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_u @ihac, Lddphj Shrridr

]uffhryDvdry ]mnkk` Ha Hmmdssie`d ]mnkk`; _rkpdrty _rimds hal _rikrity Hlfissika tk

]iachpkrd’s _rifhry ]mnkk`s

IatrklumtikaFdritkmrhmy is h mkrd tdadt kb pk`imyfhjiac ia ]iachpkrd, hal bkr ckkl rdhska. Nkwdvdr, ib

pk`imyfhjdrs dxpdmt h fdritkmrhtim systdf tk ld`ivdr bhir hal dbbimidat kutmkfds, tnda

kppkrtuaitids fust ed dquh``y hmmdssie`d tk h``. Ia ktndr wkrls, tnd p`hyiac bid`ls fust ed `dvd`7

fdrit h`kad snku`l ldtdrfiad ykur pdrbkrfhamd, ialdpdaldat kb tnd mirmufsthamds kb ykur eirtn.

 Ydt, tndrd is skfdtniac ua-fdritkmrhtim hekut tnd haauh` _rifhry Kad Udcistrhtika Dxdrmisd, ia

 wnimn dvdry six-ydhr-k`l bkrfh``y datdriac tnd dlumhtika systdf is h``kmhtdl tk kad kb tnd 89?

prifhry smnkk`s ia ]iachpkrd. Birst, phrdats kb h`` d`icie`d mni`lrda hpp`y tk h smnkk` kb tndirmnkimd. \nda, ia _nhsds 8 hal 5H kb tnd Dxdrmisd, hpp`imhats witn e`kkl tids tk h civda smnkk` ”  

sie`iacs kb murrdat stuldats, hal mni`lrda kb h`ufai, smnkk` fhahcdfdat hal sthbb ”  hrd civda

birst prikrity. Ia _nhsds 5E hal 5M, tnd rdfhiaiac p`hmds ck tk ktndr hpp`imhats, witn prikrity

civda tk tnksd wnk `ivd m`ksdst tk tnd smnkk`.

 \nd prke`df is tnht tnd edst smnkk`s tdal tk ed mkamdatrhtdl ia dxpdasivd adicnekrnkkls7 tnd

upsmh`d Eujit \ifhn listrimt, bkr iasthamd, is nkfd tk fhay akfiah``y „d`itd’ smnkk`s iam`uliac

Ahayhac _rifhry hal Ndary _hrj _rifhry.

Bicurd 87 Mhrtkka ey Ukedrt Fhajkbb, Mhrtkka Dlitkr kb \nd Adw Ykrjdr. Brkf

nttp7//www.adwykrjdr.mkf/mhrtkkas/eke-fhajkbb/mhrtkkas-mha 

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_u @ihac, Lddphj Shrridr

Bicurd 57 H fhp kb ]iachpkrd ildatibyiac tnd `kmhtikas kb tnd edst prifhry smnkk`s ia ]iachpkrd, cdadrhtdl ey

jihsuphrdats.mkf. Brkf

nttp7//www.jihsuphrdats.mkf/jihsu/mkatdat/siachpkrds-tkp-prifhry-smnkk`s

 Aktd tnd mkamdatrhtika kb smnkk`s ia tnd mdatrh` hrdh, wndrd prkpdrty primds hrd nicn edmhusd kb tnd Mdatrh` Eusiadss

Listrimt adhrey.

 \nis fdhas tnht tnd edst smnkk`s hrd dbbdmtivd`y rdsdrvdl bkr mni`lrda kb phrdats ditndr wd``-

mkaadmtdl dakucn tk quh`iby bkr _nhsds 8/5H, kr wdh`tny dakucn tk `ivd ia tnd upsmh`d

adicnekrnkkls tk quh`iby bkr _nhsds 5E/5M.

]k tnd sthtus quk ti`ts tnd p`hyiac bid`l kb ]iachpkrd’s fdritkmrhmy ia bhvkr kb mni`lrda kb tnd

 wdh`tny, wni`d drdmtiac h ehrridr tk skmih` fkei`ity bkr mni`lrda kb tnd pkkr. Ia dbbdmt, hlfissika

tk d`itd prifhry smnkk`s is akt fdritkmrhtim, eut adpktistim hal j`dptkmrhtim.

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_u @ihac, Lddphj Shrridr

Bialiacs ia ldthi`8.   \nd edttdr h smnkk` is, tnd fkrd dxpdasivd its adicnekrnkkl is. 

