1 Unemployment Statistics. (2015). Eurostat.

2 VET often involves a combination of workplace training and traditional formal school activities.

3 Why are apprenticeships important? European Alliance for Apprenticeships. European Commission.

4 Help and support - Promoting job mobility in Europe - Eures. The European Job Mobility Portal.

5 Ability to work in another country.

6 Ability to work in a different position.

7 British companies struggle to find domestic workers with right skills. (2014). The Guardian.

8 Perspectives on Job Mobility in Europe. (2010). Diversity Mine.

9 Mutual Learning Programme. European Commission.

10 Who are European social partners? ETUC.

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11 European employment strategy. European Commission.

12 Flexicurity. European Commission.

13 Youth employment. European Commission.

14 Youth Guarantee - Youth Employment. (2013). European Commission on YouTube.

15 New Skills for New Jobs. European Commission.

16 European Alliance for Apprenticeships. European Commission.

17 What can EURES do for you? European Job Mobility Portal.

18 European Social Fund. European Commission.

19 EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation. (EaSI). European Commission.

22 Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum? (2015). BBC News.

23 EU to propose ‘binding’ quotas for migrant relocation. (2015) Euobserver News.

24 A Common European Asylum System. (2014) European Union.

25 Immigration fuels rising tension in Germany. (2015) BBC News.

26 Immigrants are 'stealing jobs' and Muslims are 'taking over' the country, young believe. (2015) Express News.

27 The rise of the anti-immigrant Sweden Democrats: "We don't feel at home any more, and it's their fault". (2014)

The Guardian.

28 Figures show extent of NHS reliance on foreign nationals. (2014) The Guardian.

29 Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum? (2015). BBC News.

30 Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum? (2015). BBC News.

31 Migrant crisis: EU asks states to accept 40,000 asylum seekers. (2015) BBC News.

32 A Common European Asylum System. (2014) European Union.

33 Official Website of the European Council on Refugees and Exiles

34 Official Frontex website

35 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. (2012). European Union.

36 EC's EU Immigration Portal: Explaining the rules.

37 European Agenda on Migration 2015 - four pillars to better manage migration. (2015) European Commission.

38 A Common European Asylum System. (2014) European Union.

39 The Revised Asylum Procedures Directive.(2013) European Parliament and Council.

40 The Revised Reception Conditions Directive. (2013) European Parliament and Council.

41 The Revised Qualification Directive. (2011) European Parliament and Council.

42 The Revised Dublin Regulation. (2013) European Parliament and Council.

43 The Revised Eurodac Regulation. (2013) European Parliament and Council.

44 A sovereign default occurs whenever a government fails to pay its debts on time and in full.

45 Typically, austerity policies decrease demand in the economy, thereby increasing unemployment in the short term. This reduces tax revenue and increases social safety net spending – partially offsetting the austerity measures. Cf.

Bruegel. (2015). Living (dangerously) without a fiscal union.

46 The countries which were provided bailout packages are: Cyprus (2013), Greece (2010, 2012, and 2015), Ireland (2010), Portugal (2011), and Spain (2012). The bailout packages were provided jointly by the International Monetary

Fund (IMF), the European Commission, and the European Central Bank (ECB), except for Spain in whose bailout the IMF was not involved.

47The Wall Street Journal. (2015). German Public Stands Behind Angela Merkel’s Tough Stance on Greece.

48BBC. (2015). Greece debt crisis: Greek voters reject bailout offer.

49 Qualified majority voting (QMV) requires, under the Lisbon treaty, that 55% of Member States (72% if not acting on a proposal from the European Commission) which represent 65% of the EU’s population support a decision,

in order for it to be adopted.

Eurostat. (2015). Government Finance Statistics.

51 The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) is a mechanism under which a country’s currency is fixed to the euro

in order to enable a smooth transition from the country’s own currency to the euro as well as support economic stability within the single market. In ERM II a central rate is set, around which rate is allowed to fluctuate ±15%. Should it be necessary in order to keep the exchange rate within the fluctuation band, the ECB and the country’s

national central bank can intervene via buying or selling currency.

