://www.jusharmony.org/Christopher_Columbus3.jpg

ColumbusColumbus Should Columbus be celebrated as a great figure in history?Should Columbus be celebrated as a great figure in history?

What you thought you knew What you thought you knew about Columbus before about Columbus before reading Zinnreading Zinn

What you know about What you know about Columbus Columbus afterafter reading reading ZinnZinn

Native American IndiansNative American Indians

List what you knew or List what you knew or thought you knew about thought you knew about the Native American Indian the Native American Indian peoples Columbus peoples Columbus encountered encountered beforebefore reading Zinn?reading Zinn?

List what you learned about List what you learned about the Native American Indian the Native American Indian peoples Columbus peoples Columbus encountered encountered after after reading reading Zinn?Zinn?

What are the five most important things What are the five most important things Zinn says about Columbus?Zinn says about Columbus?

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

5.5.

Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share

Compare your list with a classmate. What do you think is the Compare your list with a classmate. What do you think is the purpose of this exercise?purpose of this exercise?

What are the two most important things Zinn says What are the two most important things Zinn says about history?about history?

1.1.

2.2.

How does ZinnHow does Zinn’’s approach toward history differ from that of s approach toward history differ from that of other historians? What arguments does Zinn use to support other historians? What arguments does Zinn use to support the idea that his approach toward history matters? Do you the idea that his approach toward history matters? Do you agree? Why might Zinnagree? Why might Zinn’’s approach be controversial? s approach be controversial?

ColumbusColumbus’’ Legacy Legacy

• At the time of his death, many Spaniards viewed Columbus At the time of his death, many Spaniards viewed Columbus as a failure because they suspected he had not found a as a failure because they suspected he had not found a route to the riches of China and the Indies , as he claimed, route to the riches of China and the Indies , as he claimed, but a but a ““New World.New World.””

• One of the most important effects of ColumbusOne of the most important effects of Columbus’’ voyages is, voyages is, for the first time in history, Europeans and Native for the first time in history, Europeans and Native Americans were brought into Americans were brought into permanentpermanent interaction. interaction.

• The contact between the peoples of the Americas and the The contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Europeans had both immediate and long-term effects.Europeans had both immediate and long-term effects.

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

ExchangesExchanges

• Native-Americans introduced Europeans to many new Native-Americans introduced Europeans to many new plants and foods, including corn, potatoes, and tobacco.plants and foods, including corn, potatoes, and tobacco.

• Europeans brought sugar cane, livestock, horses, etc.Europeans brought sugar cane, livestock, horses, etc.

- Also introduced the wheel, iron implements, and guns- Also introduced the wheel, iron implements, and guns

• Deadlier than all the guns was the European importation of Deadlier than all the guns was the European importation of diseases such as smallpox and measles, which within a diseases such as smallpox and measles, which within a century decimated the Native American population. century decimated the Native American population. Millions died. With mortality rates over 90 percent, entire Millions died. With mortality rates over 90 percent, entire tribal communities were wiped out.tribal communities were wiped out.

Dividing the New WorldDividing the New World

• Spain and Portugal were the first kingdoms to lay claim to Spain and Portugal were the first kingdoms to lay claim to territories in the New World.territories in the New World.

• Catholic monarchs of both countries turned to the pope in Catholic monarchs of both countries turned to the pope in Rome to help settle their dispute over the ownership of the Rome to help settle their dispute over the ownership of the New World.New World.

• In 1493, the pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a In 1493, the pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map, granting to Spain all the lands west of the line, world map, granting to Spain all the lands west of the line, to Portugal all the lands to the east.to Portugal all the lands to the east.

• In 1494, the two kingdoms signed the In 1494, the two kingdoms signed the Treaty of Treaty of TordesillasTordesillas, which moved the line a few degrees to the , which moved the line a few degrees to the west, helping to establish (along with Portuguese west, helping to establish (along with Portuguese explorations Portugalexplorations Portugal’’s claim to Brazil. Spain claimed the s claim to Brazil. Spain claimed the rest of the Americas. (Other European countries, however, rest of the Americas. (Other European countries, however, would soon challenge these claims.)would soon challenge these claims.)

