EVALUATION OF PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS …€¦ · Student, Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India Hardik Velani ... 1.1. Literature

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 115 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2016, pp. 115–122, Article ID: IJCIET_07_06_013

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=6

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

EVALUATION OF PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS

CONCRETE WITH ADDING FINE AGGREGATE

Ram Modhvadia

Student, Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India

Shivam Suva


Chaitanya Vadher


Hardik Velani


Prof. Tejas Joshi

Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad,

India

Dr. Urmil Dave

Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India

ABSTRACT

Pervious concrete was first used in the nineteenth century, but it has only recently begun to

increase in popularity. As urban areas expand, the problems associated with runoff management

have become more challenging. The main properties to be studied are permeability of pervious

concrete. Pervious concrete is produced using 4.75-10 mm size aggregate. For the investigation,

cement contents are used in the range from 250-400 kg/m3 at an interval of 50 kg/m

3. The

aggregate/cement ratio is kept constant as 4. Also, partial replacement of aggregates by sand is

used ranging from 0-20% at an interval of 10%. Three w/c ratios are used as 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40.

The measured permeability showed the different results after addition of fine aggregate in it. After

adding fine aggregate in pervious concrete permeability decreases. For pervious concrete mix

design addition of fine aggregate more than 20% is not suitable. If fine aggregate percentage is

more than 20%, it is behaving like the conventional concrete. In previous concrete due to the

clogging the blockage of the porous by the clogging material results in the decrease of

permeability. Permeability decrease due to the clogging. Permeability is measured after addition of

mud in it and results show drastically reduction in permeability with range of 55% to 75%.

Key words: Pervious concrete, aggregate size, water cement ratio, Permeability.

Evaluation of Permeability of Pervious Concrete with Adding Fine Aggregate


Cite this Article: Ram Modhvadia, Shivam Suva, Chaitanya Vadher, Hardik Velani, Prof. Tejas

Joshi and Dr. Urmil Dave, Evaluation of Permeability of Pervious Concrete with Adding Fine

Aggregate. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp.115 – 122.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION

Pervious concrete is also named as porous concrete or permeable concrete. In pervious concrete, carefully

controlled amount of water and cementitious materials are used to create a paste that forms a thick coating

around aggregate particles. A pervious concrete mixture contains little or no sand which creates a

substantial void content in it. Using sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate particles together

creates a highly permeable system with interconnected voids which drains quickly. The proper utilization

of pervious concrete is a recognized Best Management Practice by the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) for providing first-flush pollution control and storm water management

1.1. Literature Review

ACI [1] recommended that the falling head method developed by Neithalath could be used to determine

the water permeability of pervious concrete. Typical void ratio for pervious concrete is 18-35% (ACI,

2010; Tennis et al 2004) [1,2]. This range is considered ideal to provide enough strength, while allowing

for sufficient hydraulic conductivity. Void ratio was shown to increase with a decrease in aggregate to

cement ratio Park & Tia, [3]. The void content is defined as the total percentage of voids present by

volume in a specimen. As porosity increases, permeability increases and compressive strength decreases

and vice versa. The void content is generally between 15-25% and permeability is generally between 2-30

mm/s. [4] The densities are in the order of 1600 Kg/m3 to 2000 Kg/m

3 [4] is common with the typical

compressive strength in the range of 2.8 MPa to 28 MPa.[4]

1.2. Need of Study

Pervious concrete is an answer for taking out storm water runoff. The high level of porosity in pervious

concrete adequately minimizes runoff. The design of each pervious concrete mixture is unique based on

performance requirements. Therefore, this study includes to check the possibilities of addition of fine

aggregate in pervious concrete. With all the possibilities from varying cement content, w/c ratio and

clogging effect on permeability of pervious concrete are to be studied in this paper.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Ordinary Portland Cement

Ordinary Portland cement, as per Indian Specifications IS 8112:1889 [6] was used for this investigation.

The physical properties of are presented in Table 1.

2.2. Aggregate

Aggregates are procured locally for the casting work of concrete specimens. The aggregates are tested for

their properties in accordance with the IS standards. Locally available river sand is used as a fine aggregate

for concrete. Tests for fine and coarse aggregates were conducted as per IS: 383-1970[7]. Also locally

available coarse aggregates 4.75-10 mm and its physical properties results are shown in Table 2.

