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Eves and Adam - CoEvolution of mtDNA and Y-Chromosome DNA

According to a www.cartage.org.lb web page ( see also micro.magnet.fsu.edu ): "... Animal cells are ...eukaryotic ...

... Mitochondria ... are the power generators of the cell, converting oxygen and nutrients intoATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the chemical ... that poweres the cell's metabolicactivities. This process is called aerobic respiration and is the reason animals breathe oxygen.The mitochondrion ... has its own DNA ...[which]... is circular, as in the prokaryotes ... andreproductive methods (binary fission) are more like those of the prokaryotes ... mitochondria areinherited through the maternal linege. A sperm carries mitochondria in its tail ... When itattaches to the egg during fertilization, the tail falls off ... mitochondrial DNA ... suggests thatmodern humans descended from a small group of hominids in Africa around 200,000 years ago...

inside the nucleus ...

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... of every human cell is nearly 6 feet of DNA, which is divided into 46 individual molecules,one for each chromosome and each about 1.5 inches long ... Each DNA strand wraps aroundgroups of small protein molecules called histones, forming a series of bead-like structures,called nucleosomes, connected by the DNA strand ... uncondensed chromatin has a "beads on astring" appearance. The string of nucleosomes, already compacted by a factor of six, is thencoiled into an even denser structure, compacting the DNA by a factor of 40 ... Euchromatin isthe genetically active portion and is involved in transcribing RNA to produce proteins used incell function and growth ... During interphase, when the cell is carrying out its normalfunctions, the chromatin is dispersed throughout the nucleus in what appears to be a tangle offibers. This exposes the euchromatin and makes it available for the transcription process. Whenthe cell enters metaphase and prepares to divide ... all the chromatin strands make copies ofthemselves through ... DNA replication. Then they are compressed .... 10,000-fold ... into ...chromosomes. As the cell divides to become two cells, the chromosomes separate, giving eachcell a complete copy of the genetic information contained in the chromatin ...

Centrioles ...

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... are ... paired organelles .. found together near the nucleus, located at right angles to eachother. Each centriole is made of nine bundles of microtubules

(three per bundle) arranged in a ring. ... they organize the microtubules in the mitotic spindlesduring mitosis and meiosis ... Centrioles ... are self-replicating and make copies of themselvesjsut before cell division begins. As the cell prepares to divide, the centrioles separate and movetoward opposite poles of the cell. As they're moving apart, they radiate microtubules in aspindle-shaped formation that spans the cell from pole to pole. The spindle fibers act as guidesfor the alignment of the chromosomes as they separate. ... ".

There are three levels at which the structure of human cells operate - Energy,Physiology, and Consciousness:

1 - Energy production is the most basic necessity on which the other two are built. It is carried out by themitochondria, whose DNA is inherited maternally, so that maternal mtDNA describes the evolution of thebasic energy structure on which human physiology and consciousness is based. Energy production iscentered at the level of the individual cell.

2 - Human physiology is the intermediate level necessity on which the third is built. It is carried out by thenuclear DNA chromosomes. The Y-chromosome DNA is inherited paternally, so that Y-chromosomeDNA describes the evolution of the basic physiology structure on which human consciousness is bases.Human physiology is centered at the level of the individual human being.

3 - Human consciousness is the highest level necessity for human civilization. It is carried out by QuantumResonance in the MicroTubules of the Centrioles, similar to the processes described by Penrose andHameroff. The evolution of human civilization is studied, not so much by DNA analysis, as byconsideration of human history, philosophy, and religion. Human consciousness is centered at the level of

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the society of various human and spiritual beings with whom any human being may be connected.

The following images and quotations, from the National Geographic Genographic project unless otherwiseindicated, describe some details of the Co-Evolution of mtDNA and Y-Chromosome DNA using maps inwhich mtDNA population movements are indicated by gold lines and Y-Chromosome DNA populationmovements are indicated by purple lines:

About 200,000 years ago

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mitochondrial mtDNA indicated that the basic energy structure existed in populations throughoutAfrica.