Spanish Exploration and ConquestSpanish Exploration and Conquest

• Spain owed its power and initial supremacy in the New Spain owed its power and initial supremacy in the New World to feats of explorers and conquistadores such asWorld to feats of explorers and conquistadores such as

- the journey across Isthmus of Panama by Balboa- the journey across Isthmus of Panama by Balboa

- the circumnavigation of the globe by one of Magellan- the circumnavigation of the globe by one of Magellan’’s s shipsships

- the conquests of the Aztecs in Mexico by Cortes and the - the conquests of the Aztecs in Mexico by Cortes and the Incas in Incas in Peru by PizzaroPeru by Pizzaro

• Conquistadores sent ships loaded with gold and silver back Conquistadores sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain, increasing the gold supply by over 500 percent to Spain, increasing the gold supply by over 500 percent and making Spain the richest and most powerful nation of and making Spain the richest and most powerful nation of Europe. Europe.

• Other nations were encouraged to turn to the Americas in Other nations were encouraged to turn to the Americas in search of wealth and power.search of wealth and power.

Spanish Exploration and Conquest (continued)Spanish Exploration and Conquest (continued)

• The Spanish turned to an The Spanish turned to an encomiendaencomienda system, with the system, with the King of Spain granting land and Indians (Native Americans) King of Spain granting land and Indians (Native Americans) to individual Spaniards.to individual Spaniards.

• Indians were forced under a harsh labor system to work on Indians were forced under a harsh labor system to work on farms or mines. Fruits of their toil went to their Spanish farms or mines. Fruits of their toil went to their Spanish masters.masters.

• When brutality and diseases decimated the Native When brutality and diseases decimated the Native American population, the Spanish brought slaves from West American population, the Spanish brought slaves from West Africa.Africa.

• Under the Under the asientoasiento system, the Spanish were required to pay system, the Spanish were required to pay a tax to their King on each slave they imported to the a tax to their King on each slave they imported to the Americas.Americas.

English ClaimsEnglish Claims

• EnglandEngland’’s earliest claims to territory rested on the voyages s earliest claims to territory rested on the voyages of John Cabot, an Italian sea captainof John Cabot, an Italian sea captain- under contract to England- under contract to England’’s King Henry VII Cabot explored s King Henry VII Cabot explored the the coast of Newfoundland in 1497coast of Newfoundland in 1497

• England did not follow up CabotEngland did not follow up Cabot’’s discoveries with other s discoveries with other expeditions of exploration or settlement. Englandexpeditions of exploration or settlement. England’’s s monarchy in the 1500s was preoccupied with other matters, monarchy in the 1500s was preoccupied with other matters, including Henry VIIIincluding Henry VIII’’s break with the Roman Catholic Church.s break with the Roman Catholic Church.

• In the 1570In the 1570’’s and 1580s and 1580’’s, under Queen Elizabeth I, England s, under Queen Elizabeth I, England began to challenge Spanish shipping in both the Atlantic and began to challenge Spanish shipping in both the Atlantic and Pacific.Pacific.- Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships, seized the - Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships, seized the treasure they treasure they carried, and boldly attacked Spanish carried, and boldly attacked Spanish settlements on the coast settlements on the coast of Peru.of Peru.

• Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement at Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Roanoke Island off the coast of present-day North Island off the coast of present-day North Carolina in 1587, but Carolina in 1587, but the colony was the colony was ““lostlost””

French ClaimsFrench Claims

• The French monarchy first showed interest in exploration in The French monarchy first showed interest in exploration in 1524 when it sponsored a voyage by an Italian navigator, 1524 when it sponsored a voyage by an Italian navigator, Giovanni da Verrazano.Giovanni da Verrazano.

• Hoping to find a northwest passage, Verrazano explored Hoping to find a northwest passage, Verrazano explored part of North Americapart of North America’’s eastern coast, including present-s eastern coast, including present-day New York harbor.day New York harbor.

• French claims to American territory were also based on the French claims to American territory were also based on the voyages of Jacques Cartier, who explored the St. Lawrence voyages of Jacques Cartier, who explored the St. Lawrence River extensively.River extensively.

