ETHNIC DIFFERENCES OF ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND NUTRITION IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS AGED 13 TO 17 YEARS IN R. MACEDONIA

8/11/2019 ETHNIC DIFFERENCES OF ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND NUTRITION IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS AGED 13 T

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ETHNIC DIFFERENCES OF ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND

NUTRITION IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS AGED 13 TO 17 YEARS IN R.

MACEDONIA

Bojadziea Bi!ja"a# Na$ea%&a"e'$a N# Ma(eea N# )a*i+oa B# Cadi$o'$a E#

T+,$o'$a B

Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty,University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skope, !. Macedonia

ABSTRACT

P-+,o'e To determine whether anthropometric parameters of growth and

body mass index (BMI) vary by ethnic grop in their distribtion!

Ma(e+ia! a"d /e(0od' This stdy inc"ded #$% fema"e ado"escents at the age

of to &' years (* Macedonian and &'+ A"banian) from the city of S,op-e. R!Macedonia! Body height. weight. circmferences/ chest. waist and hip. e"bow and

,nee diameter were measred sing standard e0ipment and measrement techni0e!

Body mass index (BMI) was ca"c"ated (,g1m) as anthropometric indicator for

eva"ating ntritiona" stats in ado"escents!

Re'-!('Statistica""y significant differences within ethnic grops were fond

for anthropometric parameters in favor of Macedonian fema"e ado"escents for/ body

weight and BMI in year2o"d ado"escents and for body height in &%2year2o"d

ado"escents! Significant differences between ethnic grops were fond for chest and

waist circmference in year2o"d ado"escents in favor of Macedonian fema"es!

Statistica""y significant differences in measred transversa" parameters in a"" age

grops were fond in favor of fema"es from A"banian nationa"ity! There were nosbstantia" differences in the +thpercenti"e va"es for BMI2for2age except at the age

of years!

Co"!-'io"' Anthropometric parameters in fema"e ado"escents of

Macedonian nationa"ity were significant"y different than those of A"banian nationa"ity!

There were no significant differences in ntritiona" stats assessed by BMI2for2age!

The obtained va"es in or stdy are recommended to be app"ied for better

nderstanding of deviations in growth and ntrition in ethnic different to &'2year2

o"d Macedonian fema"e ado"escents!

2e 4o+d'/ ado"escents. ethnic grops. ntritiona" anthropometry. body

height. body weight

I"(+od-(io"

Anthropometric measrements of hman body. especia""y in the period of

chi"dhood and ado"escence are needed in c"inica" practise for eva"ating the growth

and deve"opment and they can be good indicators of hea"th and ntrition of yoth

pop"ation 3",#,$4. Body height and weight are va"id indicators of growth btchanges that occr in body proportions and body composition are basic e"ements of

growth and deve"opment!

5istribtion of body fat is crrent"y of main interest of researchers and the

main changes occr dring the period of chi"dhood and ado"escence! Individa"changes are associated with changes in hormone "eve"s and metabo"ic processes in


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adipocytes especia""y in chi"dhood and ado"escent period! The most sed and

va"idated anthropometric indicator for eva"ating ntritiona" stats in chi"dren.

ado"escents and ad"ts is body mass index (6ete"et index 7 weight1height$) 3+.%4! It

can be sed as an a"ternative indicator for direct measring of body fat! It is an easy

and simp"e method for ear"y detection of ntritiona" stats in chi"dren and ado"escents!

BMI is sex and age specific and it is referred as BMI for age 384.Most stdies that have eva"ated ntritiona" stats of ado"escents sing BMI.

have not considered the possibi"ity that the ethnic differences in body fatness may

vary according to the BMI "eve" 3'4! Macedonia is a contry in which a heterogeneos

pop"ation composed of mixtre of different re"igios and "ingistic affi"iations. "ives

on a sma"" space with "imited resorces! A"baniansare the "argest ethnic minorityin

the Repb"ic of Macedonia! 9f the ..+%' citi:ens of Macedonia. +*.$#. or

+!;. are A"banian according to the "atest nationa" censs in 3$4! The A"banian

pop"ation in the contry is "arge"y rra" with ethnic A"banians forming a ma-ority or

p"ra"ity in on"y # of the contry


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instrments according to the Internationa" Bio"ogica" =rogramme (IB=)/ body height

(B) and body weight (BD). chest (CC). waist (DC) and hip circmference (C)

and two diameters. e"bow (5>) and ,nee (5E)! BMI was ca"c"ated as a ratio of body

weight and height s0ared (,g1m)! Measrements were made dring schoo" hors.

not interrpting the "essons! >very ado"escent has his1her own anthropometric fi"e

with the fo""owing data/ name. gender. date and p"ace of birth. date of examination.nationa"ity and measred anthropometric data!

