Evolution questions IB

7/24/2019 Evolution questions IB

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/evolution-questions-ib 1/21

1. The mosquito (Wyeomyia smithii) uses daylength as a guide to either continue development of

its larvae or to begin hibernation. This response to daylength is genetically controlled. Longer

daylengths maintain development whereas shorter daylengths induce hibernation. In the

northern regions of the northern hemisphere, even though daylengths are longer, winter arrives

earlier than in regions closer to the equator. The following data is from an experiment to

determine if W. smithii has adapted to later onsets of winter as a consequence of global

warming. In !"# and !!$, larvae were collected at various locations in the %nited &tates atlatitudes '*+ orth. The larvae were examined to determine what daylength induced

hibernation. -ach circle on the following graph represents one larval population.

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[Source: Bradshaw and Holzapfel, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, (2001),98 (25), pages 14509 *3

(a) u!l"ne !he rela!"onsh"p #e!ween da$leng!h and la!"!ude for !he lar%al popula!"ons"n 19&2'

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(1)

(#) opare !he da!a of 19&2 w"!h 199*'

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(2)

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(c) +pla"n how !he da!a "llus!ra!es an e%olu!"onar$ response !o a longer grow"ngseason due !o a la!er onse! of w"n!er'

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(2)(Total 5 marks)

2. -esearchers carr"ed ou! a s!ud$ on .&*0 ch"ldren #orn "n a /ondon hosp"!al o%er aper"od of 12 $ears' a!a was collec!ed on !he ch"ldrens4 mass at birth and their mortality

rate. The purpose of the study was to determine how natural selection acts on mass at birth. The

chart shows the frequency of babies of each mass at birth. The line superimposed on the bar

chart indicates the percentage mortality rate (the children that did not survive for more than

wee5s).

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[Source: H owderswell, (194) Evolution, A Modern Synthesis, He"neann +duca!"onal Boo3s, page 101

(a) den!"f$ !he ode %alue for ass a! #"r!h'

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(1)

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(#) den!"f$ !he op!"u ass a! #"r!h for sur%"%al'

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(1)

(c) u!l"ne !he rela!"onsh"p #e!ween ass a! #"r!h and or!al"!$'

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(2)

(d) +pla"n how !h"s da!a suppor!s na!ural selec!"on'

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(2)

(e) Sugges! one en%"ronen!al fac!or !ha! could cause a low ass a! #"r!h'

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(1)(Total 7 marks)



3. 6olecular and rad"oac!"%e da!"ng of foss"ls are used !o de!er"ne !he ph$logen$ oforgan"ss' 7ur!les are organ"ss w"!h a long e%olu!"onar$ h"s!or$, a3"ng !he an"deal group !o s!ud$' Below "s a ph$logen$ of soe !ur!le genera de%eloped us"ng #o!hfoss"l and olecular da!"ng'

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S t e r n o t h e r u s

P l a t y s t e r n o n

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[Source: 7hoas 8' ear, e!er ;' 6e$lan, and H' Bradle$ Shaffer, @<ssessing =oncordance of 8ossil =alibration 1oints in

7olecular =loc5 &tudiesA <n -xample %sing Turtles4, The <merican aturalist (8eb #*), vol. $*, issue #, pp. '"$.

=opyright B #6. %niversity of =hicago 1ress.3

(a) den!"f$ !he oldes! !ur!le genus'

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(1)

(#) opare !he ph$logen$ of !helonia w"!h "ra#temys'

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(c) "scuss wh"ch !ur!le genera are os! closel$ rela!ed'

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(3)(Total 6 marks)

4. ;#ou! 2'5 "ll"on $ears ago, fall"ng sea le%els resul!ed "n !he <o"n"ng !oge!her of or!h ;er"ca and Sou!h ;er"ca !hrough a narrow land #r"dge, !he "s!hus of anaa'7h"s e%en! allowed !wo=wa$ !raff"c of land aals #e!ween !he forerl$ "sola!edcon!"nen!s' ; red"s!r"#u!"on of fa"l"es and genera (plural for for genus) occurred' 7hefollow"ng graphs show !he !o!al nu#er of 3nown na!"%e and ""gran! fa"l"es andgenera "n Sou!h ;er"ca o%er a !"e span rang"ng fro 9 "ll"on $ears ago !o !hepresen!'