Ram Modhvadia, Shivam Suva, Chaitanya Vadher, Hardik Velani, Prof. Tejas Joshi and Dr. Urmil Dave


Table 1 Physical properties of ordinary Portland cement

Properties Result

Achieved

Specifications in IS 12269:1987

For 53 grade OPC

Fineness in m2/kg 351 Min 225

Soundness By Le chatelier method in mm 0.4 Max 10

Initial setting time in minutes 35 Min 30

Final setting time in minutes 240 Max 600

3 days compressive strength in MPa 28.75 Min 27



Specific Gravity 3.15 3.15

Table 2 Physical properties of coarse aggregate

Properties Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates

Specific gravity 2.66 2.71

Fineness modulus 2.23 6.63

Water absorption (%) 0.89 1.09

Unit weight (kg/m3) 1692 1617

2.3. Water

Water plays an important role in concrete preparation as it actively participates in chemical reactions with

cement. Pure portable water was used for the preparation of concrete mixture.

3. MIX PROPORTION

Proportions of pervious concrete mixture was done to produce concrete having adequate workability,

strength, permeability and void ratio. The mix proportion includes 5 types of cement content between 250-

450 kg/m3 at 50 kg/m

3 interval. For each cement content, 3 w/c ratio are used as 0.3, 0.35 and 0.4. For each

w/c ratio, 2 sand replacements are used from 0-20% at an interval of 10%. For example, a cement content

of 250 kg/m3

and the aggregate/cement ratio of 4:1 is used. So 1000 kg/m3

of coarse aggregates are used.

For research investigation aggregate size used 4.75 – 10 mm. Further, these aggregates are replaced by

sand as shown in the Table 3. Similarly for other cement content is done.



4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.1. Preparation of Specimens

Pervious concrete specimens were prepared using 150 mm x 150mm cylinders. The specimens cast were

demoulded after 24 hours and kept in normal curing for the required age such as 28 days. In this study

results are included for 28 days. The test was performed for 56 days after addition of mud. Figure 1 shows

the specimen of pervious concrete after the curing of 28 days. While figure 2 shows the specimen of

pervious concrete after adding of mud in it. Mud was made up of clay and water and was layered on the

specimen.

Table 3 Pervious concrete Mix proportions

Mix No. Cement(kg/m3) Water/cement

Ratio

Coarse Aggregates

(%)

Fine Aggregate

(%)

1

250

0.30 100 0

2 0.35 90 10

3 0.40 80 20

4

300

0.30 100 0

5 0.35 90 10

6 0.40 80 20

7

350

0.30 100 0

8 0.35 90 10

9 0.40 80 20

10

400

0.30 100 0

11 0.35 90 10

12 0.40 80 20

Figure 1 Specimens at 28 days Figure 2 After addition of mud



4.2. Permeability Test

For the measurement of the permeability of pervious concrete instrument is suggested by the ACI-522R

[1]. The falling head method was used to measure the water permeability. Figure 3 shows the schematic

diagram of the permeability test setup. 300 mm water heads were adopted for measuring permeability of

pervious concrete. For measuring permeability of pervious concrete cylinder of size 150 x 150 mm are

casted. Cylinders are casted in the PVC pipe. In this study permeability of pervious concrete is measured at

the end of the 28 days. Permeability of pervious concrete is calculated using equation 1.

(1)

Where,

k = water permeability

A1=cross-sectional area of the tube

A2 = cross-sectional areas of the specimen

l = length of the specimen

t = time

h1 = the final water head

h2 = the initial water head

Figure 3 Falling Head Apparatus

= 28.29 mm/sec



5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 4 shows the results for Pervious Concrete at the age of 28 days for permeability at natural condition

and of 56 days for permeability with addition of mud.