52 The European Commission. (2014). Economic and monetary union and the euro (page 8).

53 Why Sharing Economy is Winning Over Ownership. (2013). Consumer Insight, Sustainability & Des ign Journal.

54 Evolution of Theories. Sharing Economy & Trust. (2012). Rachel Botsman Official Web-Page. 55 Sharing Economy. How over-regulation can destroy an economic revolution. (2014). Institute of Public Affairs.

56 Why Sharing Economy is Winning Over Ownership. (2013). Consumer Insight, Sustainability & Design.

57 All Eyes on The Sharing Economy. (2013). The Economist.

58 The Sharing Economy Isn’t About Sharing At All. (2015). The Harvard Business Review.

59 All Eyes on The Sharing Economy. (2013). The Economist.

60 AirBnB and the Unstoppable Rise of the Shared Economy. (2013). The Forbes .

61 The Sharing Economy Isn’t About Sharing At All. (2015). The Harvard Business Review.

62 All Eyes on The Sharing Economy. (2013). The Economist.

63 The Sharing Economy. (2015). PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.

64 The Sharing Economy. Accessibility Based Models for Peer-to-Peer Markets. (2013). Business Innovation Observatory.

65 Sharing Economy. How over-regulation can destroy an economic revolution. (2014). Institute of Public Affairs.

66 The Sharing Economy. Accessibility Based Models for Peer-to-Peer Markets. (2013). Business Innovation

Observatory.

67 European Shared Economy Coalition. (2015). Independent EU Affairs Consultants and Investors.

68 The Sharing Economy. Accessibility Based Models for Peer-to-Peer Markets. (2013). Business Innovation Observatory.

69 Sustainable Development. (2015). The European Commission.

70 Collaborative or participatory consumption: a sustainable model for the 21st century. (2014). European Economic and Social Committee.

71 Promoting Entrepreneurship. (2015).The European Commission.

72 Digital Agenda in the Europe 2020 Strategy. (2015). The European Commission.

73 Smarter regulation for the sharing economy. (2014). The Guardian.

74 World Economic Outlook Database. (2015). International Monetary Fund.

75 TTIP Explained: Understanding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). (2014). IBT Partners.

76 State of play of negotiations. (2015). European Commission.

77 Free trade agreement (FTA) – treaty between two or more countries to establish a free trade area where commerce in goods and services can be conducted across their common borders without tariffs or other barriers, but capital and labour cannot move freely. (Business Dictionary)

78 Red tape – bureaucratic routine required before official action can be taken. (The Free Dictionary)

TTIP Explained: Understanding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). (2014). IBT Partners .

ibid.

81 What is TTIP? And six reasons why the answer should scare you. (2014). The Independent.

82 About TTIP. (2015). European Free Alliance.

83 Position Paper - “TTIP - Too many untrustworthy promises and real risks”. (2014). European Green Party.

84 The Greens/European Free Alliance in the European Parliament. (2015). Greens/EFA.

85 National Front joins anti-TTIP lobby. (2015). EurActiv.

86 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) - a proposed FTA between the US and eight Pacific Rim countries, Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam. (Outlines of TPP. (2011). USTR.)

87 Inside TTIP. (2015). European Commission.

88 Promises and Perils of the TTIP: Negotiating a Transatlantic Agricultural Market. (2013). Institute for Agriculture

and Trade Policy.

89 What is TTIP? And six reasons why the answer should scare you. (2014). The Independent.

90 The top 10 myths about TTIP. (2015). European Commission.

91 What is the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership? (2014). 38 Degrees.

92 Majority of MEPs support fracking moratorium in symbolic vote. (2015). The Guardian.

93 ibid.