• Like the English, French were slow to develop colonies in Like the English, French were slow to develop colonies in the New World, preoccupied with internal religious conflict the New World, preoccupied with internal religious conflict b/w Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. Only in the next b/w Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. Only in the next century did France develop a strong interest in following up century did France develop a strong interest in following up its claims to North American Land.its claims to North American Land.

French Claims (continued)French Claims (continued)

• The first permanent French settlement in America was The first permanent French settlement in America was established by Samuel de Champlain, the established by Samuel de Champlain, the ““Father of New Father of New France,France,”” in 1608 at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. in 1608 at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River.Lawrence River.

• In time, other French explorers extended French claims In time, other French explorers extended French claims across a vast territoryacross a vast territory

- in 1673, Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette - in 1673, Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette explored the explored the upper Mississippi Riverupper Mississippi River

- in 1682, Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi basin, - in 1682, Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi basin, which which he named Louisianahe named Louisiana

Dutch ClaimsDutch Claims

• During the 1600s, the Netherlands also began to sponsor During the 1600s, the Netherlands also began to sponsor voyages of exploration.voyages of exploration.

• Dutch government hired Henry Hudson, an experienced Dutch government hired Henry Hudson, an experienced English seaman, to seek a northwest passage.English seaman, to seek a northwest passage.

• In 1609, Hudson sailed up a broad river, an expedition that In 1609, Hudson sailed up a broad river, an expedition that established Dutch claims to the surrounding area that established Dutch claims to the surrounding area that would become New Amsterdam.would become New Amsterdam.

• A private joint-stock company, the Dutch West India A private joint-stock company, the Dutch West India Company, was given the privilege of taking control of the Company, was given the privilege of taking control of the region for economic gain.region for economic gain.

Early English SettlementsEarly English Settlements

In the early 1600s, England was finally in a position to colonize In the early 1600s, England was finally in a position to colonize the lands explored more than a century earlier by John the lands explored more than a century earlier by John Cabot. Cabot.

• Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured EnglandDefeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured England’’s s position as a major naval power.position as a major naval power.

• Rapid population growth coupled with economic depression Rapid population growth coupled with economic depression gave rise to a large number of landless people attracted to gave rise to a large number of landless people attracted to the idea of economic opportunities in the Americas.the idea of economic opportunities in the Americas.

• English also devised a practical method for financing the English also devised a practical method for financing the costly and risky enterprise of founding new colonies.costly and risky enterprise of founding new colonies.- - Joint-stock companiesJoint-stock companies pooled the savings of many pooled the savings of many investors, including those of modest means, to support investors, including those of modest means, to support trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable.trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable.

• Thus, in the 1600s, various colonies on the North Atlantic Thus, in the 1600s, various colonies on the North Atlantic Coast were able to attract large numbers of English settlers.Coast were able to attract large numbers of English settlers.

JamestownJamestown

EnglandEngland’’s King James I chartered the s King James I chartered the Virginia CompanyVirginia Company, a , a joint-stock companyjoint-stock company that established the first permanent that established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

• Majority of investors looked toward legitimate profitsMajority of investors looked toward legitimate profits- precious metals or minerals- precious metals or minerals- valuable plants for dyestuffs or medicines- valuable plants for dyestuffs or medicines- opening of a northwest passage to the Pacific- opening of a northwest passage to the Pacific

• But the investors were But the investors were ““prepared to settle for less prepared to settle for less spectacular goods like glass, iron, furs, pitch, and tar, spectacular goods like glass, iron, furs, pitch, and tar, things that England needed and mostly had to import from things that England needed and mostly had to import from other countries.other countries.”” (Morgan, 45) (Morgan, 45)

• Though the promoters of the company hoped for Though the promoters of the company hoped for ““instant instant success,success,”” according to Morgan, they stressed according to Morgan, they stressed ““the countrythe country’’s s future promise.future promise.””

““Idle Indian and Lazy EnglishmenIdle Indian and Lazy Englishmen””

The planThe plan• send settlers who would pool their labors to produce send settlers who would pool their labors to produce

whatever proved feasiblewhatever proved feasible• After After ““riches , whatever they may be began pouring into riches , whatever they may be began pouring into

England,England,”” the company would pay out dividends to all the company would pay out dividends to all members in proportion to the number of shares they members in proportion to the number of shares they owned.owned.

