Exile

“Banishment” redirects here. For the 2007 Russian film,see The Banishment.“Banish” redirects here. For the village in Iran, seeBanish, Iran.For other uses, see Exile (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Exhile.Exilemeans to be away from one’s home (i.e. city, state

The First Night in Exile-This painting comes from a celebratedseries illustrating one of Hinduism’s great epics, the Ramayana.It tells the story of the prince Rama, who is wrongly exiled fromhis father’s kingdom, accompanied only by his wife and brother.

Dante in Exile.

or country), while either being explicitly refused permis-sion to return and/or being threatened with imprisonmentor death upon return. It can be a form of punishment andsolitude.[1]

It is common to distinguish between internal exile,i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence,and external exile, deportation outside the country of

residence.[2] Although most commonly used to describean individual situation, the term is also used for groups(especially ethnic or national groups), or for an entire gov-ernment. Terms such as diaspora and refugee describegroup exile, both voluntary and forced, and governmentin exile describes a government of a country that has beenforced to relocate and argue its legitimacy from outsidethat country.Exile can also be a self-imposed departure from one’shomeland. Self-exile is often depicted as a form ofprotest by the person that claims it, to avoid persecutionor legal matters (such as tax or criminal allegations), anact of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be ableto devote time to a particular thing.Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsstates that “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,detention or exile.”

1 For individuals

1.1 Exiled heads of state

In some cases the deposed head of state is allowed to gointo exile following a coup or other change of govern-ment, allowing a more peaceful transition to take placeor to escape justice. Examples include:[3]

1.2 Avoiding tax or legal matters

Main articles: Tax exile and Fugitive

A wealthy citizen who departs from a former abode for alower tax jurisdiction (a "tax haven") in order to reducehis/her tax burden is termed a tax exile. Creative peo-ple such as authors and musicians who achieve suddenwealth sometimes find themselves among this group. Ex-amples include the British-Canadian writer Arthur Hai-ley, who moved to the Bahamas to avoid taxes followingthe runaway success of his novels Hotel and Airport,[4]and the English rock band the Rolling Stones who, in thespring of 1971 owed more in taxes than they could payand left Britain before the government could seize theirassets. Members of the band all moved to France fora period of time where they recorded music for the al-bum that came to be called Exile on Main Street, the MainStreet of the title referring the French Riviera.[5] In 2012,

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2 2 FOR GROUPS, NATIONS AND GOVERNMENTS

Eduardo Saverin, one of the founders of Facebook, madeheadlines by renouncing his U.S. Citizenship before hiscompany’s IPO.[6] The dual Brazilian/U.S. citizen’s deci-sion to move to Singapore and renounce his citizenshipspurred a bill in the U.S. Senate, the Ex-PATRIOT Act,which would have forced such wealthy “tax exiles” to paya special tax in order to re-enter the United States.[7]

In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoidlegal issues, such as litigation or criminal prosecution. Anexample of this was Asil Nadir, who fled to the TurkishRepublic of Northern Cyprus for 17 years rather than faceprosecution in connection with the failed £1.7 bn com-pany Polly Peck in the United Kingdom.

1.3 Avoiding violence or persecution, or inthe aftermath of war

Examples include:

• Iraqi academics asked to return home“from exile” to help rebuild Iraq in2009.[8]

• Jews who fled persecution in Nazi Ger-many.[9]

• Palestinians who fled bombardment fromthe nascent Israeli state in 1948.

• People undertaking a religious or civilliberties role in society may be forcedinto exile due to threat of persecution.For example, nuns were exiled followingthe Communist coup d'état of 1948 inCzechoslovakia.[10]

• Nazis after 1945 fleeing persecution for war crimes,for example Joseph Mengele.[11]

2 For groups, nations and govern-ments

2.1 Nation in exile

Main articles: Diaspora and Refugee

When large groups, or occasionally a whole people ornation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in ex-ile, or Diaspora. Nations that have been in exile forsubstantial periods include the Jews, who were deportedby Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC andagain following the destruction of the second Temple inJerusalem in the year AD 70. Many Jewish prayers in-clude a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Jewishhomeland.

After the partitions of Poland in the late 18th cen-tury, and following the uprisings (like Kościuszko Upris-ing, November Uprising and January Uprising) againstthe partitioning powers (Russian Empire, Prussia andAustro-Hungary), many Poles have chosen – or beenforced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (knownas Polonia), especially in France and the United States.The entire population of Crimean Tatars (200,000) thatremained in their homeland Crimea was exiled on 18May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleans-ing and collective punishment on false accusations. AtDiego Garcia, between 1967 and 1973 the British Gov-ernment forcibly removed some 2,000 Chagossian res-ident islanders to make way for a military base todayjointly operated by the US and UK.Since the Cuban Revolution over one million Cubanshave left Cuba. Most of these self-identify as exiles astheir motivation for leaving the island is political in na-ture. It is to be noted that at the time of the Cuban Rev-olution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, andwas not a country that had a history of significant emi-gration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrantsin the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles’ children alsoconsider themselves to be Cuban exiles. It is to be notedthat under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroadare considered Cuban Citizens.

