Europe and WWIEurope and WWI

AimsAims►Aims:Aims:

understand the interactions and understand the interactions and interdependence of individuals, societies interdependence of individuals, societies and environments in different contextsand environments in different contexts

develop effective inquiry skills to achieve develop effective inquiry skills to achieve conceptual understanding in humanities.conceptual understanding in humanities.

Europe Guiding QuestionEurope Guiding Question

Respond to the following questions.Respond to the following questions.

How does an effect become a How does an effect become a cause? Do events happen cause? Do events happen

in isolation? in isolation?

ObjectivesObjectives►Objectives:Objectives:

Criterion C: Critical ThinkingCriterion C: Critical Thinking analyze and evaluate a range of analyze and evaluate a range of

sources in terms of origin and purpose, sources in terms of origin and purpose, recognizing values and limitationsrecognizing values and limitations

Evidence OutcomesEvidence Outcomes

►History: History: CSS 1.1) Develop an understanding of how people view, CSS 1.1) Develop an understanding of how people view,

construct, and interpret historyconstruct, and interpret history CSS 1.2 and CSS 1.3) Analyze key historical periods and CSS 1.2 and CSS 1.3) Analyze key historical periods and

patterns of change over time within and across nations and patterns of change over time within and across nations and culturescultures

► Continuity and change, cause and effect, complexity, unity and Continuity and change, cause and effect, complexity, unity and diversity over timediversity over time

► The significance of ideas as powerful forces throughout historyThe significance of ideas as powerful forces throughout history

►Geography:Geography: CSS 2.1) Develop spatial understanding, perspectives, and CSS 2.1) Develop spatial understanding, perspectives, and

personal connections to the worldpersonal connections to the world

1914 Map1914 Map

Map of Austria-HungaryMap of Austria-Hungary

WWI: The Great WarWWI: The Great War

Long-Term CausesLong-Term Causes

►MMilitarism – military buildupilitarism – military buildup►AAlliances – groups of countries that lliances – groups of countries that

form form partnerships for protectionpartnerships for protection►IImperialism – European nations seek mperialism – European nations seek

colonies for powercolonies for power►NNationalism – feelings of loyalty and ationalism – feelings of loyalty and

devotion to one’s country or wanting devotion to one’s country or wanting national independencenational independence

MilitarismMilitarism

►Late 1800’s to early 1900’s many Late 1800’s to early 1900’s many European nations began building their European nations began building their militaries. militaries.

►This buildup was mainly to protect This buildup was mainly to protect their overseas empires (colonies).their overseas empires (colonies).

►Germany had especially strengthened Germany had especially strengthened its forces. Between 1910 and 1914, its forces. Between 1910 and 1914, Germany increased its military Germany increased its military spending by 73% (spending by 73% (http://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/military.htmhttp://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/military.htm). ).

AlliancesAlliances

►European nations formed alliances for European nations formed alliances for defense and peace-keeping purposes. defense and peace-keeping purposes.

►Triple EntenteTriple Entente – fearing Germany’s – fearing Germany’s power, France and Russia and later power, France and Russia and later Great Britain joined to form this Great Britain joined to form this alliance. alliance.

►Triple AllianceTriple Alliance – Germany, Austria- – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance.Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance.

ImperialismImperialism

► Around 1870, European nations began to Around 1870, European nations began to acquire colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. acquire colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.

► European nations clashed over land abroad European nations clashed over land abroad and colonial borders. and colonial borders.

► Colonies signified power and wealth, and Colonies signified power and wealth, and European nations increased their overseas European nations increased their overseas empires to show their power.empires to show their power.

► In North Africa, clashes between Germany and In North Africa, clashes between Germany and Great Britain and France foreshadowed the Great Britain and France foreshadowed the war. war.

Map of Africa 1914Map of Africa 1914

Nationalism - backgroundNationalism - background► Elements of NationalismElements of Nationalism

CultureCulture HistoryHistory ReligionReligion LanguageLanguage TerritoryTerritory

► How were groups of people organized in How were groups of people organized in Europe pre-1800’s?Europe pre-1800’s?