N-(+i(io"a! '(a(-'

Anthropometric indexes were sed for interpretation of the measrements! The

fo""owing indexes recommended by the D9 expert committee were sed/ height2

for2age. weight2for2age and BMI2for2age 3*.&.&&4! The assessment of the va"e of

indexes was done in accordance with the recommended percenti"e charts for the

appropriate age grop! or the aim of categori:ation of the BMI va"es. the fo""owing

percenti"e ct2off points were sed/ F +thpercenti"e for nderweight? from the &+th to

$+thpercenti"e for norma" weight? from $+th to *+thpercenti"e for the category ofoverweight? and above the *+thpercenti"e for obese 3&&4!

S(a(i'(i'

The data were ana"y:ed with descriptive statistics presented by measres of

centra" tendency and its deviation (arithmetic mean va"e G and standard deviation)

a"ong with ranges expressed in percenti"es! Testing of ethnic specific differences was

done with independent t2test! 5ifferences for p F!+ were considered to be

statistica""y significant! The statistica" pac,age for the socia" sciences (S=SS &'!. Inc.

Chicago. IH) was sed for a"" statistica" ana"ysis!

Re'-!('

The stdy inc"ded #$% fema"e hea"thy stdents (* Macedonian and &'+

A"banian) at the age of to &' year from se"ected schoo"s and c"asses. from the city

of S,op-e!

5ifferences in mean va"es and standard deviations of the examined

anthropometric parameters in to &'2years2o"d Macedonian and A"banian fema"e

ado"escents and their age specific differences are presented in Tab"e &!

The years2o"d Macedonian fema"es had body height of &8!$G+!'# cm.

weight +&!$*G'!#' ,g and BMI !%G!+ ,g1m

! In A"banian fema"es at the sameage the va"es were/ &+$!++G8!& cm. %'!#8G$!8% ,g and &$!$G#!* ,g1mfor B.

BD and BMI! In &%2years2o"d Macedonian fema"es mean va"es were/ &8%!+'G8!#+

cm for B. +8!#&G'!+ ,g for BD and for BMI !''G!%+ ,g1m. compared to

va"es of A"banian fema"es at the same age/ &8!%%G8!*+ cm for B. +%!$*G!%8 ,g

for BD and for BMI &!&*G%!&' ,g1m! Dhi"e in and &%2year2o"d fema"es the

va"es were higher in Macedonian in the &+2year2o"d Macedonian fema"es mean

va"es were more simi"ar to those in A"banian ado"escents/ &8!*G'!+# cm for B.

++!%G8!*' ,g for BD and for BMI !$#G&!$8 ,g1m. in A"banian fema"es at the same

age/ &8!&G+!' cm for B. +8!*#G&&!%% ,g for BD and for BMI &!'G%!88 ,g1m!

In &82year2o"d Macedonian fema"es mean va"es were/ &8%!*+G8!+ cm for B.

++!$&G8!% ,g for BD and for BMI !+&G&!*' ,g1m

. compared to va"es ofA"banian fema"es at the same age/ &8!$G8!$+ cm for B. +!*G$!#8 ,g for BD and


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for BMI !&G#!# ,g1m! In &'2year2o"d Macedonian fema"es mean va"es were/

&8#!%*G8!+$ cm for B. +'.8G'! ,g for BD and for BMI &.#%G!# ,g1m.

compared to va"es of A"banian fema"es at the same age/ &8!*+G+!8+ cm for B.

+8.'8G&!' ,g for BD and for BMI &.#G#!'+ ,g1m!