Ia Bicurd =, tnd hvdrhcd pdr-squhrd-bkkt primd kb h prkpdrty witnia kad ji`kfdtdr kb dhmn

smnkk` (ia ]iachpkrd Lk``hrs) is ka tnd y-hxis, wni`d tnd rd`htivd rhajiac kb h smnkk`’s

quh`ity is ka tnd x-hxis (tnd `kwdr tnd rhajiac kb h smnkk`, tnd edttdr tnd smnkk` is rd`htivd

tk h`` ktndr prifhry smnkk`s ia ]iachpkrd). Dhmn pkiat rdprdsdats h smnkk`. \nd strhicnt

e`ud `iad is tnd edst-bit `iad: its lkwawhrl s`kpd ldfkastrhtds brkf tnd kutsdt tnht tnd

edttdr tnd smnkk`, tnd fkrd dxpdasivd h adicnekrnkkl it is `kmhtdl ia.

 H typimh` phrdat, iviac ia h typimh` bkur-rkkf b ht witnia kad ji`kfdtdr kb h typimh`

prifhry smnkk`, wi`` nhvd tk phy h prdfiuf kb 8=8,??? ]iachpkrd Lk``hrs tk fkvd tk h

adw nkusd `kmhtdl witnia kad ji`kfdtdr kb h smnkk` rhajdl 4? p`hmds nicndr. It is h

sicaibimhat suf, hekut =?% fkrd tnha tnd hvdrhcd haauh` nkusdnk`l iamkfd, tnht

rdprdsdats h m`dhr ehrridr tk datry tk d`itd smnkk`s bkr mni`lrda brkf `dss wdh`tnynkusdnk`ls.

Bicurd =7 ]mnkk` rhajiacs p`kttdl hchiast prkpdrty primds, witn tnd `iad kb edst bit, wndrd h `kwdr rhaj

ialimhtds crdhtdr smnkk` quh`ity. Dhmn lhth pkiat is mk`krdl hmmkrliac tk tnd m`ustdr kb tnd smnkk` it

rdprdsdats.

Sdicntdl smnkk` rhaj

   d   i   c    n   t   d    l   _   ]   B   p   r   k   p   d   r   t   y

   p   r   i   m   d ,

   ]    $

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_u @ihac, Lddphj Shrridr

5.   \nd edst smnkk`s hrd mkamdatrhtdl  ia dxpdasivd adicnekrnkkls. 

 \nht shil, sifp`y mkrrd`htiac tnd lhth fhy akt mhpturd tnd bu`` rhacd kb nkusiac kptikas

hvhi`he`d tk tnis typimh` phrdat. Sd usdl h m`ustdr hah`ysis h`ckritnf tk mhpturd twk primd

pkiats (rdath` hal rdsh`d) bkr dhmn kb tnd tnrdd libbdrdat typds kb nkusiac ia ]iachpkrd(hbbkrlhe`d ckvdrafdat-suesilizdl NLE8 hphrtfdats, mkalkfiaiuf hphrtfdats, hal

privhtd haldl prkpdrty).

 \nd h`ckritnf skrtdl tnd smnkk`s iatk tnrdd m`ustdrs hmmkrliac tk prkpdrty primds ia tndir

adicnekrnkkls. M`ustdr 8 (mk`krdl rdl) mkathiadl == smnkk`s ia tnd fkst dxpdasivd

adicnekrnkkls, wni`d m`ustdr 5 (mk`krdl e`ud) mkathiadl 8?? smnkk`s ia adicnekrnkkls

 witn ahtikah``y typimh` prkpdrty primds. M`ustdr = (mk`krdl crdda) mkathiadl 43 smnkk`s ia

tnd dhst mkst`y adicnekrnkkls.

Bicurd <7 Ekx-p`kt i``ustrhtiac tnd listrieutika kb wdicntdl smnkk` rhajiacs witnia m`ustdrs, wndrd h `kwdr

rhaj ldaktds h smnkk` kb edttdr quh`ity. \nd lkttdl `iad fhrjs tnd vh`ud kb tnd fdha bkr dhmn m`ustdr.

 Hs Bicurd < i``ustrhtds, smnkk`s ia m`ustdr 8 nhl ha hvdrhcd rhaj kb 45, wni`d smnkk`s

ia m`ustdrs 5 hal = nhl ha hvdrhcd rhaj kb 95 hal 9< rdspdmtivd`y.  \nis succdsts tnht,

 wni`d fdlikmrd smnkk`s hrd listrieutdl tnrkucnkut tnd mkuatry, tnd edst smnkk`s hrd

mkamdatrhtdl ia dxpdasivd adicnekrnkkls.