Table 4 Comparison of results

Cement

(kg/m3)

w/c Permeability (mm/s) (0%) Permeability (mm/s)

(10%)

Permeability (mm/s)

(20%)

28 Days Mud

addition

28 Days Mud

addition

28 Days Mud

addition

250 0.3 25.28 7.25 13.2 3.88 7.5 3.1

0.35 24.21 7.7 13.9 4.41 7.3 3.1

0.4 23.98 6.36 12 4.08 7.1 3.08

300 0.3 22.69 7.2 12.8 4.24 5.17 2.28

0.35 21.76 6.53 11.6 4.14 5.9 2.52

0.4 21.41 5.96 11.5 4.22 6.1 2.51

350 0.3 20.6 5.52 10.7 3.65 5.2 2.36

0.35 20.1 6.12 10.1 3.61 5.01 2.27

0.4 19 5.43 9.5 3.33 4.75 2.07

400 0.3 18.9 5.2 9.1 3.22 4.7 2.06

0.35 17.1 5.14 8.9 3.01 4.6 2.01

0.4 16.2 4.59 8.5 3.03 4.1 1.84

5.1. Effect on Permeability of Pervious Concrete using Different Sand Content

As shown in figure 4 permeability of pervious concrete with 0% sand decreases with increase in w/c ratio

and cement content. As results shows the value of permeability drastically decreases after addition of mud

due to clogging effect. The reduction in permeability after clogging was 71%

As shown in figure 5 for the 10% sand decreases with increase in w/c ratio and cement content. The

value of permeability decreases after addition of mud due to clogging effect. The reduction in permeability

after clogging was 65%. It shows that permeability is reduced due to clogging effect but the reduction rate

was lesser than the 0% sand.

As shown in figure 6 for the 20% sand decreases with increase in w/c ratio and cement content. The

value of permeability decreases after addition of mud due to clogging effect. The reduction in permeability

after clogging was 56%. It shows that permeability is reduced due to clogging effect but the reduction rate

was much lesser than the 0% sand and 10% sand.



Figure 4 Comparison of permeability for 0% sand



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4

250 300 350 400

0% sand

28 days After clogging

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4

250 300 350 400

10% sand

28 days After clogging

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.4

250 300 350 400

20% sand

28 Days After clogging



6. CONCLUSION

The following conclusions are drawn based on the experimental investigations carried out on pervious

concrete.

• It has been found that permeability of pervious concrete increases with reduction in sand content and the

permeability of pervious concrete decreases with increase in w/c ratio and cement content.

• The graphical results show that value of permeability decreased for pervious concrete after addition of mud

due to clogging effect.

• Using more cement content creates more paste in pervious concrete, due to that it may create clogging of

pervious concrete at bottom.

• It has been observed that the permeability is higher in case of the 0% sand compare to the 10% and 20%

sand content and also for the same in case of after addition of mud. So it is more suitable to use when high

permeability is demanded. 10% and 20% of sand content can be also used based on the requirement.

• It has been observed that clogging effect was much more in the 0% sand compare to other.

• As shown from results that clogging decreases the permeability of pervious concrete. So regular

maintenance of pervious concrete pavement is required.

• For cleaning of Pervious concrete, high pressure vacuum is required.

REFERENCE

[1] ACI Commmittee 522 (2006). “Pervious concrete,” ACI International, Farmington Hills.

[2] Tennis, P.D., M.L. Leming, and D.J. Akers, Pervious concrete pavements. Portland cement Association,

Skokie, Illinois, & National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, Maryland, 2004.

[3] Sung-Bum Park, and Mang Tia (2013), “An experimental study on the water-purification properties of

porous concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research P.NO. 177–184

[4] NRMCA. (2004). "What, why, and how? Pervious concrete," Concrete in Practice Series. CIP 38.

[5] ASTM C1688 –“Standard Test Method for Density and Void Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious

Concrete”.

[6] IS 8112:1989. Specifications for 53grade Portland cement, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian

Standards.

[7] IS: 383-1970 Specification for Coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete, New Delhi,

India: Bureau of Indian Standards.

[8] IS: 516- 1959 Methods of tests for strength of concrete, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.

[9] Tejas Joshi and Dr. Urmil Dave, Evaluation of Strength, Permeability and Void Ratio of Pervious

Concrete with Changing W/C Ratio and Aggregate Size. International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology (IJCIET) , 7(4), 2016, pp.276–284

[10] S. Rajesh Kumar. Characteristic Study on Pervious Concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology (IJCIET), 6 (6), 2015, pp 165-176.

Documents

EVALUATION OF PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS …€¦ · Student, Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India Hardik Velani ... 1.1. Literature