2.2 Government in exile

Main article: Government in exileDuring a foreign occupation or after a coup d'état, a gov-

The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba (1814),showing Napoleon I, sword broken, being exiled to Elba at theclose of the War of the Sixth Coalition

ernment in exile of a such afflicted country may be es-tablished abroad. One of the most well-known instancesof this is the Polish government-in-exile, a governmentin exile that commanded Polish armed forces operatingoutside Poland after German occupation during WorldWar II. Other examples include the Free French Forces

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government of Charles De Gaulle of the same time, andthe Central Tibetan Administration, commonly known asthe Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the 14thDalai Lama.

2.3 Tribes in exile

Main article: List of battles of Muhammad

During the era of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, he ex-iled the Banu Qaynuqa tribe during the Invasion of BanuQaynuqa in February 624.[12] Muhammad ordered hisfollowers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedlybreaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Med-ina[13] by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, whichlead to her being stripped naked[14]

In the Invasion of Banu Nadir in August 625 [15] healso exiled the Banu Nadir tribe. Muslim scholars (likeMubarakpuri) claim, the Banu Nadir were attacked be-cause the Angel Gabriel toldMuhammad that some of theBanu Nadir wanted to assassinate him.[16] Watt contendsit was in response to the tribe’s criticism of Muhammadand doubts they wanted to assassinate Muhammad. Hesays “it is possible that the allegation was no more thanan excuse to justify the attack”.[17]

3 Exile in drama, literature, andthe arts

3.1 In Greek tragedy

To wander away from the city-state (the home) is to beexposed without the protection of government (laws),friends and family. In the ancient Greek world, this wasseen as a fate worse than death. Euripedes’ Medea–because of her actions (both in Iolcus and Corinth)-madeherself and her family (including Jason) exiles in Corinth.She talks of her exiled state in Corinth: 'I, a desolatewoman without a city... no relative at all'. Jason justi-fies his marriage, to a Corinth royal family member, asan attempt to better this situation: 'When I moved herefrom the land of Iolkos... what happier godsend could Ihave found than to marry the king’s daughter, poor exilethat I was... that I should bring up our children in a man-ner worthy of my house, and producing brothers to mychildren by you, I should place them all on level footing'.Euripides likens all women’s position to exile; in theirhaving to leave home to serve their husbands. So Medeawas doubly in exile, both in the ordinary sense, as a non-Greek foreigner, and as a woman. In the same speech,Medea talks of her status as 'a foreigner [falling] in thecity['s ways]' and, on being married, 'we come to new be-haviour, new customs’.The theme of exile also appears in Euripedes The Bac-

Jason and Medea, by John William Waterhouse, 1907

chae when Dionysus sends Agave and her sisters into ex-ile. Dionysus: 'With your sisters you shall live in exile'and later Agave laments: 'Farewell my city...show us theway Asian women, show us the way to bitter exile'.From the Bacchae:

Dionysus: All foreign lands now dance to his[Dionysus’s] drum.

Pentheus: That is why they are foreign andwe're not.

4 See also• Ban

• Defection

• Deportation

• Exiles by nationality

• Ostracism - procedure under the Athenian democ-racy

• Penal transportation

• Petalism

• Refugee

• Right of asylum (political asylum)

• Scouts-in-Exile

• Shimanagashi

4 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

5 References

[1] Hobbes, Thomas (1886). Leviathan; Or, The Matter,Form and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical andCivil. George Routledge and Sons. p. 145.

[2]

[3] Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14). “BBC News - What hap-pens to deposed leaders?". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

[4] Stevie Cameron, Blue Trust: The Author, The Lawyer, HisWife, And Her Money, 1998

[5] Robert Greenfield, Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hellwith the Rolling Stones, 2008.

[6] Kucera, Danielle. “Facebook Co-Founder Saverin GivesUp U.S. Citizenship Before IPO”. Bloomberg News. Re-trieved 2 November 2012.

[7] Drawbaugh, Kevin (May 17, 2012). “Facebook’s Saverinfires back at tax-dodge critics”. Reuters. Retrieved 2November 2012.

[8] Mills, Andrew (2009-06-23). “Iraq Appeals Anew to Ex-iled Academics to Return Home”. Reuters via chroni-cle.com. Retrieved 2011-04-17.

[9] Rocker, Simon (2011-03-10). “Libyan exile plan for UK’sfrozen assets”. The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-04-17.

[10] Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20). “For Exiled Nuns, It’s TooLate : Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslo-vakia’s sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution.Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolu-tion”. articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-17.

[11] See Odessa

[12] Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy ofHadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254.

[13] Watt (1956), Muhammad at Medina, p. 209.

[14] Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)

[15] Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community,State University of New York Press, p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442, TheMessenger of God remained inMedinaafter the expedition against the Banu al-Nadir for the twomonths of Rabi' and part of the month of Jumada (fromAugust 1 1 to late October, 625)

[16] Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 189. (online)

[17] Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, StateUniversity of New York Press, p. xxxv, ISBN 978-0887063442, The main underlying reason for the expul-sion of the clan of al-Nadir was the same as in the case ofQuaynuqa, namely, that Jewish criticisms endangered theordinary Muslim’s belief in Muhammad’s prophethoodand in the Quran as revelation from God.

6 External links• Without a Country Varied experiences of Americanand British exiles in the 20th century.

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7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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