Statistica""y significant differences within ethnic grops were fond for

anthropometric parameters in favor of Macedonian fema"e ado"escents for/ bodyweight and BMI in year2o"d ado"escents and for body height in &%2year2o"d

ado"escents!

Mean va"es of measred circ"ar parameters presented in Tab"e & in

Macedonian fema"es at the age of years were as fo""ows/ $!*%G8!% cm for CC.

8'!&$G+!%% cm for DC and *!#&G'!&% cm for C. and in A"banian fema"es at the

same age/ '8!&8G8!%8 cm for CC. 8%!&G8!' cm for DC and $'!*G'!+& cm for

C! At this age as we can see from the obtained res"ts a"" of the three circ"ar

parameters were with higher va"es in Macedonian fema"e ado"escents! At the age of

&% years the differences were not significant! Mean va"es for chest. waiste and hip

circmference in Macedonian fema"es were/ $%!$%G8! cm for CC. '!#%G*!#$ cm

for DC and *%!''G*! cm for C! In A"banian fema"es the va"es were/ $+!'&G$!'+cm for CC. '!#%G*!#$ cm for DC and *%!''G*! cm for C! Mean va"es for &+2

year2o"d Macedonian fema"es were/ $+!8'G%!$' cm for CC. 8$!8$G%!'& cm for DC.

*#G%!+' cm for C. compared to A"banian fema"es at the same age/ $$!*G$!# cm

for CC. '#!%G&!8 cm for DC and for C *'!&G'!' cm! At the age of &8 and &'

years the va"es were simi"ar with those in &+2year2o"d ado"escents with higher va"es

for a"" three circmferences in favor of A"banian fema"es! In &82year2o"d

Macedonian fema"es the obtained va"es were/ $#!$%G%!#& cm for CC. 8'!$&G%!%'

cm for DC. *#G+!%% cm for C. compared to A"banian fema"es at the same age/

$+!++G'!# cm for CC. 8*!%&G'! cm for DC and for C *%!'&G+!$+ cm! Mean

va"es for &'2year2o"d Macedonian fema"es were/ $8!88G+!&' cm for CC.

8$!#+G+!8$ cm for DC. *#!*#G8!& cm for C. compared to A"banian fema"es at the

same age/ $'!8$G8!& cm for CC. '&!#%G+!$* cm for DC and for C *8!&G'!%

cm!

or circ"ar parameters significant differences between ethnic grops were

fond for chest and waist circmference in year2o"d ado"escents in favor of

Macedonian fema"es! In &+2year2o"d ado"escents significant differences were fond

for waist and hip circmference in favor of A"banian ado"escents and for waist

circmference significant differences were in favor of A"banian ado"escents at the

age of &' years!

Tab"e presents differences in mean va"es of measred transversa"

anthropometric parameters/ e"bow and ,nee diameters in both Macedonian andA"banian fema"e ado"escents aged to &' years! Mean va"es for e"bow and ,nee

diameters were higher in A"banian fema"e ado"escents! a"es for the e"bow diameter

increased with the age in Macedonian fema"es contrary to A"banian fema"es!


grops were fond in favor of fema"es of A"banian nationa"ity (pF!+)! In . &+

and &'2year2o"d fema"es significant differences were fond for ,nee diameter. in &%2

year2o"d fema"es for e"bow and ,nee diameters and in &+2year2o"d fema"es for ,nee

diameters!

Age percenti"e va"es for anthropometric parameters that are common"y sed

for assessment of growth and ntritiona" stats in ado"escents sch as/ indices height2

for2age. weight2for2age and BMI for Macedonian and A"banian fema"es are shown inTab"e # and Tab"e %. respective"y!


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The +thpercenti"e for height2for2age index in Macedonian fema"es had shown

higher va"es in the age grops from to &' years (&8&!+ cm to &8% cm) than in

A"banian fema"es &+$ cm to &8% cm! The + thpercenti"e for weight2for2age index in

Macedonian fema"es was + ,g to +8 ,g in the age grops from to &' years and in

A"banian fema"es they were %+ ,g to +' ,g!