• With money from sales of shares the company would send With money from sales of shares the company would send over shiploads of Englandover shiploads of England’’s unemployed laborers as well as s unemployed laborers as well as some specialists. Such men would be servants of the some specialists. Such men would be servants of the company and not entitled to share in the profits.company and not entitled to share in the profits.

• They would work for the company for seven years and then They would work for the company for seven years and then be free to take advantage of the be free to take advantage of the ““limitlesslimitless”” opportunities of opportunities of the New Worldthe New World

““Idle Indian and Lazy EnglishmenIdle Indian and Lazy Englishmen””

““Intention of the sponsors of the colony that benefits for the Intention of the sponsors of the colony that benefits for the settlers and their backers would march hand in hand with settlers and their backers would march hand in hand with beneficence toward the Natives.beneficence toward the Natives.”” (Morgan, 46) (Morgan, 46)

• colony would colony would ““bring the infidels and salvages lyving in those bring the infidels and salvages lyving in those partes to humane civilitie and to a setled and quiet partes to humane civilitie and to a setled and quiet governmente.governmente.””

• To bring them the gospel, and To bring them the gospel, and ““to cover their naked to cover their naked miserie, with civil use of foode, and cloathing, and to traine miserie, with civil use of foode, and cloathing, and to traine them by gentle means, to the manuall artes and skill, which them by gentle means, to the manuall artes and skill, which they…doe admire to see in us.they…doe admire to see in us.””

• ““welcome to conjoyne their labors with ours, and shall enjoy welcome to conjoyne their labors with ours, and shall enjoy equal priviledges with us.equal priviledges with us.””

““Idle Indian and Lazy EnglishmenIdle Indian and Lazy Englishmen””

According to Morgan, the members of the company believed According to Morgan, the members of the company believed the Virginia Company was not like other joint-stock the Virginia Company was not like other joint-stock companies, companies, ““the ends for which is established beinge not the ends for which is established beinge not simply a matter of Trade, butt of a higher Nature.simply a matter of Trade, butt of a higher Nature.””

• ““Although they hoped for profits, theirs was a patriotic Although they hoped for profits, theirs was a patriotic enterprise that would bring civility to the savages of North enterprise that would bring civility to the savages of North America and redemption from idleness and crime to the America and redemption from idleness and crime to the unemployed masses of Englandunemployed masses of England””

• Jamestown Jamestown ““did not work out as the companydid not work out as the company”” had hoped had hoped

- the - the ““adventurers who ventured their capital lost itadventurers who ventured their capital lost it””- most of the settlers who ventured their lives lost them and - most of the settlers who ventured their lives lost them and so did so did most of the Indians who came near themmost of the Indians who came near them

ObjectiveObjective

How does Morgan account for the How does Morgan account for the failure of Jamestown?failure of Jamestown?

It failed, according to Morgan, because the neither Indians nor It failed, according to Morgan, because the neither Indians nor the English lived up to expectations (Morgan, 48).the English lived up to expectations (Morgan, 48).

1.1. What were those expectations?What were those expectations?

2.2. According to Morgan, were those expectations According to Morgan, were those expectations unrealistic?unrealistic?

According to Morgan, According to Morgan, ““Indian and Englishmen in VirginiaIndian and Englishmen in Virginia”” seem to seem to have had different expectations of themselves than the company have had different expectations of themselves than the company had. Before examining what went wrong, had. Before examining what went wrong, ““it is necessary to look it is necessary to look more closely at the life each had led and the expectations that life more closely at the life each had led and the expectations that life had engendered in them before the encountered one another on the had engendered in them before the encountered one another on the banks of the James River.banks of the James River.”” Some things you may wish to consider are Some things you may wish to consider are ““force of governmentforce of government”” in their lives, role of religion, work, gender in their lives, role of religion, work, gender roles, and warfare.roles, and warfare.””

Idle IndianIdle Indian Lazy EnglishmenLazy Englishmen

Focus QuestionsFocus Questions

What does Morgan mean when he writes the What does Morgan mean when he writes the Virginia Company had sent the Virginia Company had sent the ““idle to teach the idle to teach the idleidle”” and and ““bring freedom to the free?bring freedom to the free?””

