76
IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

IB BiologyOption D

D3 Human Evolution

IB BiologyOption D

D3 Human Evolution

1

Page 2: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.

• _____ is a naturally occurring isotope of carbon with a half life of ________ years.

• Constantly being made in the atmosphere when cosmic rays cause ________ to fuse with _________ nuclei and “kick out” protons

2

Page 3: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.

• 14C production is in equilibrium with its decay to ____

• The 14C is incorporated in _____________ which is then taken up by _____. In the end all living things have the same ratio of 14C to 12C

• When an organism dies it no longer takes in 14C. So over time the ratio of ____________ changes. This is measurable and can be used to estimate age.

• The limit for accurate determination of age is about ____________

3

Page 4: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• ____ is an isotope with a half life of ____________

• 40K decays to ____.

• When 40K is released from a volcano in _____, all of the argon gas is driven off. So brand new rocks effectively have a ratio 40K: 40Ar of _______

• Over time the lava may be weathered and eroded and incorporated into _____________________.

• The measured ratio of _________ can be used to date rocks ________________ years old with an accuracy of around __________ years

D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.

4

Page 5: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.

When to use which isotope?

•____________- K-40- For older samples, over 100,000 years old

•____________- C-14/C-13/C-12- For young samples, from 1000 to 100,000 years old- _____ C14 recent death; ______ C14, old!

5

Page 6: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.2 Define half-life. Half-life = ______________________________________ _______________________________________

What is the half life for each of the isotopes represented by these curves? 6

Page 7: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

____________ ______

______

D.3.2 Define half-life.

7

Page 8: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.

human

gibbongorilla

Grasping ______________ limbs

8

Page 9: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

________Vision

D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.

9

Page 10: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

_________________leading to reduced olfaction

vs.

Squirrel

Doggie

Monkey

Human

D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.

Monkey

10

Page 11: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Generalized

_________

Human

Baboon

Gorilla

Moo Cown

D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.

11

Page 12: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Others:• Forelimbs able to ____________• ____________ allows wide range of arm movement (re. the above two points: if you have a gentle and patient pet dog, give it a rub on the tummy and then move it’s forelegs, they really only move in one plane)• ___________ reproduction

- long ____________- usually ______ offspring at a time

• _____________ – relative to body size• _____________ – more complex, more folds• Better _____________ – more of the photoreceptors have their own sensory neurons• ___________ dependency

D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.

12

Page 13: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• Modern primates are divided into two subgroups:1. Prosimii ( - meaning “

“): includes

Page 14: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• Modern primates are divided into two subgroups:

2.Anthropoidea ( ): includes

• Anthropoid primates arose at least 45 million years ago in Africa or Asia.

• Anthropoids have

.• Monkeys differ from apes by having

Page 15: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1
Page 16: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

New World Old World

• Monkeys are divided into two groups:1. Monkeys

o Found in Central and South Americao o Some have (

)

Page 17: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

New World Old World

2. monkeyso Found in tropical parts of Africa and Asia:o Most are arboreal though

(these are quadrupedal – walk on all fours)

o None have o

Page 18: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• Old World monkeys shared a common ancestor with the , group consisting of (

)• In addition to monkeys, the anthropoid suborder also includes

four genera of apes: Hylobates (gibbons), Pongo (orangutans), Gorilla (gorillas), and Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos)

Page 19: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• Modern apes ( ) are our

• Humans and have a common ape-like ancestor and share very similar DNA ( )

• Locomotion:o (gibbons and orangutans)

– movement through

o (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas) – have adapted to life on the ground – quadrupedal walking in which they fold their digits when moving

oBrachiation, Knuckle-walking, and the absence of a tail are thought to have been a preadaptation to bipedalism (walking on two legs)

Page 20: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

approximate dates

distribution

Ardipithecus ramidus

5.8 mya – 4.4 mya

____________; similar to _____________

Australopithecus:

A. afarensis 4 mya – 2.5 mya

_________________; “Lucy”

A. africanus 3 mya - <2.5 mya

__________________

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

20

Page 21: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of:

Homo:

H. habilis 2.4 mya – 1.6 mya

Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), Kenya, Ethiopia, South Africa; simple _____________, fire, ______-dwelling

H. erectus 1.8 mya – 100,000 ya

________, India, ________, Indonesia, Africa

H. neandertha-lensis

200,000 – 30,000 ya

Europe, Western Asia; ____________ than modern human!

