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Eukaryotic chromosome compared to a prokaryotic one. DNA - Structure. The structural subunit is a nucleotide . Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogen base. DNA Structure. DNA. DNA Replication. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Eukaryotic chromosome compared to a prokaryotic one.
DNA - Structure
• The structural subunit is a nucleotide.• Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a
sugar and a nitrogen base.
DNA Structure
DNA
DNA Replication
This image is from your text. If you can find the error in their illustration of DNA replication, you
have a good understanding of the process.
New nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the new DNA strand.
DNA Replication
• New nucleotides are manufactured during the lag phase of the bacterial growth curve.
Thymine vs. Uracil
Protein Synthesis: transcription
RNA polymerase
Transcription
tRNA structure
20 amino acids
Translation
Operon pg. 225 (pg. 229)
mRNA binds here
Repressible Operon (pg. 225)
Repressible Operon
Binds to Inactive Repressor
Inactive Repressor
Repressible Operon
Inducible Operon (pg. 224)
Inducible Operon
Inducible Operon pg. 224
RNA Codons
Missense
Nonsense Mutation
Base Substitution
Frameshift
Viruses ch. 13
Virus Structure
Protein Capsid
Receptors
Enveloped Virus
Influenza
Hemagglutinin: Receptor Site. Allows attachment to host cell.
Neuraminidase. Enzyme, breaks down mucus, assists virus as it moves in and out of cell.
polyhedralcomplex
helical
enveloped
Lytic Cycle
Lytic Cycle
Viruses ch. 13
Agriculture Transgenics On the Market
Source: USDA
Insect resistant cotton – Bt toxin kills the cotton boll worm• transgene = Bt protein
Insect resistant corn – Bt toxin kills the European corn borer• transgene = Bt protein
Normal Transgenic
Virus resistance - papya resistant to papaya ringspot virus• transgene = virus coat protein
Source: Monsanto
Herbicide resistant crops Now: soybean, corn, canola Coming: sugarbeet, lettuce, strawberry alfalfa, potato, wheat• transgene = modified EPSP synthase or phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase
Biotech chymosin; the enzyme used to curdle milk products• transgene = genetically engineered enzyme
bST; bovin somatotropin; used to increasemilk production• transgene = genetically engineered enzyme
Source: Rent Mother Nature
Source: Chr. Hansen
Next Generation of Ag Biotech Products
Source: Minnesota Microscopy Society
Golden Rice – increased Vitamin A content (but not without controversy)transgene = three pathway enzymes
Sunflower – white mold resistancetransgene = oxalate oxidase from wheat
Turfgrass – herbicide resistance; slower growing (= reduced mowing)
Bio Steel – spider silk expressed in goats; used to make soft-body bullet proof vests (Nexia)
Environmental Applications
Bioremediation - cleanup contaminated sites; uses microbes designed to degrade the pollution
Indicator bacteria – contamination can be detected in the environment
Tooth decay – engineered Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria that destroys enamel
Future Health-related Biotech Products
Vaccines – herpes, hepatitis C, AIDS, malaria
Edible VaccinesTransgenic Plants Serving Human Health Needs
• Works like any vaccine • A transgenic plant with a pathogen protein gene is developed• Potato, banana, and tomato are targets• Humans eat the plant • The body produces antibodies against pathogen protein• Humans are “immunized” against the pathogen• Examples:
DiarrheaHepatitis BMeasles
Prions
Prions
Long chain of abnormal prion chains starting to build.
Prions