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[Source: 6arshall, Science (192), 215, pages 1.51 '*"3

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(a) opare !he changes "n !he nu#er of Sou!h ;er"can na!"%e fa"l"es and !henu#er of or!h ;er"can ""gran! fa"l"es "n !he 1 "ll"on $ears af!er !hefora!"on of !he land #r"dge'

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(2)

(#) Sugges! a reason for !he decl"ne "n !he nu#er of Sou!h ;er"can na!"%e fa"l"es

and !he nu#er of or!h ;er"can ""gran! fa"l"es w"!h"n !he las! 1'5 "ll"on$ears'

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(1)

(c) >s"ng !he da!a fro 9 "ll"on $ears ago and !he presen!, calcula!e !he percen!age"ncrease "n !he !o!al nu#er of genera found "n Sou!h ;er"ca'

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(d) "scuss wh$ !he percen!age "ncrease "n genera "s uch grea!er !han !heapparen! percen!age "ncrease "n fa"l"es'

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(e) S!a!e a for of e%"dence on wh"ch !he da!a "n !he graphs "s #ased'

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(1)(Total 7 marks)

5. onser%a!"on"s!s no!"ced !ha! !he nu#er of red s?u"rrels (Sciurus vulgaris) "n aleswas decl"n"ng, and !he nu#er of a newl$ "n!roduced spec"es, !he or!h ;er"can gre$s?u"rrel (Sciurus carolinensis), was "ncreas"ng' n 199, a pro<ec! was s!ar!ed !o reduce!he nu#er of gre$ s?u"rrels "n 244 hec!ares of woodland "n ales' 7he graph #elowshows !he nu#er of gre$ s?u"rrels "n 199 and !he nu#er of red s?u"rrels "n 1999,

2000 and 2002' 7he da!a was collec!ed a! e"gh! d"fferen! s"!es (; C).

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[Source: ra"g Shu!!lewor!h, (200.), *iologist , 50, (5), page 2.1, © Institute of Biologists

(a) den!"f$ !he $ear "n wh"ch !he grea!es! nu#er of red s?u"rrels was found "n s"!e +'

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(1)

(#) S!a!e !he nu#er of s"!es !ha! had a grea!er dens"!$ of red s?u"rrels "n 2002copared w"!h !he dens"!$ of gre$ s?u"rrels "n 199'

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1+



(c) "scuss !he h$po!hes"s !ha! decreas"ng !he dens"!$ of gre$ s?u"rrels af!er 1999led !o an "ncrease "n !he dens"!$ of red s?u"rrels "n !he follow"ng $ears'

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(d) u!l"ne !he rela!"onsh"p #e!ween gre$ s?u"rrels and red s?u"rrels assu"ng !ha!!he$ occup$ !he sae n"che'

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(3)(Total 8 marks)

6. 7he echan"ss of spec"a!"on "n ferns ha%e #een s!ud"ed "n !epera!e and !rop"calha#"!a!s' ne group of !hree spec"es fro !he genus Poly#odium l"%es "n roc3$ areas "n!epera!e fores!s "n or!h ;er"ca' 6e#ers of !h"s group ha%e s""lar orpholog$(for and s!ruc!ure)' ;no!her group of four spec"es fro !he genus Pleo#eltis l"%e a!d"fferen! al!"!udes "n !rop"cal oun!a"ns "n 6e"co and en!ral ;er"ca' 6e#ers of !h"sgroup are orpholog"call$ d"s!"nc!'