H. sapiens 140,000 – 70,000 ya

Africa, Europe, Asia; ______________; tool technology/weapons

21

Page 22: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Ardipithecus ramidus• 5.8 – 4.4 Mya• Distribution: Ethiopia• Believed to be

• Most fossils of this species are teeth so it is difficult to be sure about physical features

• Probably similar to chimpanzees but canines were more hominid-like

• Possible

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/85209423.html

View fossils (Ardi revealed tab): http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/ardipithecus/handbook2/handbook2.html

Page 23: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Australopithecus afarensis

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

• 3.9 – 2.9 Mya• Climate changing. Antarctic

advance 5 Mya• Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania • Cranial capacity: • Height: 1.07m

23

Page 24: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Australopithecus afarensis

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

• (footprints 3.6 Mya old) /climber

• dental arcade but reduced canines

• Arboreal / terrestrial • Famous fossil “ ” was found in Ethiopia

in 1974 – about 40% complete fossil• A. afarensis possibly gave rise to both

Australopithecus africanus and other australopithecines

24

Page 25: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Australopithecus africanus(Southern Ape of Africa)

• 3 – 2.25 Ma• ___________ of climate reduced rainfall• Further advance of _______________ 2.4 mya • Development of scrubland and savannah• ____________ cover retreats

25

Page 26: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Australopithecus africanus(Southern Ape of Africa)

• Distribution: Southern and Eastern Africa• Cranial capacity: _______ cm3 (Chimp = 400cm3)• __________• 20 – 35 kg• _________ skull• _________ dental arcade• Longevity: __ years maximum• __________ of bone marrow/ brain cases

26

Page 27: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo habilis - the handy man

• 2.4 -1.4 Mya • E. Africa• ; 1st hominid to have enough features to be placed in genus Homo• significant part of the diet• Cranial capacity: 600 – 800 cm3 (larger brain)• Height: 1.20 – 1.35m (small)• Simple fashioned tools –

27

Page 28: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo erectus – the upright man• 1.8 to 0.5 Mya• 0.9 Ma beginning of the Pleistocene __________• Oscillations between ______ and ______ periods• Spread out of Africa (1.6Ma) throughout the

old world • are

examples of Asian H. erectus dated at 200,000 years ago

• Scavenging to ________• Use of a _____________

28

Page 29: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo erectus – the upright man• Cranial capacity: ____________cm3

(H. sapiens = 1350 cm3)• Use of _______• Height 1.55 to 1.8m• Extended ____________• 1st molar at ___ years old (H. sapiens = 5.9y)• Greater ___________ 52 years• Speech? (______ says: yes; ________ says: no)• Improved tools: ____________

29

Page 30: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo erectus

•H. erectus used more advanced tools (Archeulian tools), wore clothes, used fire, lived in caves or shelters, and hunted and scavenged for food

Page 31: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo erectus – the upright man• H. erectus fossils may actually represent two

species – • Some researchers suggest that H. ergaster was

an earlier African species, and H. erectus was a later eastern Asian offshoot

• These researchers believe that H. ergaster led to modern humans and H. erectus became an evolutionary dead end

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS31

Page 32: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo neanderthalensis (our distant cousins?!)

• 200 000 to 28 000 years ago• Europe, Middle East, into Central Asia • First discovered in • Evolved from __________ populations perhaps via

_______________________, then became extinct• Adapted to the ________ conditions of temperate zone• ____________may have warmed cold air

32

Page 33: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• Cranial capacity: _____ cm3 (H. sapiens = 1350 cm3)

• ___________, long low skull• Height: 1.67m• _________ build• Improved sophisticated tools• Sometimes _______________• Made simple _____________• The existence of skeletons of the

demonstrates that they – indication of

Homo neanderthalensis (our distant cousins?!)

33

Page 34: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo neanderthalensis(our distant cousins?!)

• Much debate exists about whether the Neanderthals are a

.• Many researchers believe that

between Neanderthals and modern humans indicate that

– Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapien

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS34

Page 35: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo neanderthalensis(our distant cousins?!)

• Disappearance of Neanderthals about 30,000 ya is not well understood

• Humans with more modern features coexisted with Neanderthals for tens of thousands of years

• Neanderthals may have interbred with modern humans, diluting their features beyond recognition– However, analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthal

bones seems to indicate that they were an evolutionary dead end

– Possible that more modern humans out competed them

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS35

Page 36: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo sapiens – Modern Human• From 200,000 years ago to present• Originating in _____________then went worldwide • Reached Europe about __________ years ago• _________ of the climate during the last glacial period

from about 50 000ya led to their predominance over other species (e.g. H. neanderthalensis)

• ____________• _________ environment• ________________ of species, farming

36

Page 37: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo sapiens – Modern Human• Cranial capacity: _______ cm3