The most sed and va"idated anthropometric indicator for eva"atingntritiona" stats in chi"dren. ado"escents and ad"ts is body mass index (6ete"et

index 7 weight1height$)! =ercenti"e va"es for BMI for Macedonian fema"e sb-ects

are shown in Tab"e # and for A"banian ado"escents in Tab"e %! As we can see from the

Tab"es # and %. the va"es of the +th percenti"e for BMI in Macedonian fema"e

ado"escents at the age from to &' years were from &*!'$ ,g1mto &!+,g1m and

from &'!*8 ,g1mto &!'& ,g1minA"banian fema"es at the same age! There were no

big differences in the +thpercenti"e va"es for BMI2for2age except at the age of

years? the va"e for the +thpercenti"e was s"ight"y "ower in A"banian ado"escents

(&'!*8 ,g1m) than in Macedonian at the same age (&*!'$ ,g1m)!

Ta5!e 1. Co/,a+i'o" o* 5od 0ei60(# 5od 4ei60(# BMI# i+-/*e+e"e' 0e'(#

0i, a"d 4a'(e8 a"d 'i6"i*ia"e o* (0e di**e+e"e' a/o"6 ,o,-!a(io"'

A6e9"a(io"a!i(

"

BH /8 B: $68 BMI ,g1m8 ;GS5)

Ci+-/*e+e"e' /8

C0e'( :ai'( Hi,

;GS5)

13 Maedo"ia"

3

&8%!*+G8!+&8!$G8!$+

++!$&G8!%+!*G$!#8

!+&G&!*'!&G#!#

$#!$%G%!#&$+!++G'!#

8'!$&G%!%'8*!%&G'!

*#G+!%%*%!'&G+!$+

17 Maedo"ia"

A!5a"ia"


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Ta5!e 3. Pe+e"(i!e a!-e' *o+ 5od 0ei60(# 4ei60( a"d BMI i" 13 (o 17%ea+%o!d

Maedo"ia" *e/a!e ado!e'e"('

Age1y =ercenti"e

% & &+ + + '+ $+ **+

ema"e eight2for2age (n7%8) &+!%+ &+%!+ &++!# &+' &8&!+ &8%!'+ &88 &8' &8*!'+

&% (n7+%) &++ &+8! &+'!& &+*!+ &8% &8'!+ &8*!* &'!8 &'+&+ (n7%) &%$!*+ &+#!$ &+' &+*!'+ &8#!+ &8$ &'!&+ &'& &'!+&8 (n7#) &+' &+$ &+$ &8!'+ &8%!'+ &8$!+ &'!#+ &'& &'+!'&' (n7%+) &+8 &+8!% &+' &8 &8% &8' &'!8 &'#!8$ &'%!$

Deight2for2age (n7%8) %!8+ %!* %#!#' %'!+ + ++!8 +' 8!+ 8%!8

&% (n7+%) %%!'* %8 %'!&+ + ++ 8# 8% 8+ 8'!#&+ (n7%) %%!*+ %'!* %$ + ++ +*!+ 8# 8#!& 8%!#+&8 (n7#) %8 %'!& %$!8+ +&!'+ +8!+ +* 8#!' 8+ 8+!%+

&' (n7%+) %'! %* + + +8 8!+ 8+!$ 8$ '!8 BMI (n7%8) &8!+8 &8!$# &'!&* &$!%# &*!'$ &!$$ !** #!# #!*$

&% (n7+%) &'!&$ &'!*$ &$!+ &$!'# !## !+ #!$ %!+ %!'#&+ (n7%) &$!% &*!% &*! &*!8 !8 &!' !$$ #! #!$+&8 (n7#) &'!&' &'!$8 &$!% &*!#$ !8 &!'& !8% #!&& #!%&' (n7%+) &$!&$ &%!%% &$!+* &*!%8 &!+ !%8 #!%' %!&8 +!%

Ta5!e thnic diversity is a"ways a significant factor that may affect theanthropometric data and the scopes of its app"ications! &o apply e'ective


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strate(ies, a )etter understandin( of morpholo(y and itsrelationships *ith )ody composition in each ethnic (roup isessential.=heasant sggested that the variations of body dimensions of differentgrops can be observed in terms of overa"" body si:e and bodi"y proportions 3&4! The

mean anthropometric dimensions. for examp"e statre and sitting height. are the most

typica" distinctions among ethnic grops 3!The aim of this stdy was to assess the differences in anthropometric

parameters of growth and ntritiona" stats in fema"e ado"escents from Macedonian

and A"banian nationa"ity "iving in rban area in the city of S,op-e. R! Macedonia! The

stdy confirmed the differences in anthropometric parameters of growth between

ethnic grops!