Do you agree with Morgan that this was a Do you agree with Morgan that this was a ““formula formula for disaster?for disaster?””

““The Jamestown FiascoThe Jamestown Fiasco””

Morgan writes the Morgan writes the ““first wave of Englishmen reached Virginia…first wave of Englishmen reached Virginia…on April 26, 1607. The same day their troubles began.on April 26, 1607. The same day their troubles began.””

According to Morgan, for ten years the settlers seem to have According to Morgan, for ten years the settlers seem to have made made ““nearly every possible mistake and some that seem nearly every possible mistake and some that seem almost impossible.almost impossible.””

What are some of the mistakes Morgan highlights?What are some of the mistakes Morgan highlights?

Did the settlersDid the settlers’’ relations with the Natives reflect the Virginia relations with the Natives reflect the Virginia CompanyCompany’’s hopes for friendship?s hopes for friendship?

““Shoteinge owtt their BraynesShoteinge owtt their Braynes””

What What ““puzzling episodespuzzling episodes”” does Morgan cite to does Morgan cite to document English atrocities against the Indians?document English atrocities against the Indians?

Morgan goes on to argue that Morgan goes on to argue that ““it is not easy to it is not easy to make sensemake sense”” out of the behavior of the English out of the behavior of the English settlers.settlers.

• ““How to explain the How to explain the suicidal impulse of the suicidal impulse of the English to destroy the English to destroy the corn that might have corn that might have fed them and the fed them and the people who grew it?people who grew it?””

• ““And how to account And how to account for the seeming for the seeming unwillingness or unwillingness or incapacity of the incapacity of the English to feed English to feed themselves?themselves?””

How does Morgan account for the failure of the How does Morgan account for the failure of the English to grow food? (Morgan, 75)English to grow food? (Morgan, 75)

• Poor organization?Poor organization?- - ““cannotcannot””, he writes, , he writes, ““blame the colonyblame the colony’’s failures on s failures on lax discipline and diffusion of authority. Failures lax discipline and diffusion of authority. Failures continued and atrocities multiplied after authority continued and atrocities multiplied after authority was made absolute and concentratedwas made absolute and concentrated”” in a governor in a governor (Morgan, 81).(Morgan, 81).

• Collective organization of labor?Collective organization of labor?- If the colony- If the colony’’s failure to grow corn arose from its s failure to grow corn arose from its communal communal organization of production, Morgan organization of production, Morgan points out the failure was not overcome by the points out the failure was not overcome by the switch to private enterprise.switch to private enterprise.

How does Morgan account for the failure of How does Morgan account for the failure of the English to grow food?the English to grow food?

• Another explanation for the failure to grow food is the Another explanation for the failure to grow food is the character of the immigrantscharacter of the immigrants

- Morgan refers to this as - Morgan refers to this as ““overloadoverload”” of gentlemen and of gentlemen and specialistsspecialists

According to Morgan, why is the character of the immigrants According to Morgan, why is the character of the immigrants to blame for the failure to grow food?to blame for the failure to grow food?

Their daily and usuall workes, bowling in the streetsTheir daily and usuall workes, bowling in the streets

GentlemenGentlemen SpecialistsSpecialists

Their daily and usuall workes, bowling in the streetsTheir daily and usuall workes, bowling in the streets

GentlemenGentlemen• No manual skillNo manual skill• Could not be expected to Could not be expected to

work at ordinary laborwork at ordinary labor• ““unruly gallantsunruly gallants””• Accompanied by personal Accompanied by personal

attendants who attendants who ““never did never did know what a dayes worke know what a dayes worke was.was.””

““SpecialistsSpecialists””• As skilled specialists As skilled specialists ““they they

expected to be paid and fed expected to be paid and fed for doing the kind of work for doing the kind of work for which they had been for which they had been hired.hired.””

• Some may have been Some may have been useful, but many were notuseful, but many were not

• ““not suitable for a perfumer not suitable for a perfumer or a jeweler or a goldsmith or a jeweler or a goldsmith to put his hand to the hoe.to put his hand to the hoe.””