► Kingdoms and EmpiresKingdoms and Empires Map of Europe – 1600Map of Europe – 1600

Nationalism - as a cause of Nationalism - as a cause of WWIWWI

► In the Balkans, ethnic groups such as the Serbs (South In the Balkans, ethnic groups such as the Serbs (South Slavic peoples), Romanians, Bulgarians, and Albanians all Slavic peoples), Romanians, Bulgarians, and Albanians all wanted independence and their own nation states. In the wanted independence and their own nation states. In the early 1900’s, these groups finally created their own nations. early 1900’s, these groups finally created their own nations.

► Balkan History MapsBalkan History Maps► Serbia had a large Slavic population and hoped to absorb all Serbia had a large Slavic population and hoped to absorb all

the Slavs into its nation. the Slavs into its nation. ► Austria-Hungary also ruled many Slavic (Serb) groups Austria-Hungary also ruled many Slavic (Serb) groups

(especially in Bosnia) and felt threatened by the nationalism (especially in Bosnia) and felt threatened by the nationalism in the Balkans and Serbia’s ambitions. in the Balkans and Serbia’s ambitions.

► Russia, however, also being Slavs, encouraged the Slavic Russia, however, also being Slavs, encouraged the Slavic nationalism in the Balkans. This encouragement upset nationalism in the Balkans. This encouragement upset Austria-Hungary and almost led to war between Russia and Austria-Hungary and almost led to war between Russia and Austria-Hungary.Austria-Hungary.

You Become the ExpertYou Become the Expert

► In 4 groups you will research one of In 4 groups you will research one of the MAIN causes of WWIthe MAIN causes of WWI

►Read the resources provided and fill Read the resources provided and fill out the chart youout the chart you

►Prepare a presentation of the Prepare a presentation of the information for the classinformation for the class

►You will be graded on criterion CYou will be graded on criterion C

Long-term Causes SummaryLong-term Causes Summary►Militarism – many European nations had Militarism – many European nations had

been building their militaries prior to been building their militaries prior to WWI, mostly to protect their colonies. WWI, mostly to protect their colonies. Germany especially had increased Germany especially had increased military spending and was seen as a military spending and was seen as a threat by other nations, especially threat by other nations, especially Britain.Britain.

►Alliances – the two main alliances prior Alliances – the two main alliances prior to WWI were the…to WWI were the… Triple Entente – France, Russia, BritainTriple Entente – France, Russia, Britain Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary,

ItalyItaly

Long-term Causes Summary Long-term Causes Summary ContinuedContinued

► Imperialism - European nations clashed over Imperialism - European nations clashed over land abroad and colonial borders. In North land abroad and colonial borders. In North Africa (Morocco) and South Africa clashes Africa (Morocco) and South Africa clashes between Germany and Great Britain and between Germany and Great Britain and France foreshadowed the war. France foreshadowed the war.

► Nationalism - Serbia had a large Slavic Nationalism - Serbia had a large Slavic population (people that shared the same population (people that shared the same ethnic group) and hoped to absorb all the ethnic group) and hoped to absorb all the Slavs into its nation. Austria-Hungary also Slavs into its nation. Austria-Hungary also ruled many Slavic (Serb) groups (especially in ruled many Slavic (Serb) groups (especially in Bosnia) and felt threatened by the nationalism Bosnia) and felt threatened by the nationalism in the Balkans and Serbia’s ambitions. Russia, in the Balkans and Serbia’s ambitions. Russia, however, also being Slavs, encouraged the however, also being Slavs, encouraged the Slavic nationalism in the Balkans. This Slavic nationalism in the Balkans. This encouragement upset Austria-Hungary.encouragement upset Austria-Hungary.

Warm-Up Warm-Up

►On a piece of paper, write down as On a piece of paper, write down as much as you can remember from the much as you can remember from the story of the assassination of Archduke story of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand from last class.Franz Ferdinand from last class.

Short-Term CauseShort-Term Cause

► ReadingReading► June 28, 1914, Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz June 28, 1914, Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz

Ferdinand, was assassinated by a Serbian Ferdinand, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, while in Sarajevo, nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, while in Sarajevo, Bosnia, a province of Austria-Hungary. Bosnia, a province of Austria-Hungary.