By about 55,000 years ago

mtDNA populations with the basic energy structure had spread throughout the Indian Ocean area andfunctioned as a substrate on which populations with basic human physiology (determined by nuclearDNA chromosomes including the Y-Chromosome) might emerge.

By about 50,000 years ago

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Y-chromosome DNA indicated that basic human physiology had emerged in Africa, with M168migrating North to Arabia, and with M130 following the mtDNA populations to the Indian Ocean and EastPacific areas

and mtDNA population with the basic energy structure had spread North to Finland/Scandanavia (byhaplogroup U5) and across the Pacific Ocean and further had established a cross-roads population centernear the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas at Eden (by haplogroup N):

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As this map (adapted from from Urartu Dyly ve Kulturu web page)

indicates, the Four Branches leading the Ashkenazi N1 mtDNA population out of Eden are:

Gihon to Turkey, Greece, Italy, the Nile and Africa along the Gihon = Ceyhan + Mediterrranean +NileEuphrates to Arabia and Northern AfricaTigris to the Pamir Knot and on to India, China, the Pacific and the AmericasPishon to Russia, Europe and Siberia along the Pishon = Aras + Caspian + Volga

By about 45,000 years ago

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Y-chromosome DNA populations expanded further into Africa; the M89 - M69 populations went Westtoward India; and the M89 population was attracted to migrate to Eden.

By about 40,000 years ago

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Y-chromosome DNA populations M89 had branched by M9 on to the Pamir Knot intersection of themajor Central Asian Mountain Ranges, including the Altai in the North and the Himalaya in the South andYAP and M96 had branched from M168 into the Nile River Valley.

By about 35,000 years ago

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Y-chromosome DNA populations branched from M96, including

M35 that was attracted to bypass Eden and go directly North from the Nile across theMediterranean to the Gihon Ashkenazi N1 mtDNA population that went out of Eden to Turkey,Greece, and Italy andM2 that migrated South to Southern Africa

in the land of the ancient Mozambique-related L0 mtDNA population

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whereupon the M2 Y-chromosome population bred with the L0 mtDNA population

to produce, around 30,000 years ago, the large-brained Boskop population.

M9 at the Pamir Knot branched into M45 to the North and then West by M207 and then further West byM173 and, by M343, all the way to the Atlantic- according to the National Geographic Genographic website, M207 is "the ancestor of most western European men alive today" and "the number ofdescendants of ... M173 remains very high in westen Europe. It is particularly concentrated innorthern France and the British Isles where it was carried by ancestors who had weathered the Ice Age inSpain" and "M343 ... dominated the human expansion into Europe".

Other branches of M89 (that is, M172 and M170) went into the Mediterranean and Southern Europe.

As late as around 15,000 years ago, glaciation was still at a high level

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After around 10,000 years ago, most of the glaciers had melted

producing a much higher sea level that flooded much productive land.

The loss of so much productive land led to conflict over limited resources, producing a strong evolutionaryadvantage for organized military with highest war technology, and a strong evolutionary disadvantage forcontemplative high-level spirituality. From this time on, the large-brained Boskop were extinct and,acccording to a 23 March 2008 entry in john hawks weblog, "... there has been a reduction in the averagebrain size in South Africa during the last 10,000 years, and there have been parallel reductions in Europeand China -- pretty much everywhere we have decent samples of skeletons, it looks like brains have beenshrinking ...".

Since (as anyone who has been through basic training knows) military discipline requires a high level of

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blind obedience and technical skill and also a low level of creative independent contemplative thought,

it is not hard to understand why the Boskop might have been easy to kill off and why human brain size hasbeen declining,

especially in light of facts stated on the above-mentioned 23 March 2008 entry in john hawks weblog: "...

brains are expensive ...[in ]... energetic efficiency ...brains take a long time to mature ... and ...brains require high protein and fat consumption ...".

Click here to see more about Human Consciousness and the Futureof Human Civilization.

Frank D. (Tony) Smith, Jr. - 2010

http://www.valdostamuseum.org/hamsmith/boskopciv.html