Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Supersonic

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ

Alexandra Zadvornaya

24 September 2019

Experimental and Numerical Characterization of

Supersonic and Subsonic Gas Flows for

Nuclear Spectroscopy Studies


2

Plan:

A. Stopping and transport of nuclear reaction products in subsonic helium flow

1. Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions within Elemental Nucleosynthesisstudies at University of Jyväskylä

2. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival in subsonic helium flow

3. Outlook

2


3

Plan:

A. Stopping and transport of nuclear reaction products in subsonic helium flow

1. Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions within Elemental Nucleosynthesisstudies at University of Jyväskylä

2. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival in subsonic helium flow

3. Outlook

B. In-gas-jet laser ionization spectroscopy in supersonic argon jets1. In-gas laser ionization spectroscopy in heavy element region2. PLIF-spectroscopy experiments at KU Leuven3. Results- Validation of PLIF-spectroscopy- Characterization of gas jets formed by de Laval nozzle4. Conclusions

2

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ MAIDENMasses, Isomers and Decay studies for Elemental Nucleosynthesis

N (neutron)

Z (

pro

ton)

P. Campbell, I. D. Moore, and M. R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016) 3


The main research

question/motivation:

How and where

were the elements

heavier than Fe (Z =

26) created?

MAIDENMasses, Isomers and Decay studies for Elemental Nucleosynthesis

N (neutron)

Z (

pro

ton)

P. Campbell, I. D. Moore, and M. R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016)

1957: idea that heavy elements are

synthesized via different stellar

nucleosynthesis paths such as the via r-, s-

and p-processes

2017, a merge of two neutron starts

first confirmation

3


N (neutron)

Z (

pro

ton)





and p-processes


first confirmation

The main research


How and where

were the elements


26) created?


Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions studies for exploring nuclear structureclose to N = 126 @ University of Jyväskylä

N (neutron)

Z (

pro

ton)





and p-processes


first confirmation

The main research


How and where

were the elements


26) created?

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄMNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook

Magnet Si detector 2

Si detector 1

Target chamber

54136 Xe

54136 Xe

83209 Bi

4

Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions studies

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄMNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook


Si detector 1

Target chamber

54136 Xe

54136 Xe

83209 Bi

Gas cell

Beam dump

Target wheel

Ion guide

54136 Xe

83209 Bi

4





Si detector 1

5

54136 Xe

June 2019Si detector 2

MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook


Initial gas cell design

6

Gas inflow

CFD Module

Laminar Flow:

compressible flow;

boundary conditions – no slip.

Transport of Diluted Species:

convection and diffusion.


Gas outflow

(exit diameter of 1.2 mm)

Helium

Temperature T0 = 300 KExit diameter of 1.2 mm



6

Gas inflow

Gas outflow


Helium


’jet’-like structure and

recirculation region

are visible


CFD Module

Laminar Flow:

compressible flow;






6

Gas inflow

Gas outflow


Gas cell design had to be optimized to enable more efficient and fast

transportation

’jet’-like structure and

recirculation region

are visible


CFD Module

Laminar Flow:

compressible flow;




Helium



Optimization of gas cell design using CFD Module

7


Gas inflow

Gas outflow



Gas inflow

Gas outflow



7

Obstacle

Honeycomb

structure

Velocity magnitude (m/s)



Gas inflow

Gas outflow



7

Obstacle

Honeycomb

structure

More uniform flow structure

Velocity magnitude (m/s)

Velocity field, x component (m/s)



8

S1

S2

Experimental and numerical characterization of ion survival efficiencyby using α-recoil 88

223Ra source

Decay chain for 88223Ra



8

5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

cp

s

E, keV

in vacuum_before test_calibratedX

Po

Rn1

Bi 1

Rn2

Rn3

Bi 2

Ra2

Ra3

Ra4

S1

S2


223Ra source




8

5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

cp

s

E, keV


Po

Rn1

Bi 1

Rn2

Rn3

Bi 2

Ra2

Ra3

Ra4

50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

diffu

s.+

reco

mb

in.+

mole

c.fo

rm.+

?(%

)