• Joined the gentlemen in Joined the gentlemen in what Morgan calls what Morgan calls ““genteel genteel loafing.loafing.””

Morgan cites one more problem, apart from the Morgan cites one more problem, apart from the ““overloadoverload”” of of gentlemen and specialists. According to Morgan, the major gentlemen and specialists. According to Morgan, the major part of the colonistspart of the colonists’’ work time was supposed to be devoted to work time was supposed to be devoted to processing the processing the ““promised riches of the land,promised riches of the land,”” but during the but during the early days of Jamestown, they found no early days of Jamestown, they found no ““riches to extract.riches to extract.””

• Sent back some cedar wood, but lumber was too Sent back some cedar wood, but lumber was too bulky and impractical a productbulky and impractical a product

• Sassafras was available in such quantities the Sassafras was available in such quantities the market collapsedmarket collapsed

• No gold or silverNo gold or silver• Not even enough iron to be worth miningNot even enough iron to be worth mining• Silk grass and silk proved to be a delusive, elusive, Silk grass and silk proved to be a delusive, elusive,

or misleading hopeor misleading hope

Did Virginia meet the Did Virginia meet the ““high expectationshigh expectations”” of the of the settlers? settlers?

How did the frustration of the failure of Virginia to How did the frustration of the failure of Virginia to meet the expectations of the servants and meet the expectations of the servants and employers manifest itself in regard to the treatment employers manifest itself in regard to the treatment of the Natives?of the Natives?

““If you were a colonist…If you were a colonist…

““The Jamestown FiascoThe Jamestown Fiasco””

Morgan writes that after ten years the colony was a Morgan writes that after ten years the colony was a ““total loss total loss to the men who had invested their lives and fortunes in it.to the men who had invested their lives and fortunes in it.””

What was the only What was the only ““ray of hoperay of hope”” that appeared? that appeared?

Rise of TobaccoRise of Tobacco

• John Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas, experimented with John Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas, experimented with tobacco of the West Indian variety, giving settlers a tobacco of the West Indian variety, giving settlers a merchandisable goodmerchandisable good

• ““the colonists stopped bowling in the streets and planted the colonists stopped bowling in the streets and planted tobacco in them- and everywhere else they could find open tobacco in them- and everywhere else they could find open land.land.

• In 1617, ten years after the first landing at Jamestown, they In 1617, ten years after the first landing at Jamestown, they shipped their first cargo to England that sold at three shipped their first cargo to England that sold at three shillings a poundshillings a pound

• ““Was Virginia to supplement EnglandWas Virginia to supplement England’’s economy and redeem s economy and redeem her vogues by pandering to a new vice?her vogues by pandering to a new vice?””

• Would the dream of the Virginia CompanyWould the dream of the Virginia Company’’s s ““patriotic patriotic enterpriseenterprise”” go up in smoke? go up in smoke?

The growing of tobacco on Jamestown plantations The growing of tobacco on Jamestown plantations requires a large supply of labor.requires a large supply of labor.

• At first, the Virginia At first, the Virginia Company hoped to meet Company hoped to meet the need for more labor by the need for more labor by sending indentured sending indentured servants to the colony.servants to the colony.

• An indentured servant was An indentured servant was often a person (usually a often a person (usually a young man) who, in young man) who, in exchange for passage to a exchange for passage to a colony, was obligated to colony, was obligated to work on a plantation for a work on a plantation for a certain number of years certain number of years (usually seven). (usually seven).

• In 1619, first boatload of In 1619, first boatload of Africans arrived aboard a Africans arrived aboard a slave ship operated by a slave ship operated by a Dutch trader.Dutch trader.

Transition to a royal colonyTransition to a royal colony

• Plagued by mismanagement, debt and a Plagued by mismanagement, debt and a frighteningly high death rate in the colony, the frighteningly high death rate in the colony, the Virginia Company was dissolved by the king and Virginia Company was dissolved by the king and placed under the control of King James I.placed under the control of King James I.

• Thus Virginia became EnglandThus Virginia became England’’s first royal colony s first royal colony (a colony under the control of a king or queen.)(a colony under the control of a king or queen.)