► July 28 - Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.July 28 - Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.► Russia, an ally of Serbia, mobilizes for War. Russia, an ally of Serbia, mobilizes for War. ► Germany then declared war on Russia on August Germany then declared war on Russia on August

1st and then France on August 3rd.1st and then France on August 3rd.► Germany invades Belgium on August 4th and so Germany invades Belgium on August 4th and so

Britain declares war on Germany that same day. Britain declares war on Germany that same day.

Fighting BeginsFighting Begins► Allied Powers – France, Great Britain, Russia, Serbia, Allied Powers – France, Great Britain, Russia, Serbia,

Italy (switches to the Allies in 1915), United States, Italy (switches to the Allies in 1915), United States, Albania, Montengro, Portugal, Australia, New Zealand, Albania, Montengro, Portugal, Australia, New Zealand, Greece, Belgium, Finland, Canada, South Africa. Greece, Belgium, Finland, Canada, South Africa.

► Central Powers – Germany and Austria-Hungary, Central Powers – Germany and Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, BulgariaOttoman Empire, Bulgaria

► Germany faced a two-front war.Germany faced a two-front war. Eastern front – against RussiaEastern front – against Russia Western front – against FranceWestern front – against France

► Schlieffen Plan – German plan, which called for the Schlieffen Plan – German plan, which called for the quick defeat of France (invasion through Belgium) to quick defeat of France (invasion through Belgium) to the West before heading East to fight Russia. the West before heading East to fight Russia.

► Germany first headed towards France through Germany first headed towards France through Belgium (neutral).Belgium (neutral).

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare► Germany’s plan to Germany’s plan to

quickly defeat quickly defeat France failed and France failed and the war became a the war became a stalemate. stalemate.

► Germany dug deep Germany dug deep ditches or trenches ditches or trenches and waited for the and waited for the Allies to attack. Allies to attack. Soon the Allies dug Soon the Allies dug their own trenches, their own trenches, and the Western and the Western Front was Front was established. established.

► World War I Front World War I Front mapmap

Trench DiagramTrench Diagram

New weaponsNew weapons► Tanks - first developed by the Tanks - first developed by the

British and first used in the British and first used in the Battle of the Somme and in Battle of the Somme and in full force at the Battle of full force at the Battle of Cambrai Cambrai

New WeaponsNew Weapons

► Machine Guns - Machine Guns - run by 3 to 6 run by 3 to 6 people, these people, these could fire 600 could fire 600 bullets a minutebullets a minute

► Artillery - new Artillery - new versions of versions of cannons were cannons were made. The Big made. The Big Bertha, invented Bertha, invented by Germany, by Germany, could fire shells could fire shells up to 120 km. up to 120 km.

New WeaponsNew Weapons

► Planes/Blimps - small Planes/Blimps - small scout planes and large scout planes and large blimps called Zepellins blimps called Zepellins could drop bombs and could drop bombs and spy on the enemy from spy on the enemy from the sky.the sky.

New weaponsNew weapons► Poison Gas Grenades and Poison Gas Grenades and

Gas Masks - Tear gas, Gas Masks - Tear gas, Chlorine gas, Phosgene Chlorine gas, Phosgene gas, and Mustard gas were gas, and Mustard gas were all used for the first time.all used for the first time. Chlorine gas was first Chlorine gas was first

used at the Second used at the Second Battle of Ypres. The gas Battle of Ypres. The gas destroyed the victim’s destroyed the victim’s respiratory organs, respiratory organs, leading to choking and leading to choking and suffocation.suffocation.

Mustard gas led to Mustard gas led to blisters, vomiting, blisters, vomiting, internal and external internal and external bleeding. bleeding. ► British soldiers – victims of a gas British soldiers – victims of a gas

attack.attack.

Improved Weapons Improved Weapons ► Submarines became Submarines became

more sophisticated with more sophisticated with torpedoes, mines, and torpedoes, mines, and deck guns.deck guns.