8  Hmmkrliac tk ]iachpkrd’s Ldphrtfdat kb ]thtistims , hekut >5% kb ]iachpkrdhas kwa hal `ivd ia h NkusiacLdvd`kpfdat Ekhrl (NLE) hphrtfdat, ldvd`kpdl hal suesilizdl ey tnd ckvdrafdat. 85% `ivd ia mkalkfiaiufs,

 wnimn hrd privhtd hphrtfdats, wni`d tnd wdh`tnidst 2% ivd ia privhtd nkusds, jakwa hs `haldl prkpdrty.

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_u @ihac, Lddphj Shrridr

=.   \nd `dhst hmmdssie`d smnkk`s hrd ia dxpdasivd adicnekrnkkls

]mnkk`s ia m`ustdr 8 tdal tk ed fkrd ia-ldfhal, hal nhvd bdwdr p`hmds `dbt kvdr hbtdr

hpp`imhats hrd hlfittdl ia pnhsds 8 hal 5 (wnda sie`iacs kb murrdat stuldats, mni`lrda kb

h`ufai, hal mni`lrda kb fhahcdfdat hrd hlfittdl), hs Bicurd 4 i``ustrhtds. \nis fdhastnht tndsd smnkk`s nhvd bdwdr p`hmds `dbt bkr hpp`imhats wnk `hmj dxistiac bhfi`y

mkaadmtikas tk tnd smnkk`. Ia hllitika, ht tndsd smnkk`s, nkfd-smnkk` listhamd whs h bhr

fkrd sicaibimhat bhmtkr ia sdmuriac hlfissikas. Dbbdmtivd`y, tk cdt iatk tndsd smnkk`s,

hpp`imhats addl tk nhvd phrdats wnk hrd ditndr  wd``-mkaadmtdl, wdh`tny, kr ektn.

Kvdrh``, tnd lhth mkasistdat`y pkiat tkwhrls h wild chp edtwdda „d`itd’ smnkk`s ia M`ustdr 8 hal

tnd fhgkrity ia tnd ktndr twk m`ustdrs. \nd `kmhtikas kb tndsd smnkk`s ia dxpdasivd

adicnekrnkkls, mkfeiadl witn tnd prikrity civda tk nkfd-smnkk` listhamd ia hlfissikas,

rdprdsdats h skmik dmkakfim ehrridr tnht nialdrs ualdrprivi`dcdl mni`lrda brkf summddliac ia tnd

dlumhtika systdf.

Bicurd 47  Ekx-p`kt i``ustrhtiac tnd listrieutika kb 5?84 \hjd-Tp Uhtds ht tnd dal kb _nhsd 5H witnia m`ustdrs. \nd\hjd-Tp Uhtd is tnd pdrmdathcd kb p`hmds thjda up ey sie`iacs kb murrdat stuldats, mni`lrda kb h`ufai, hal mni`lrda kb

smnkk` fhahcdfdat. \nd lkttdl `iad fhrjs tnd vh`ud kb tnd fdha bkr dhmn m`ustdr.

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_u @ihac, Lddphj Shrridr

 Sny lkds it fhttdr;8.  _rifhry smnkk`s lk libbdr ia tndir quh`ity 

‐Ht tnd prifhry sthcd, tnd mnkimd is akt fhld ia h uaibkrf why. Yku nhvd h erktndr tndrd kr sistdr tndrd,

 ykur bhtndr kr fktndr is ha h`ufaus, hal sk ka … ]k it's akt fdritkmrhtim: it's ehsdl ka tnd

skmih` m`hss kb ykur phrdats, wndtndr tndy wdat iatk edttdr smnkk`s  …\nd ifpkrthat

tniac is tnht, ht _rifhry 2, tndrd snku`l ed h skrtiac kut. Hal tnksd wnk fissdl ckiac tk tnd ckkl smnkk`s

snku`l cd t iatk edttdr sdmkalhry smnkk`s. …\nht's wnht wd'rd hifiac tk lk7 Udchrl`dss kb wnk ykur bhtndr

kr fktndr whs kr is, wd ck ey ykur pdrbkrfhamd.‖ ”  @dd Juha Ydw, quktdl ia \nd ]trhits \ifds ka < tn  

 Akvdfedr 5?8? 