(range 1000 to 2000 cm3) • _____ of the body’s energy consumption for _____

of body mass• __________• __________• Extensive tool kit including new materials (bone,

ivory, antler)• ____________ thought• 1st molar tooth ___ years old• Longevity ___ years

37

Page 38: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• Cro-Magnon culture in France and Spain typifies the early H. sapiens

– and made of materials other than stone (bone, ivory, wood)

– Developed

– sophisticated tools and art indicate that they

Homo sapiens – Modern Human

Page 39: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

**Skulls not to scale

Identify and label the following hominid skulls:

39

Page 40: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Australopithecine Gorilla Homo erectus

Neanderthal Modern human

40

Page 41: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

From the previous two slides you can see: •_______________ of the brain case•_______________ of the face•loss of _______________

You can’t really see it but the hole in the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord exits the brain (____________________) is further forward in modern humans. This distributes the weight of the head over the spine so that modern humans do not need huge necks muscles.

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

41

Page 42: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1
Page 43: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

43

Page 44: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Homo sapiens

Pan troglodytes(chimpanzee)

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

44

Page 45: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

The jaw has developed from a ___ into a ___ shape. Teeth have generally ___________ in size. (Chimpanzee provided for comparison)

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

45

Page 46: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Human hands are adapted for ___________ and fine manipulation. In contrast gorillas have short fingers for _________________ and gibbons have elongated fingers and reduced thumbs for ________________.

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

46

Page 47: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Skeleton, locomotion and posture• Human knees aligned under the body’s ___________ __________ because femurs are angled __________.• Human legs _____________________ when walking.• Human spine has additional ________ to keep centres of mass of head and trunk aligned for bipedalism.• Big toe ______________ in humans, which allows for an arched foot.• Ratio legs:arms __________ for humans than other apes• Human pelvis ____________

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

47

Page 48: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

_________, also called juvenilization or pedomorphism, is the retention, by adults in a species, of traits previously seen only in juveniles.

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

48

Page 49: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Some human characteristics thought to be a result of Neoteny:

•Lack of body hair•Small teeth and reduced numbers of teeth•Prolonged growth period•Long life span•Flat face and thin skull bones

D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.

• Lactase production in adults• Epicanthic eye fold• Small nose• Longer trunk relative to arms and legs

49

Page 50: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.

• Doesn’t necessarily mean they lived together/near each other...just means _______________________________

• A. afarensis & A. africanus~ 3mya

• A. africanus & H. habilis~2mya

• H. neanderthalensis, H. erectus, and H. sapiens~100,000 yrs ago

50

Page 51: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Did these species interact?• Very few Australopithecines,

for a million years so there was time for chance encounters

• There is evidence that (according to

IB!)• World population was only in the tens of thousands

and

Page 52: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

1960 Up the ladder • The idea that one species

smoothly evolves from one into another is regarded today as an ___________________

• Unfortunately it is a very persistent view that continually resurfaces in cartoons

Public Domain Images

D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.

Australopithecus

Homo erectus

Homo sapiens

52

Page 53: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

1970 Branching out• The 1960s and 1970s

were a fertile period for _____________ in Africa

• The idea developed that ______________ __________________existed at the same time developed

Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Homo habilis

Australopithecus africanus

A. robustus

A. boisei

Australopithecus afarensis “Lucy”

Added 1974

D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.

53

Page 54: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

1991 Changing statusAs more specimens were found a clearer idea developed of the relationships between them

Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Homo habilis

A. africanusA. robustus

A. boisei

Australopithecus afarensis

D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.

54

Page 55: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

2001 From a tree to a bush

?

?

?

1 Ma

2 Ma

3 Ma

4 Ma

Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Homo habilis

A. africanus

P. robustusParanthropus boisei

Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus anemensis

Ardipithecus ramidus

P. aethiopicus

Homo rudolfensis

H. ergaster

H. heidelbergensis

Homo neanderthalensis

A. garhi?

??

D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.

55

Page 56: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

2003 DEEPER ROOTS

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

1 Ma

2 Ma

3 Ma

4 Ma

5 Ma

6 Ma

7 Ma

Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Homo habilis

A. africanus

Paranthropus robustusParanthropus.

boisei

Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus anemensis

Ardipithecus ramidus

P. aethiopicus

Homo rudolfensis

H. ergaster

H. heidelbergensis

Homo neanderthalensis

A. garhi

Orrorin tugensis

Gorilla gorilla

Sahelanthropus tchadensis“Toumai”

Pan trogolodites

56

Page 57: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.7 Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties about human evolution.

