Operant Conditioning Make sure you can identify these:
Reinforcement, Punishment Positive, Negative
Slide 5
Reinforcement or Punishment?? Ask yourself 1) What is the
behavior being reinforced or punished? 2) Is the behavior being
increased or decreased? Increased = Reinforcement Decreased =
Punishment 3) What is the reinforcement or punishment? 4) Are we
adding it or taking it away? Adding = Positive Taking away =
Negative
Slide 6
Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 1) What
is the behavior being reinforced or punished? Brushing teeth!
Slide 7
Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 2) Is
the behavior being increased or decreased? Increased =
Reinforcement Decreased = Punishment Increased!
(Reinforcement)
Slide 8
Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 3) What
is the reinforcement or punishment? Sticker!
Slide 9
Giving a child a sticker for brushing his or her teeth 3) Are
we adding it or taking away? Adding = Positive Taking away =
Negative Adding! (Positive) Positive Reinforcement
Slide 10
One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in
response to a critical comment 1) What is the behavior being
reinforced or punished? Making critical comments
Slide 11
One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in
response to a critical comment 2) Is the behavior being increased
or decreased? Increased = Reinforcement Decreased = Punishment
Decreased! (Punishment)
Slide 12
One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in
response to a critical comment 3) What is the reinforcement or
punishment? Talking with partner
Slide 13
One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in
response to a critical comment 3) Are we adding it or taking away?
Adding = Positive Taking away = Negative Taking it away! (Negative)
Negative Punishment
Sensation & Perception Sensation: the passive process by
which stimuli are received by the sensory systems Perception: the
active process by which the brain interprets the sensory
information Properties: 8 different senses vision, hearing, taste,
smell, touch, temperature, pain, balance
Slide 16
Sensation Receptors Types of receptor cells for transduction
Photoreceptor sensitive to photons Vision Chemoreceptor sensitive
to molecules Smell Taste Mechanoreceptor sensitive to pressure
Touch Hearing Balance Thermoreceptors sensitive to heat Temperature
Nociceptors sensitive to painful stimuli Pain (fast &
slow)
Slide 17
Sensation & Perception Sensory Receptor s The World
Transduction: sensations neural impulses Interpretation Conscious
Perception
Slide 18
Vision: The ability to perceive a very limited spectrum of one
form of electromagnetic energy Fovea: Center of visual field Pupil:
hole in middle of iris Neurons in Retina: Cones Day vision
Sensitive to wavelength, color Rods Night vision Sensitive to
amplitude, brightness Detecting motion
Slide 19
Perception Requires experience in the world Depth Perception
Binocular cues Retinal disparity eyes are set apart Convergence
inward turn when viewing a near object Perceptual organization:
Gestalt psychologists Figure-ground discrimination Grouping Close
objects/similar objects together/fill in missing pieces Context:
Prior expectations strongly influence perceptions
Slide 20
Sleep: You Need it to Live! Sleep deprivation in rats: died
after ~4 weeks In humans: Sleep reduction study Subjects slept 2 or
5 hours per night Noticeable cognitive impairments within 1 st week
Results: Sleep Deprivation is bad! After 2 weeks, compared to being
legally drunk Circadian Rhythms ~24 hours(ish) independent of
day/night cues Artificial light, shift work & jet lag disrupts
rhythms Suprachiasmatic nucleus as biological timekeeper
Slide 21
Sleep: How is it Measured? EEG: Measures brains electrical
activity (Frequency & Amplitude) 4 stages of sleep(+REM), with
a transition of sleep steps
Slide 22
REM Sleep REM EEG resembles awake, increase in heart rate,
respiration Rapid eye movements Vivid dreams Duration: 10-40
minutes Paralysis of voluntary muscles VERY difficult to wake up
Also known as Paradoxical sleep
Slide 23
Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders to Review Insomnia Chronic
inability to get sufficient sleep Narcolepsy Irresistible sleep
attacks during the day Sleep apnea Cessation of breathing while
sleeping SIDS Infant ceases breathing and dies in night- cause
unknown Sleep walking/talking etc Stages 3 and 4 Night terrors
Stage 4 sleep REM-Behavior Disorder No paralysis
Slide 24
Simpsons & Night Terrors
Slide 25
Dreams Freuds Theory of dreams Remember theory of personality:
Id, Ego and Superego Hobsons Theory of dreams Brain activates
itself via the: Reticular Activating System
Slide 26
Learning Classical Conditioning: a neutral stimulus, through
association, takes on some of the psychological properties of a
second stimulus UCS, UCR, CS, CR Food (UCS) Slobber (UCR) Bell or
light (CS) & food (UCS) Slobber (UCR) Eventually bell (CS)
Slobber (CR) Acquisition Extinction Generalization
Discrimination
Slide 27
Learning Operant Conditioning: learning occurs as a result of
the consequences of behavior Reinforcement: any consequence that
makes prior behavior more likely to occur Positive and negative
Schedules Continuous Partial (pg. 278-79) Interval, ratio
Punishment: any consequence that makes prior behavior less likely
to occur
Slide 28
Learning Long Term Potentiation: a long lasting enhancement in
signal transmission between two neurons Improves the postsynaptic
cells sensitivity to signals received from the presynaptic
cell
Slide 29
Language Human Language: 1. Compositional A. Phonemes- units of
sound (English- 45) Ex. K ae t = cat B. words- units of meaning C.
sentences- units of structure 2. Three-level system Sounds
(phonemes, words) sentences meaning Syntax: rules that govern how
words can be combined to form sentences 3. infinite # of possible
sentences Results from RECURSIVE nature of syntactic rules
Slide 30
Language Language Acquisition and stages of development
Babbling (5-12 mths) Non-syllabic babbling (5-7 mths)- baby begins
to play with sounds clicks, hums, smacks Syllabic babbling (7-8
mths)- baby begins to produce real syllables deedeedee babababa
Gibberish babbling (8-12 mths)- baby mixes syllables, really cute
speech results da-dee One-word utterance stage (12-18 mths)
Initially, the child learns about 50 important words Food: juice,
cookie Body parts: eye nose Toys: doll, block People: mama, dada,
baby Action words: up, down, eat, go Modifiers: hot, allgone, more,
dirty Social interaction: hi, bye-bye, yes, no
Slide 31
Language Language Acquisition and stages of development,
continued Two-word state (18-24 mths) Learning 10-20 words/day
Words in mostly correct order Grammatical competence (24+ mths)
Explosion of linguistic competence Rule overgeneralization
Slide 32
Language Washoe signing chimp Kanzi bonobo understanding
English How is their language learning different from ours? They
are limited in their ability to produce creative sentences
Slide 33
Language Aphasia acquired problem in producing and/or
comprehending speech Brocas aphasia: Non-fluent speech halted, very
difficult to produce Comprehension (of both listening and
producing) okay Can curse, repeat memorized rhymes cant use
language creatively Wernickes aphasia: Fluent speech, but does not
make sense Problems comprehending language both what others are
saying and in their own responses Not always aware of their
problems