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Every cell in a specific organism (body) has the same DNA
DNA to RNA to Protein
Transcription & Translation
Facts Every body has
200 major types of cells Total number of cells: trillions (10¹²)
Each cell contains 10 billion (billion = 10⁹) proteins 2,000+ different varieties of proteins
DNA → RNA → Proteins
How is the DNA coded to make proteins?
Do all cells produce the same proteins?
How do the different cells “know” what proteins to make?“Gene expression”
The structure of the DNA provides the its function.
How does the structure of the DNA provide instructions for the working of the cells?
Biotech course: Overview: Transcription and Translation
Additional information about DNA The Code for Gene Expression
Say it with DNA What controls the code? Proteins
Structure & Function Enzymes
Using biotechnology to produce proteins needed for medicine or products
Video segment
How are proteins made?
DNA Contains Genes
DNA
Gene 1 Gene 2Genes
DNA
Gene 1 Gene 2
Protein 1 Protein 2
Genes
Proteins
Genes Provide Instructions for Making Proteins
Proteins Have Functions
DNA
Gene 1 Gene 2
Protein 1 Protein 2
Genes
Proteins
Function Blue eye color
Blood clotting factor
During replication, each
Original strand acts as a template for a new complementary strand
DNA polymerase
See HHMI video
Using The New Genetics to help your understanding: Getting the
Message Pp. 11 – 14. Transcription RNA splicing
Introns and Exons Pp. 18 – 21 Translation
Gene Expression DNA only carries the
instructions, in the form of genes
Proteins do the work
mRNA
DNA Transcription
Translation
Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar deoxyribose ribose
Strand Double Single
Bases A,T,C,G A,C,G,U
Function Carries instructions*
Intermediary between DNA and proteins
* Exception - RNA viruses
A little more about RNA 3 types
mRNA Messenger RNA, works between
DNA and protein tRNA
Transfers RNA, converts RNA to amino acids (the smallest part of a protein)
rRNA Ribosomal RNA- part of the
ribosome
Differences between DNA and RNA
Transcription DNA is converted to mRNA
Requires protein called RNA PolymeraseComplimentary bases (A-U) and (G-C)
RNA polymerase Green
DNA strand Blue
RNA Pink
DNA Interactive: Code (copying the code)www.dnai.org
Finding the DNA Structure, Copying, Reading, & Controlling DNA Code
Starting & stopping the RNase
www.DNAi.org Controlling the code
Genetics.utah.edu Epigenetics
Inside the Cell: p.23 RNA’s many talents; p.32 Tags
New Genetics P. 14-16 RNA splicing; p.30-31 epigenetics &
chromatins
How does it start?
DNA contains promoters Think “promote transcription”
Without a promoter RNA polymerase doesn’t know where to start
Gene A
promoter
RNA polymerase
Transcription
Once initiated RNA P adds complimentary nucleotides
How does it stop?Stop signalWhen RNA P encounters this
signal it stops
Eukaryotic Example
Promoter Examples
Negative system
Repressor prevents transcription
If a specific protein is in the cell, then it will bind with the repressor & stop the repressor from working.
Then, transcription can take place.
Why is there a negative system to
control transcription?