Reasons for the incompleteness of the fossil record: • fossils only form when buried under sediment before

_________________ occurs; • animal bodies are usually eaten by _______________,

decomposed by _________, or broken down chemically • of remains fossilized, most remain buried in

__________ / remain unfound; • Measurements imprecise b/c _________________ of

organisms at death (juvenile adult)

57

Page 58: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.7 Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties about human evolution.

Reasons for the incompleteness of the fossil record: • hominid fossils that have been found may or may not

be ____________________ of hominid history; • hominid fossils that have been found are usually

_________, and the remainder of the organism must be __________/ inferences may or may not be correct;

• only _____________of individuals fossilize, leaving many questions concerning the rest of the individual’s phenotype

58

Page 59: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Two opposing hypotheses exist about the origin of modern humans:

1. “ ” hypothesis – states that to

Europe and Asia, displacing the more primitive humans living there

Page 60: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

2. “ ” hypothesis – states the

– each population evolved in its own distinctive way but occasionally met and interbred with other populations, thereby preventing complete reproductive isolation

Page 61: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

The large gaps in the human evolution fossil record are consistent with __________________________________

The following four slides show how the gaps are filled over time with new discoveries. The graphs plot cranial size against the age of the fossil.

D.3.7 Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties about human evolution.

61

Page 62: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

1850 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil

62

Page 63: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

1900 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil

63

Page 64: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

1950 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil

64

Page 65: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

2002 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil

65

Page 66: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.

The benefits of a bigger brain include:•More ___________________•Mastery of ______

• Cooking• Wamth• Protection

•Greater_____________________ (less reliance on instinct and better able to learn and pass on knowledge necessary to adapt to an environment)

66

Page 67: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

The cost of having a big brain:•___________ gestation period•Years of development before young can __________________•Much more _________________ occurs post birth than for any other animal

D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.

67

Page 68: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

In summary:

• Big brains are _______________________. The mother must take in lots of energy not only during pregnancy, but for a significant time after.

• Hominids needed to increase their __________________.

D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.

68

Page 69: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

The solution to this energy crisis was to swap a diet of these:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/heydrienne/22080973/

D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.

69

Page 70: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

For some chunks of this:

The increase in brain size observed in hominid fossils has been closely correlated with an ____________________________________

A bigger brain made ________ and _______ easier

D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.

70

Page 71: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.

Genetic evolution refers to the genetic changes that have occurred during the evolution of hominids. e.g. increased brain size, spine shape, position of knee

Cultural evolution is the changing of ideas held and actions carried out by societies and the transmission of these ideas through social learning from one generation to the next.e.g. the use of fire, agriculture, tools, weapons, religion, beliefs

71

Page 72: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.

• Genetic (e.g. increased brain size, spine shape, position of knee) __________, parent to child only Body ______________ # ______________ ________________

• Cultural (e.g. the use of fire, agriculture, tools, weapons, religion, beliefs) ______________________, passed on to many in the

group/family, generation to generation ___________, Art Customs/rituals _____________ 72

Page 73: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

ComparisonGENETIC CULTURAL

The product of ____________________

The product of _________. the transmission of _________ behaviour characteristics

_____________ ___________

_____, not modified during the organism’s life time

_______ during the life time

Passed on through ___________ information

Passed on to ___ (family), social group, population, within a generation and between generations

________ change _______ change

D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.

73

Page 74: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

Importance of Genetic and Cultural Evolution

One way to measure the culture of a people is to look at the quality and complexity of their artifacts (tools and artwork)

Species Example of Culture Tools Developed

Simple choppers, scrapers and flakes of rock

Hand axes, cleavers and picks

Large flakes of uniform size produced from a core then trimmed to the desired tool

•Delicate blades for knives, drills

•Other materials added (bone, antler, and ivory

•Some tools are ceremonial

Page 75: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• As brain size increased so did quality of tool-making• There is a connection between genetic and cultural

evolution• Genetic evolution probably occurred first because

need larger brain size to develop more sophisticated tools

• In the last 30,000 years, H. sapiens evolution has been largely cultural, not genetic

• Cro-Magnon man is physically the same as humans today

D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.

Page 76: IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1

• Since the Upper Palaeolithic period (40,000 – 10, 000 years ago), human culture has developed exponentially

• Cultural evolution sometimes lags behind genetic evolution• Our current cranial capacity has existed for 140,000 years but

major cultural advances do not appear until 35,000 years ago• Cultural evolution has potential to revolutionize a human

population much more quickly than genetic evolution• H. sapiens has been able to evolve culturally far more than any

of our ancestors without any major genetic evolution

D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.