► Bolt action rifle - Bolt action rifle - The The main weapon used by main weapon used by British soldiers in the British soldiers in the trenches. 15 rounds trenches. 15 rounds could be fired in a could be fired in a minute and a person minute and a person 1,400 metres away 1,400 metres away could be killed.could be killed.

► Flamethrowers were Flamethrowers were invented in 1901 and invented in 1901 and first used in war by the first used in war by the Germans in the Battle of Germans in the Battle of Verdun.Verdun.

Some of the Major BattlesSome of the Major Battles

► First Battle of the First Battle of the Marne - Sept., 1914, Marne - Sept., 1914, Germans attacked Germans attacked France through France through Belgium but were Belgium but were stopped at the Marne stopped at the Marne river. The French river. The French pushed back the pushed back the Germans and soon both Germans and soon both sides set up trenches sides set up trenches inside French borders. inside French borders.

BattlesBattles

► Battle of Verdun - Feb. to Dec., 1916. Battle of Verdun - Feb. to Dec., 1916. Longest battle of the war. Germans attacked Longest battle of the war. Germans attacked historic forts at Verdun. Considered the most historic forts at Verdun. Considered the most brutal event of WWI. No real advantage was brutal event of WWI. No real advantage was gained by either side. But this was gained by either side. But this was considered a failure by Germans. considered a failure by Germans.

► Battle of Somme - July to Nov.,1916. Battle of Somme - July to Nov.,1916. Deadliest battle of WWI. French and British Deadliest battle of WWI. French and British operation to destroy the German frontline. operation to destroy the German frontline. Only gained about 12 km at most. Again, a Only gained about 12 km at most. Again, a long deadly battle with little ground gained. long deadly battle with little ground gained.

WWI starts winding down…WWI starts winding down…► US entered WWI in April of 1917 under the US entered WWI in April of 1917 under the

command of General John J. Pershing. Once command of General John J. Pershing. Once the troops arrive, this gives the Allies much the troops arrive, this gives the Allies much needed manpower. needed manpower.

► 1917 song "Over There"1917 song "Over There"► Russian Revolution takes place and Russia Russian Revolution takes place and Russia

signed an armistice (peace agreement) with signed an armistice (peace agreement) with Germany. This closes the Eastern front and Germany. This closes the Eastern front and gives hope to the Germans for victory. gives hope to the Germans for victory.

► In March of 1918 German begin an offensive In March of 1918 German begin an offensive on the Western front called the Spring on the Western front called the Spring Offensive. They try to start the offensive Offensive. They try to start the offensive before the Americans can reach the front.before the Americans can reach the front.

How it came to an endHow it came to an end► The Germans appeared to be winning on the Western The Germans appeared to be winning on the Western

front with their Spring Offensive. front with their Spring Offensive. ► German Home front - However, the British had a naval German Home front - However, the British had a naval

blockade of all German ports, which meant thousands blockade of all German ports, which meant thousands of people were starving. Strikes and demonstrations of people were starving. Strikes and demonstrations were taking place in German cities protesting the war. were taking place in German cities protesting the war. And there were mass desertions of German soldiers as And there were mass desertions of German soldiers as well. well.

► The Germans were closing on Paris, but in the 2The Germans were closing on Paris, but in the 2ndnd Battle of the Marne the Allies were able to force the Battle of the Marne the Allies were able to force the Germans into retreat. This was the turning point of the Germans into retreat. This was the turning point of the war. war.

► The final Allied counter offensive, known as the The final Allied counter offensive, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, forced further retreat and Hundred Days Offensive, forced further retreat and finally ended the war. finally ended the war.

► Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on Nov 9th on an armistice Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on Nov 9th on an armistice was signed on Nov. 11th, 1918. (11th hour of the 11th was signed on Nov. 11th, 1918. (11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918)day of the 11th month of 1918)

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles► June 28th, 1919 - Treaty of Versailles is June 28th, 1919 - Treaty of Versailles is

signed by the Allies and German delegates. signed by the Allies and German delegates.

The Big Four – George, Orlando, Clemanceau, Wilson