a!a fro !he d"fferen! spec"es w"!h"n each group was copared "n order !o s!ud$ !he

echan"ss of spec"a!"on'

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@ene!"c "den!"!$ was de!er"ned #$ copar"ng !he s""lar"!"es of cer!a"n pro!e"ns andgenes "n each spec"es' Aalues #e!ween 0 and 1 were ass"gned !o pa"rs of spec"es !o"nd"ca!e !he degree of s""lar"!$ "n gene!"c "den!"!$' ; %alue of 1 would ean !ha! all !hegene!"c fac!ors s!ud"ed were "den!"cal #e!ween !he spec"es #e"ng copared'

[Source: Haufler, + Hooper and 8 7herr"en, (2000), Plant S#ecies *iology , 15, pages 22. #'$3

(a) opare !he geograph"c d"s!r"#u!"ons of !he !wo groups'

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(1)

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(#) (") den!"f$, g"%"ng a reason, wh"ch group, Poly#odium or Pleo#eltis, "s os!gene!"call$ d"%erse'

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("") den!"f$ !he two spec"es !ha! are os! s""lar gene!"call$'

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(c) Sugges! how !he process of spec"a!"on could ha%e occurred "n Poly#odium'

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(1)

(d) +pla"n wh"ch of !he !wo groups has os! pro#a#l$ #een gene!"call$ "sola!ed for!he longes! per"od of !"e'

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(2)(Total 6 marks)

13



7. 6ar"ne "guanas ( Amlyrhynchus cristatus) are found on !he @alapagos "slands of@eno%esa and San!a e' 6ar"ne "guanas are un"?ue aong l"zards "n !ha! !he$ feed onalgae "n !he "n!er!"dal zone' Be!ween feed"ng !he$ l"e "n !he sun !o war !hesel%es'6ale "guanas es!a#l"sh !err"!or"es on !he roc3s where feales l"e' 6ales pro%"de noparen!al care of offspr"ng wh"le feales guard !he nes! for a few da$s' eales a!e

once and use up 20C of !he"r #od$ ass "n reproduc!"on, wh"le ales !r$ !o a!e ore!han once and do no! use up uch of !he"r #od$ ass'

7he graphs #elow show !he leng!hs of ales and feales on !he !wo d"fferen! "slands,saple s"ze () "s "nd"ca!ed for each graph'

[Source: reean and Herron, Evolutionary Analysis, (2000), 2nd ed"!"on, page 29*

14



(a) (") S!a!e !he os! fre?uen! range of #od$ s"zes of ales on San!a e andales on @eno%esa'

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(1)

("") Sugges! one reason for !he d"fference "n s"ze #e!ween ale ar"ne"guanas on San!a e and @eno%esa'

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(1)

(#) opare !he #od$ s"ze of ales and feales'

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(2)

(c) +pla"n, us"ng !he !heor$ of na!ural selec!"on, !he s"gn"f"cance of s"ze "n alesand feales'

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(2)(Total 6 marks)

1$



8. opar"son of aal"an #ra"n areas has of!en focused on !he d"fferences "na#solu!e s"ze' Howe%er, "n an eper"en!, sc"en!"s!s copared !he s"zes of 11 d"fferen!#ra"n areas rela!"%e !o !he !o!al #ra"n s"ze for %ar"ous pr"a!e spec"es' ; cereroty#e was !hen def"ned for each spec"es, wh"ch reflec!ed !he rela!"%e s"zes of d"fferen! #ra"nareas' 7he d"agra #elow shows !he clus!er"ng of cere#ro!$pes w"!h"n pr"a!es'

L e m u r s / L o r i s e s D r e a t a p e s

P o n g o G o r i l l a

H o m o

P a n

, e w F o r l d 7 o n 5 e y s > l d F o r l d 7 o n 5 e y s

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c e r e b r o t y p e s / a r b i t a r y u n i t s