Krowth in height and increased body weight are treated as most va"id

indicators of physica" growth! Mean va"es of body height in a"" age grops from

to &' years were higher in Macedonian fema"e sb-ects (&8!$ cm to &8%!$ cm)

than in A"banian fema"es (&+$!++ cm to &8!*+ cm)! The mean va"es of body weight

were a"so s"ight"y higher in Macedonian fema"es (+&!$* ,g to +'!8 ,g) than in

A"banian fema"es (%'!#8 ,g to +8!'8 ,g)! rom the obtained va"es for body heightand weight in or stdy we can conc"de that high increase of mean va"es of body

height and weight can be seen between and &%2year2o"d fema"es in both ethnic

grops!

The index height2for2age portrays the degree of "inear growth of a chi"d in

corre"ation with his1her chrono"ogica" age 3&%4! How va"es of this parameter. F+th

percenti"e. point ot to "ong2term disordered ntrition 3&+.&84! The va"es of body

height for the +thpercenti"e in fema"e ado"escents of Macedonian nationa"ity at the

age from to &' years were &8&!+ cm to &8% cm. and in A"banian fema"es from &+$

cm to &8% cm. against &+*!+ cm to &8% cm at the same age grops fond in the LCS

reference pop"ation 3&'4! The obtained va"e for weight2for2age index for the + th

percenti"e in Macedonian fema"es in the to &'2years2age grops were from + ,g to

+8 ,g. and in A"banians from %+ ,g to +' ,g. against +!# ,g to 8!$ ,g fond in the

LCS reference pop"ation 3&'4! The res"ts of or stdy have shown sstatistica""y

significant differences within ethnic grops for anthropometric parameters in favor

of Macedonian fema"e ado"escents for/ body weight and BMI in year2o"d

ado"escents and for body height in &%2year2o"d ado"escents!

The res"ts a"so indicated possib"e ethnic differences in fat distribtion

patterns inc"ding viscera"2sbctaneos! or circ"ar parameters significant

differences between ethnic grops were fond for chest and waist circmference in

year2o"d ado"escents in favor of Macedonian fema"es! In &+2year2o"d ado"escents

significant differences were fond for waist and hip circmference in favor ofA"banian ado"escents and for waist circmference significant differences were fond

for waist circmference in favor of A"banian ado"escents! Mean va"es for e"bow and

,nee diameters were higher in A"banian fema"e ado"escents! a"es for the e"bow

diameter increased with the age in Macedonian fema"es contrary to A"banian fema"es!


grops were fond in favor of fema"es of A"banian nationa"ity! In . &+ and &'2

year2o"d fema"es significant differences were fond for ,nee diameter. in &%2year2o"d

fema"es for e"bow and ,nee diameters and in &+2year2o"d fema"es for ,nee diameters!

A"thogh BMI is a wide"y accepted measre of overa"" body mass. some

findings sggest that measres of centra" adiposity have stronger associations with

cardiovasc"ar disease (C5) 3&$4! Recent findings have not consistent"y shown asing"e indicator to be more high"y associated with C5 ris,. bt the re"ationship is


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frther comp"icated by the varying associations between adiposity measres and C5

ris, by race1ethnicity 3&*4! Ambigity remains abot which adiposity measre

optima""y predicts C5 ris, and is best sited for different racia"1ethnic grops! In

or stdy we sed body mass index (6ete"et index 7 weight1height ) as the most

sed and va"idated indicator for direct measring of body fat. and for ear"y detection

of ntritiona" stats in chi"dren and ado"escents 3+.84! In or sb-ects. there were noethnic differences in mean va"es for BMI. except at the age of years! Significant"y

specific difference was in favor of fema"es of Macedonian nationa"ity! The obtained

va"e for body mass index for the + thpercenti"e in Macedonian fema"es at the age of

to &' years was &*!'$ ,g1m to &!+ ,g1m. and in A"banians from &'!*8 ,g1mto

&!'& ,g1m. against !* ,g1m to !+ ,g1m fond in the LCS reference

pop"ation 3&'4! rther investigation with "arger cohort grop into the optima"

adiposity measre to predict C5 ris, across racia"1ethnic pop"ations may be

warranted!