94 Investor-to-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). (2015). European Commission.

95 TTIP: Transatlantic trade deal text leaked to BBC. (2015). BBC.

96 TTIP talks: despite the PR, still under a cloak of secrecy. (2015). Corporate Europe Observatory.

97 The top 10 myths about TTIP. (2015). European Commission.

98 Protecting public services in TTIP and other EU trade agreements. (2015). European Commission.

99 Transatlantic Trade & Investment Partnership (TTIP) Advisory Group. (2015). European Commission.

100 About the ECI campaign. (2015). Stop TTIP.

101 Thousands across Europe protest against TTIP. (2015). EurActiv.

102 UK anti-TTIP protests to focus on NHS privatisation. (2014). EurActiv.

103 Anti-TTIP demonstrations seize European capitals. (2014). EurActiv.

104 European SMEs. (2014). European Commission.

105 Mandate. (2013). Council of the European Union.

106 First round of the EU/United States trade and investment negotiations: 08-12/07/2013: extracts from the closing press briefing. (2013). European Commission.

107 EU and US conclude first round of TTIP negotiations in Washington. (2013). European Commission.

108 EU and US conclude second round of TTIP negotiations in Brussels. (2013). European Commission.

109 EU, U.S. trade - Negotiators explore ways to help SMEs take advantage of TTIP, as fourth round of talks end in Brussels. (2014). European Commission.

110 EU-US trade - 7th round of talks on transatlantic trade pact ends in the US. (2014). European Commission.

111 State of play of negotiations. (2015). European Commission.

112 Inside TTIP. (2015). European Commission.

113 ibid (pp. 11 - 16).

114 ibid (pp. 17 - 34).

115 ibid (pp. 35 - 46).

116 European residential electricity prices increasing fas ter than prices in United States. (2014). EIA.

117 Gas Market Report. (2014). European Commission.

118 Global Addiction To Energy Subsidies. (2015). The Economist.

119 Nuclear in the energy mix. (2010). European Nuclear Society.

120 Coal's woes are spreading but it still has fans. (2015). The Economist.

121 What is Uranium? How does it work? (2014). World Nuclear Association.

122 Nuclear Power in the World Today. (2015). World Nuclear Association.

123 Frack to the future. (2013). The Economist.

124 What is fracking and why is it controversial? (2013). BBC News.

125 Import Dependency On Gazprom. (2014). Morgan Stanley.

126 Responsibilities of Commissioner Vestager. (2014). European Commission.

127 EU-Russia Energy Relations – Stuck Together? (2015). European Parliamentary Research Service.

128 Xi, Putin meet in Beijing, 17 agreements signed. (2014). BRICS Post.

129 Euratom Treaty. (2015). Wikipedia.

130 DG for Energy. (2015). Wikipedia.

131 European Environment Agency (EEA). (2015). Wikipedia.

132 Nuclear safety: Safe operation of nuclear installations, radiation protection and radioactive waste management.

133 Nuclear Safeguards: Taking measures to ensure that operators use nuclear materials only for the officially declared purpose.

134 Nuclear Security: Safety of the nuclear facilities against attacks of any kind.

135 The 2015 International Agreement. (2015). European Commission.

136 The 2020 Climate and Energy Package. (2015). European Commission.

137 Progress towards the 2020 Greenhouse Gas Target in Europe. (2014). Climate Policy Info Hub.

138 EU unveils plans to set up digital single market for online firms . (2015). The Guardian

139 Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details, often

for malicious reasons, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.

140 Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme. (2013). BBC

141 ePrivacy Directive. (2002). European Parliament and Council

142 A directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications dealing with confidentiality of information, treatment of traffic data, spam and cookies.

143 Web software firm taunts UK data regulator over cookies. (2012). BBC

144 GCHQ's surveillance of two human rights groups ruled illegal by tribunal. (2015). The Guardian

145 European court challenge to UK surveillance. (2015). BBC

146 EU Actions on Net Neutrality. (2015). European Commission

147 https://thedaywefightback.org/ - Motion against mass surveillance supported by groups such as Mozilla and reddit

and NGOs such as Greenpeace and International Amnesty.

148 EU and US strengthen transatlantic cooperation in face of mounting global cyber-security and cyber-crime threats. (2011). European Commission

149 Links to all four legislative acts concerning cybercrime. (2015). European Commission

150 EU Data Protection Laws. (2015). European Commission

151 Data Retention Legislation. (2015). European Commission

152 EU Telecoms Rules. (2015). European Commission

153 Estonia's Cyber Security Strategy. (2013). ENISA