_]@D fhy ed h akfiah``y fdritkmrhtim fdhas kb `dvd``iac kut tnd iadquh`itids tnht tnd

sthtus quk mrdhtds, eut ia rdh`ity , prifhry smnkk`s libbdr ia tndir hei`ity tk prdphrd

stuldats bkr tnd _]@D. \nd FKD’s rdmdat „Dvdry ]mnkk`  H Ckkl ]mnkk ’ pk`imy

lirdmtika hrcuhe`y hfkuats tk ha hlfissika kb tnis rdh`ity. \nus, stuldats wnk hrd

hlfittdl tk nicndr-quh`ity prifhry smnkk`s tdal tk nhvd ha hfp`ibidl mnhamd kbpdrbkrfiac wd`` ht tnd _]@D, hal ia tura ha hfp`ibidl mnhamd kb hmmdss tk tnd edst

sdmkalhry smnkk`s, tdrtihry iastitutikas hal dfp`kyfdat kppkrtuaitids. ]tuldats brkf

 wd``-kbb nkusdnk`ls lk hmtuh``y pdrbkrf edttdr ht tnd _]@D, hal tdal tk ed

kvdrrdprdsdatdl ht tnd edst sdmkalhry smnkk`s wdrd hlfissikas hrd fkst mkfpdtitivd.

5.  It pdrpdtuhtds iadquh`ity 

Iamkfd iadquh`ity is rd`htivd`y nicn ia ]iachpkrd hal nhs edda risiac. _rdvdatiac tnd

trhasfissika kb iadquh`ity hmrkss cdadrhtikas is tndrdbkrd ifpkrthat. Ia hllitika, tnd

fdritkmrhtim ldsica kb tnd dlumhtika systdf is iamrdhsiac`y ediac mkfprkfisdl ey tnd

hei`ity kb phrdats tk trhasbdr hlvhathcds tk tndir mni`lrda.

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_u @ihac, Lddphj Shrridr

_k`imy Kptikas8.  „Dvdry ]mnkk` H Ckkl ]mnkk`’ 

Ia 5?8<, tnd Fiaistry kb Dlumhtika dfehrjdl ka h akvd` pk`imy lirdmtika, hifiac tk fhjd

„Dvdry ]mnkk` H Ckkl ]mnkk`’ ey `dvd``iac hal rdlumiac lisphritids ia tnd quh`ity kb

dlumhtika hmrkss smnkk`s. Kur bialiacs hbbirf tnd ifpkrthamd hal urcdamy kb tnis

iaitihtivd.

5.  Udlumd tnd prikrity civda tk spdmih` crkups ia pnhsds 8 hal 5H, hal tk nkfd-

smnkk` listhamd

Kb mkursd, akfiah``y d`itd smnkk`s wi`` mkatiaud tk dxist. Kad why tk rdlumd tnd

iahmmdssiei`ity kb sumn d`itd smnkk`s tk hpp`imhats witnkut wdh`tn kr mkaadmtikas is tk `ifit

tnd prdbdrdatih` trdhtfdat civda tk hpp`imhats witn sumn hlvhathcds.  \nd FKD hrcuds tnht

civiac sumn prdbdrdatih` trdhtfdat tk smnkk` sthjdnk`ldrs, iam`uliac tnd h`ufai hal tnd

mkffuaity, edadbits stuldats. Nkwdvdr, it is akt m`dhr wny tnd edadbits brkf h`ufai hal

mkffuaity suppkrt gustiby tnd iadquity kb rhisiac ehrridrs tk datry bkr hpp`imhats witnkutmkaadmtikas.

=.  Ud`kmhtd d`itd smnkk`s

Udsdhrmn nhs bkual tnht d`itd smnkk`s tndfsd`vds lk akt mhusd prkpdrty primds tk risd ia

tndir vimiaity: it gust nhppdas, phrtih``y bkr nistkrimh` rdhskas, tnht d`itd smnkk`s hrd `kmhtdl

ia dxpdasivd adicnekrnkkls. \nus, rd`kmhtiac tndf tk tnd sueures mha ed h lirdmt

sk`utika ia tnd `kac tdrf.

<.  Mkatiaud tk `dvd` p`hyiac bid`ls

Iadquh`ity kb kppkrtuaity fhy sthrt witn prifhry smnkk` hlfissikas, eut it fhaibdsts itsd`b

ia fhay ktndr bkrfs, ia tnd tuitika ialustry, bkr iasthamd. @dvd``iac tnd lishlvhathcdsualdrprivi`dcdl stuldats bhmd snku`l ed ha ifpkrthat prikrity bkr pk`imyfhjdrs ib

]iachpkrd is tk mkatiaud ediac h fdritkmrhtim ahtika. \nd ]ji``sButurd iaitihtivd, bkr

iasthamd, nhs pktdatih` tk ed h stdp ia tnis lirdmtika, `dvd``iac iadquitids „lkwa tnd `iad’

brkf tnd dlumhtika systdf.