P0 (mbar)

Source position 1

Source position 2

Tests with -recoil source

S1

S2


223Ra source




8

5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

cp

s

E, keV


Po

Rn1

Bi 1

Rn2

Rn3

Bi 2

Ra2

Ra3

Ra4

50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

diffu

s.+

reco

mb

in.+

mole

c.fo

rm.+

?(%

)

P0 (mbar)

Source position 1

Source position 2


50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

20

40

60

80

100Numerical calculations in COMSOL

diffu

s.(%

)

P0 (mbar)

Source position 1

Source position 2

S1

S2


223Ra source

Only diffusion losses!




8

5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

cp

s

E, keV


Po

Rn1

Bi 1

Rn2

Rn3

Bi 2

Ra2

Ra3

Ra4

50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

diffu

s.+

reco

mb

in.+

mole

c.fo

rm.+

?(%

)

P0 (mbar)

Source position 1

Source position 2


50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

20

40

60

80

100Numerical calculations in COMSOL

diffu

s.(%

)

P0 (mbar)

Source position 1

Source position 2

S1

S2


223Ra source

Other loss factors, aside of diffusion

1) Ion survival againts recombination losses?

2) .. against molecular formation with gas impurities?

Only diffusion losses!




Outlook

1. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival

More tests: - cooling gas cell to cryogenic temperatures- evacuation time measurements

More numerical calculations in CFD Module- include other losses factors, e.g. ion losses due to recombination?- evacuation time calculations

9


1

2

Plan:

A. Stopping and transport of nuclear reaction products in subsonic helium flow1. Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions within Elemental Nucleosynthesis

studies at University of Jyväskylä2. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival in

subsonic helium flow3. Outlook

B. Characterization of supersonic argon jets for in-gas-jet laser ionization spectroscopy1. In-gas laser ionization spectroscopy in heavy element region2. PLIF-spectroscopy experiments at KU Leuven3. Results- Validation of PLIF-spectroscopy- Characterization of gas jets formed by de Laval nozzle4. Conclusions

In-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) @ LISOL

Louvain-la-NeuveDecember 2014

Previous experiments

3

(argon)

R. Ferrer et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 14520 (2017)

Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions

Challenges: Low production rates (< 0.1 p.p.s.) and

short live-times (< 1 s) sensitive, efficient and fast technique is needed

+ High spectral resolution to unmask

nuclear structure




3

(argon)






nuclear structure -40 -20 0 20 400

100

200

300

gas cell

gas jet

c

ou

nts

in 5

0 s

Freq. - 683,618.211 (GHz)

215Ac


-40 -20 0 20 400

100

200

300

gas cell

gas jet

c

ou

nts

in 5

0 s

Freq. - 683,618.211 (GHz)

215Ac



3

M < 1

M = 1

M > 1

(argon)






nuclear structure


-40 -20 0 20 400

100

200

300

gas cell

gas jet

c

ou

nts

in 5

0 s

Freq. - 683,618.211 (GHz)

215Ac



3

M < 1

M = 1

M > 1

(argon)

𝛒 ↓ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓 ↓






nuclear structure

Supersonic jets formed by de Laval nozzles

4

𝟏 𝐦𝐦


Supersonic jets formed by de Laval nozzles

4

𝟏 𝐦𝐦

nozzlebackground


CFD Module

High Mach Number Flow:

turbulence model type – none;

boundary conditions – no slip;

flow conditions for the outflow –

supersonic.