[Source: aon ; lar3 et al-, Nature (2001), 411, pages 19 !'3

7he rela!"onsh"p aong ho"no"ds was cons!ruc!ed us"ng !he cere#ro!$pe da!a and "sshown #elow' 7he e%olu!"onar$ !rees der"%ed fro ; se?uence and #one and !oo!hs!ruc!ure (orpholog$) are also shown'

> r a n g u t a n ( )

D o r i l l a

= h i m p a n G e e ( )

C u m a n ( )

P o n g o

P a n

H o m o

> r a n g u t a n ( )

D o r i l l a

= h i m p a n G e e ( )

C u m a n ( )

P o n g o

P a n

H o m o

> r a n g u t a n ( )

D o r i l l a

= h i m p a n G e e ( )

C u m a n ( )

P o n g o

P a n

H o m o

C e r e b r o t y p e D N A M o r p h o l o g y

(a) educe, us"ng !he clus!er d"agra, wh"ch group of pr"a!es "s !he leas! rela!ed !o!he @rea! apes'

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(1)

1%



(#) opare !he cere#ro!$pes of !he ew orld on3e$s and !he ld orldon3e$s'

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(2)

(c) +pla"n, us"ng !he da!a, wh"ch e%olu!"onar$ !ree !he cere#ro!$pes suppor!'

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(2)

(d) n order !o #u"ld !he orpholog$ !ree, soe of !he foss"l"zed #ones and !ee!h had!o #e da!ed' u!l"ne a e!hod for such da!"ng'

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(2)(Total 7 marks)

1'



9. 7he e%olu!"on of groups of l"%"ng organ"ss can #e s!ud"ed #$ copar"ng !he #asese?uences of !he"r ;' f a spec"es #ecoes separa!ed "n!o !wo groups, d"fferences"n #ase se?uence #e!ween !he !wo spec"es accuula!e graduall$ o%er long per"ods of!"e' 7he nu#er of d"fferences can #e used as an e%olu!"onar$ cloc3'

Saples of ; were recen!l$ o#!a"ned fro foss"l #ones of a eander!hal (.omoneanderthalensis)' ; sec!"on of !he ; fro !he "!ochondr"on was chosen for s!ud$,as "! shows a h"gh le%el of %ar"a!"on "n #ase se?uence #e!ween d"fferen! "nd"%"duals' ;sec!"on of !he eander!hal "!ochondr"al ; was se?uenced and copared w"!hse?uences fro 994 huans and 1* ch"panzees' 7he #ar char! #elow shows howan$ #ase se?uence d"fferences were found aong huans, #e!ween !he huansand !he eander!hal and #e!ween huans and ch"panzees'

# *

#

*

*

C u m a n H C u m a n

C u m a n H , e a n d e r t h a l

C u m a n H = h i m p

8 r e q u e n c y o f n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n c e s / 9

, u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n b a s e s e q u e n c e

* * # # * ' ' * * * * * $ $ *

[Source: Dr"ngs, et al ', !ell, 199&, 90, pages 19 '3

(a) 7he nu#er of d"fferences "n #ase se?uence #e!ween pa"rs of huans %ar"edfro 1 !o 24' S!a!e !he nu#er of d"fferences shown #$ !he h"ghes! percen!age of pa"rs of huans'

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(1)

2+



(#) Huans and eander!hals are #o!h class"f"ed "n !he genus .omo andch"panzees are class"f"ed "n !he genus Pan' "scuss whe!her !h"s class"f"ca!"on"s suppor!ed #$ !he da!a "n !he #ar char!'

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(3)

a!a sugges!s !ha! huans and eander!hals d"%erged 550 000 !o &00 000 $ears ago'

(c) f a saple of "!ochondr"al ; was o#!a"ned fro a foss"l #one of Australo#ithecus, pred"c!, w"!h a reason, how an$ #ase se?uence d"fferences

!here would #e #e!ween "! and huan ;'

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(Total 6 marks)

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