EXPERIMENTS IN BASIC CHEMISTRY FOURTH EDITION

Steven Murov Brian Stedjee Modesto Junior College

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto • Singapore • Weinheim

CONTENTS

Safety Information 1

Experiment 1 INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS, TECHNIQUES AND CHALLENGES 5 The rw.iu.re of the scientific method, the importance of observations, the use of the Bunsen Burner, techniques of glassworking

Experiment 2 MEASUREMENTS 25 Temperature, mass, volume, accuracy and precision

Experiment 3 DENSITY 41 Density of water, a metal and an aqueous Solution; graphing

Experiment 4 MIXTURES: SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION 55 Evaporation, filtration and recrystallization

Experiment 5 MELTING POINTS 67 Melting point and purity of vanillin, cooling curve of an unknown

Experiment 6 PERIODIC PROPERTIES, SOLUBILITY AND EXTRACTION 79 Electronegativity, band polarity and sölubility, colors of ions

Experiment 7 LEWIS STRUCTURES AND MOLECULAR MODELS 91 Drawing of Lewis structures and construction of molecular modeis

Experiment 8 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY 99 Paper chromatography of inks and cations

Experiment 9 CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 111 Observation of combination, decomposition, combustion, Single and double replacement reactions

Experiment 10 EMPIRICAL FORMULA OF A HYDRATE 123 Properties and analysis of hydrates

Experiment 11 STOICHIOMETRY OF A REACTION 131 Quantitative precipitation and filtration of copper(II) oxide

Experiment 12 ENTHALPIES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES 139 The heats of fusion, Solution and reaction

Experiment 13 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN 149 Generation, cöllection and properties of oxygen and hydrogen

Experiment 14 GAS LAWS 161 Boyle's law, the atomic mass of zinc, density of natural gas

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Experiment 15 DISTILLATION AND HARDNESS OF H20 175 Distillation and analysis including a titration of tap water

Experiment 16 IONIC REACTIONS AND CONDUCTIVITY 187 Formula and ionic equations of double replacetnent reactions, conductivity ofsalts, acids and bases

Experiment 17 ANALYSIS OF CATIONS 203 Qualitative analysis scheme for a mixture of cations

Experiment 18 SPECTROSCOPY 211 Quantitative dilution and spectroscopic analysis of cobalt(II) Solutions

Experiment 19 ACIDITY AND pH 223 pH of acids, bases, salts and buffers; ionization constants

Experiment 20 SYNTHESIS 233 Synthesis of copper(H) glycinate and benzoic acid

Experiment 21 ACID-BASE TITRATIONS 243 Determination of the concentration of an acid and the molecülar mass of benzoic acid

Experiment 22 OXIDATION - REDUCTION 251 Relative reactivities of oxidizing and reducing agents

Experiment 23 ANALYSIS OF BLEACH AND COPPER(II) GLYCINATE 261 Titration of hypochlorite and a copper(II) Compound with thiosulfate

Experiment 24 THE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 269 The study of a dock reaction, effects of concentrations, temperature, catalyst

Experiment 25 EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES 279 le Chatelier's principle

Experiment 26 MOLECULAR MODELS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 287 Structures and isomerism in organic chemistry

Exercise 1 Scientific Notation and Significant Figures, Accuracy and Precision 297

Exercise 2 Unit Conversions 301

Exercise 3 Density of Water Versus Temperature (Graph) 303

Exercise 4 Names and Symbols of the Elements 305

Exercise 5 Protons, Neutrons, Electrons and Isotopes 309

Exercise 6 Polyatomic Ions 311

Exercise 7 Formulas of Compounds 315

Exercise 8 Nomenclature 317

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Exercise 9 Electromagnetic Radiation; Energy Versus Frequency and Wavelength

(Graphs) 319

Exercise 10 Electronic Structures and Lewis Structures of Atoms 321

Exercise 11 Periodic Properties of the Elements (Graphs, Computer Option) 323

Exercise 12 Polarities of Bonds and Molecules 333

Exercise 13 Formula Mass, Moles and Molecules 335

Exercise 14 Percent Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulas 339

Exercise 15 Chemical Reactions: Balancing and Classification 341

Exercise 16 Double Replacement Reactions, Net lonic Equations 343

Exercise 17 Stoichiometry 347

Exercise 18 Gas Laws 349

Exercise 19 Charles' Law (Graph) 351

Exercise 20 Vapor Pressure of Water Versus Temperature (Graph) 353

Exercise 21 Concentration Calculations and Solution Stoichiometry 355

Exercise 22 Acids and Bases, pH 357

Exercise 23 Oxidation States of the Elements and Nomenclature 361

Exercise 24 Oxidation - Reduction Half Reactions 365

Exercise 25 Equilibrium Constants, le Chatelier's Principle 367

Exercise 26 Nuclear Reactions 369

Exercise 27 Organic Functional Groups, Nomenclature of Saturated Hydrocarbons 371

Exercise 28 Laboratory Terminology 373

Exercise 29 Laboratory Technique Review 375

Appendix A Solutions to Starred Prelaboratory Exercises

Appendix B Common Ions by Charge

Appendix C Solubility of Common lonic Compounds in Water

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