Argon

Temperature T0 = 300 KPressure P0 = 300 mbarNozzle throat diameter of 1 mm

Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)-technique

5

Cu in argon flow

327.4

0 n

m

578.2

1 n

m

98.6%

Cu

1.4%

𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬

63, 65



5

Cu in argon flow

327.4

0 n

m

578.2

1 n

m

98.6%

Cu

1.4%

𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬

63, 65



5

Cu in argon flow

327.4

0 n

m

578.2

1 n

m

98.6%

Cu

1.4%

𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬

63, 65


relative density from measurements with broadband laser


5

Cu in argon flow

327.4

0 n

m

578.2

1 n

m

98.6%

Cu

1.4%

𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬

63, 65

Doppler shift

velocity

𝟐→𝟐′

𝟐→𝟏′

𝟏→𝟏′

𝟏→𝟐′

FWHM temperature

PLIF-spectroscopy


relative density from measurements with broadband laser

Laser laboratory

6

T and v

𝝆


Jet laboratory

Gas cell chamber

ICCD camera Laval nozzle

IGLIS Gas Cell

0.5 𝐦

Inside gas cell chamber

7


Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyMach disk position and density drop in the expansion zone

S. Crist , M. Sherman and D.R. Glass, AIAA Journal Vol. 4, No. 1, 68 - 71 (1966)

H. Ashkenas, M. Sherman, Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Academic. Press, 1965, p. 94

P. L. Owen and C. K. Thornhill, in Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memoranda (1948)8






𝜌 ∝1

x2


1.


xMd∗

= 0.67 ∗𝑃0Pbg




𝜌 ∝1

x2

Pbg1

Pbg2

Pbg1 > Pbg2


1. 2.

Ma

ch

nu

mb

er

Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu

9

M =flow velocity

velocity of sound(← 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)


A. Zadvornaya et al., PRX, 8, 041008 (2018)

Ma

ch

nu

mb

er

Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu

9

M =flow velocity

velocity of sound(← 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)



good agreement between this work

and previous experiments and

analytical solutions

Underexpanded jet Overexpanded jet

Pbg = 1.8 mbar

0.16 mbar

0.07 mbar

4 mbar

20 mbar

30 mbar

50 mm

L

Z

Jets formed by de Laval nozzle

10


Underexpanded jet Overexpanded jet

• At extreme cases of pressure mismatch, formation of long jets required for high-

efficient in-jet ionization is not possible

• Diameter of non-uniform jet will vary along its length higher requirements on laser

energy

Pbg = 1.8 mbar

0.16 mbar

0.07 mbar

4 mbar

20 mbar

30 mbar

50 mm

L

Z

Jets formed by de Laval nozzle

10


L

Jets formed by de Laval nozzleNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu

Central line of underexpanded jet (Pbg < Popt)

11

FWHM FWHM



Underexpanded jet

CFD Module

PLIF

12


L

Jets formed by de Laval nozzleNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu

Central line of quasiuniform jet (Pbg ≈ Popt)

13

FWHM FWHM



Quasiuniform jet

CFD Module

PLIF

14


Supersonic gas jets were characterized using PLIF-spectroscopy setup constructed at KU Leuven Partial agreement was reached between experimental results and numerical calculations in CFD

Module for jet’s flow parameters

Conclusions

15



30

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Nuclear Spectroscopy group (IKS, KU Leuven)P. Creemers, R. Ferrer, L. Gaffney, C. Granados, M. Huyse, S. Kraemer, Yu. Kudryavtsev, M. Laatiaoui, V. Manea, E. Mogilevskiy, S. Raeder, J. Romans, S. Sels, P. Van den Bergh, P. Van Duppen, M. Verlinde, E. Verstraelen

Thanks to IGISOL group and MNT collaboration (University of Jyväskylä)O. Beliuskina, M. Brunet, L. Canete, P. Constantin, T. Dickel, T. Eronen, R. de Groote, M. Hukkanen, A. Jokinen, A. Kankainen, A. Karpov, I. Mardor, I. Moore, D. Nesterenko, D. Nichita, H. Penttilä, Zs. Podolyak, I. Pohjalainen, S. Purushothaman, M. Reponen, A. de Roubin, V. Saiko, A. Spataru, M. Vilen, A. Weaver

This project has received funding from the European

Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under

grant agreement No. 771036 (ERC CoG MAIDEN).


30

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Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Supersonic