9r stdy had a goa" to approach one. nti" now not investigated area of

determination of the anthropometric parameters and ntrition of the pop"ation of

A"banian ado"escents and to compare their anthropometric characteristics with thoseof ado"escents of Macedonian nationa"ity. both "iving in the city of S,op-e. R!

Macedonia!

Co"!-'io"

De fond differences in measred anthropometric parameters of growth

between fema"e ado"escents from Macedonian and A"banian nationa"ity! +ue to thesmall sample sie included, it is stron(ly recommended that futureresearch should )e conducted on a lar(er cohort *ith inclusion ofmore varia)les as *ell as social information forboth ethnic grops foreasier eva"ation and nderstanding of differences in anthropometric parameters of

growth and ntrition!The obtained va"es in or stdy are recommended to be app"ied

for eva"ation and better nderstanding of deviations in growth and ntrition in to

&'2year2o"d fema"e Macedonian and A"banian ado"escents!

Re*e+e"e'

&! 9bitary! ames Mori"yan Tanner &*2&!Ann m Bio"!&&? #$(#)/%#28!

!-anevska/a0eva /.Morfolo1ka struktura i strukturni komponenti

na teloto ka u2ili1nata mladina od makedonska nacionalnost!3+oktorska disertacia4Skope, Medicinski fakultet,&**+!

#! Rogo" A5. C"ar, =A. Roemmich L! Krowth and pberta" deve"opment in chi"dren

and ado"escents/ effects of diet and physica" activity! Am C"in Ltr ?'/+&2$!

3. reedman S5. Sherry B! The va"idity of BMI as an indicator of body fatness andris, among chi"dren! =ediatrics *?&%(&)/#2##!

+! Ma"ina RM. Eat:mar:y, =T! a"idity of the body mass index as an indicator of the

ris, and presence of overweight in ado"escents! Am C"in Ltr &***?'/&28!


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4. 5erenberg =. Deststrate A. Seide"" C! Body mass index as a measre of bodyfatness/ age2and2sex2specific prediction form"as! Brit Ltr!&**&?8+/&+2&&%

'! reedman S5. Dang . Thornton C. Mei N. =ierson LR. 5iet: D. or"ic, M!

Racia"1ethnic differences in body fatness among chi"dren and ado"escents!9besity

$?&8/&&+2&&&!

5. State Statistica" 9ffice of the Repb"ic of Macedonia! Censs of pop"ation.hoseho"ds and dwe""ings in the Repb"ic of Macedonia. ! S,op-e/ State

Statistica" 9ffice of the Repb"ic of Macedonia? +!

6. C+C ta)le for calculated 7MI values for selected hei(hts and*ei(hts for a(es $$8 years. /ational 9ealth and /utrition:;amination Survey< c $888 3cited $886 April "84 Availa)le from=http=>>***.cdc.(ov>(ro*thcharts>

"8. 7arlo* S:, +iet ?9. @)esity evaluation and treatment= :;pertCommittee !ecommendations. ediatrics."665 Sep< "8$B#=""".

&&! 5e 9nis M. 9nyango AD. Borghi >. Siyam A. Lishida C. Sie,man !

5eve"opment of a D9 growth reference for schoo"2aged chi"dren and ado"escents!

B"" Dor"d ea"th 9rgan! ' Sep? $+(*)/882'!

&!Hin OC. Dang M. Dang >M!The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics

among for peop"es in >ast Asia! App"! >rgon! %? #+ / &'#P$!

! Masahar E. La"a MB. Lei" AE. Sebe"y =. i""s A=! >thnic differences in body

composition and anthropometric characteristics in Astra"ian Cacasian and rbanIndigenos chi"dren! Brit Ltr! *?&(8)/*#$2*%8!

&%! Dor"d ea"th 9rgani:ation! =hysica" stats/ se and interpretation of

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Documents

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES OF ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND NUTRITION IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS AGED 13 TO 17 YEARS IN R. MACEDONIA