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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION‘industrial intensification’
Developed 1st in the UK between 1750-1850 Evolved from technical innovations that
occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst for increased
urbanization Diffuses outward into Western Europe
INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY
Alfred Weber 1909. Industrial location theory Focused on transportation costs Identified agglomerative and
deglomerative forces Relevant to early iron and steel:
heavy industries
Movement across geographic space
Involves flows of goods, people or information
Principles COMPLEMENTARITY
TRANSFERABILITY
INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
SPATIAL INTERACTIONWhat unifies Europe?
Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy
COMPLEMENTARITY
The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
Value of good per unit volume or weight Rivers, mountain passes, road networks
may limit transferability Advances in transportation technology
TRANSFERABILITY
The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beerbe cheaper to import
into Italy?
INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
URBAN TRADITION
URBANIZATION RELATED CONCEPTS
Central city Metropolitan region
Federation Functional urban region
The term may be a political designation for a uniform region
Refers to an incorporated municipal entity that is governed by some kind of council
Megacity
Core district in a larger metropolitan region CBD may also be called “The City”
E.g. “City of London” – mile square walled city
CITIES
Metropolitan Region
Greater London Authority
32 boroughs 20 = City of London 19 = Westminster 21 = Tower Hamlets
Metropolitan federation
Contrasts•High population density•Apartments or ‘flats’•Public transportation•Land scarcity•Centralized urban planning
European versus North American Cities
Alicante, Spain
• Falling share of the world’s population• Fertility at an all-time low• Population Growth Rate: 0%
•Birth Rate: 10 births/1,000•Death Rate: 11 deaths/1,000•TFR: 1.4, Spain is 1.3• Population implosion
• Aging• Fewer young people• Smaller working age population
Population of Europe
Population of Europe
Migration: In and Out
Emigration Immigration
Asylum seekers Guest workers/excolonial immigrants
France – Algeria Spain – Morocco Netherlands – Indonesia Germany - Turkey Britain – Caribbean/West Africa/
South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan)
Supranationalism
A venture involving three or more states Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote
shared objectives
“Euro” € 1 Jan 2002
European Supranationalism
Why would anyone want to give away international autonomy, one of the most sought after goals in this century?
1944 Benelux
Agreement
•Netherlands•Belgium•Luxembourg
History of European Supranationlism
1947 – MARSHALL PLAN 1948 - Organization for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1949 - Council of Europe 1951 - ECSC 1957 - Treaty of Rome (‘the six’) 1958 - EEC effective 1959 - EFTA signed 1965 - EEC-ESC-EURATOM 1973 – EEC 1993 - EU
Primary function of the OEEC
To accept and distribute funds allocated under the Marshall Plan
Developed by the U.S. to assist the rebuilding of European countries at the end of WW II
History of European Supranationlism
European Union (EU)
Original Members: (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
Effective: 1 November 1993 Aimed to coordinate policy among the
members in three fields:
-- economics
-- defense
-- justice and home affairs
Supranationalism Issues
Loss of autonomy
Disparities in levels of economic development & transfer payments
Technical barriers
Cultural barriers
Agricultural policy