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Estimating GHG Emissions from Mineral Soils for
Cropland and Grazing Land Management
Roland Hiederer, Raul Abad-Viñas, Viorel Blujdea, Giacomo Grassi, Simone Rossi, Wim Devos European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra
IPCC Tier 1 Method
JRC Technical Workshop, Arona (IT), 05-07. May, 2014
Development Steps
Computation Look-up tables and
matrix of cross-tabulations
Factors Classification schema or
decision tree
Parameters Thematic spatial data and regional statistics directly or as proxy
The evaluation of the requirements of the IPCC Tier 1 method starts with the results to determine the information needs. When estimating C-stock changes the processing steps advance in the inverse direction.
Factor type
Grazing
Land
F I Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use
Boreal
Cold
temperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
Climate
RegionImprove
Moderately
degraded
Severely
degraded
Nominal /
non degr.
Medium
High
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.16
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
Multiple
improvements
Grazing
Land
Degraded
relative to native
Nominal /
Native
Severe
damage to
vegetation and
soil
Higher
productivity
relative to native
Moderately degraded
Severly degraded
ImprovedMedium input
Improved
High input
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
A. Introduction A.1 IPCC Tiers A.2 IPCC Approaches A.3 Tier 1 Method for Soil Organic Carbon
B. Computations B.1 Default Reference Soil Organic C-Stock B.2 Modifying Factors
C. Factors C.1 Constant Conditions C.2 Grazing Land Management Factors C.3 Crop Land Management Factors
D. Parameters D.1 Parameters defining Grazing Land Management factors D.2 Parameters defining Cropland Management factors D.3 Data for parameters
Structure
A.1 IPCC Tier Levels (detail of estimation method)
Tier 1 • Changes in C-stocks are based on C-stock after a change in land
management relative to the reference condition.
• Changes are computed over inventory time period.
Tier 2 • Extension of Tier 1 allowing country-specific data.
• Using default equations for mineral and organic soils.
Tier 3 • Advanced estimation system (model) capturing annual variability in
fluxes.
• May include estimates of changes in inorganic C pools.
from: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
A.2 IPCC Approaches (representation of land area / explicitness)
Approach 1
• Total area are provided at only two points in time for climate, soil and land use management system.
• No quantification of specific transitions in land use and management (only aggregate or net change).
Approach 2 • Total area and specific transitions between each land
management system provided.
Approach 3 • C-stock changes computed on a land parcel basis.
* from: IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF, Box 3.1.1
A.3.1 Tier 1 Method for Soil Organic Carbon
ΔCSoil = ΔCMineral - LOrganic + ΔCInorganic Tier 3
D
SOCSOCC T
Mineral00
isc
iscIMGLUREFt AFFFSOCSOCiscisciscsc
.,
,,,,,,,,,
where
SOCREF default reference soil organic C-stock FLU modifying land use factor FMG modifying management factor FI modifying input factor A land area of stratum defined by c, s and i history c,s,i climate region (c), soil type (s), management system (i)
Annual change in organic carbon stocks in mineral soils:
Annual loss of carbon from drained organic soils:
c
cOrganic EFAL
SOC0 soil organic C-stock, last year of an inventory period SOC0-T soil organic C-stock, beginning of an inventory period T number of year over inventory period D default time period for transition to equilibrium (20 yrs) EF emission factor for climate type c
A.3.2 Tier 1 Method for C-Stock Changes (mineral soil)
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20
Years after Conversion
Soil O
rganic
C-S
tock (
)t
C h
a-1
linear
progressive
C-Stock0-T
C-Stock0
Under Tier 1 it is assumed that in an undisturbed environment the C-stocks of mineral soils reach an equilibrium. The environmental conditions are defined by the factors • land use (FLU), • management (FMG) and • input (FI). When a factor changes a new level of C-stock equilibrium is reached after 20 years with a constant annual rate of change.
B.1 Default Reference Soil Organic C-Stock: CREF
CREF not defined
HAC LAC VulcanicSandy WetlandSpodic
Boreal
Coldtemperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
68
50
95
38
88
38
65
44
88
33
85
24
63
35
47
60
63
10
34
71
19
34
31
39
66
34
117
115
20
20
130
70
80
50
70
130
80
146
87
88
86
after: Table 2.3 2006 IPCC Guidelines for NGHG Inventories
Climate
Region
Soil
TypeThe values for the Default Reference Soil Organic C-stock (CREF) are defined by a cross-tabulation of Climate Region X Soil Type.
B.1b Default Reference Soil Organic C-Stock: CREF
HAC LAC VulcanicSandy WetlandSpodic
Boreal
Coldtemperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
68
50
95
38
88
38
65
44
88
33
85
24
63
35
47
60
63
10
34
71
19
34
31
39
66
34
117
115
20
20
130
70
80
50
70
130
80
146
87
88
86
Climate
Region
Soil
Type
High-activity
clay
Cold temperate
moist
95 t C ha-1
}
X
Example:
The values for the Default Reference Soil Organic C-stock (CREF) are defined by a cross-tabulation of Climate Region X Soil Type. CREF value for a “Cold temperate, moist” climate for a “High-activity Clay” soil is set to 95 t C ha-1.
B.2 Modifying Land Use Factors FLU, FMG and FI
Land Use System Factor = FLUS F * F * FLU MG I
FLU Long-term cultivated
- Low
- Medium
- High, no manure
- High, with manure
FLU Long-term cultivated
- Full tillage
- Reduced tillage
- No tillage
FMG Improved
- Medium
- High
- Improved
- Nominal/non-deg.
- Mod. degraded
- Sev. degraded
Grassland
Cropland
- Long-term cultivated
- Wetland rice (paddy)
- Perennial / tree crop
- Set-aside (< 20 yrs)
extensively managed
rangelands and savannahs,
intensively managed
continuous pasture,
hay land
FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use
Defa
ult S
OC-S
tock
t C ha-1 t C ha-1
+
-
Syste
m S
OC-S
tock
B.2.1 Grazing Land Management FLUS
Factor type
after: Table 6.2 2006 IPCC Guidelines for NGHG Inventories
Gra
zin
g
Lan
d
FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use
Boreal
Coldtemperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
Climate
Region
Im
prove
Mo
derate
ly
deg
rad
ed
Severely
deg
rad
ed
No
min
al /
non
deg
r.
Med
ium
Hig
h
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.16
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
The land use management factors influencing the Default Reference Soil Organic C-stocks are defined for each Climate Region. For GM the factor Input (FI) is only applicable where a the management FMG defines an improved grazing land.
Factor type
Gra
zin
g
Lan
d
FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use
Boreal
Coldtemperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
Climate
Region
Im
pro
ve
Mo
dera
tely
deg
rad
ed
Severe
ly
deg
rad
ed
No
min
al /
non
deg
r.
Med
ium
Hig
h
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.16
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
FLUS(0-T)
FLUS(0)
D_C-STOCK
1.00
1.00
(0.95 1.00)
1.00
0.95
95.0 -4.75
1.00
1.00 1.00
0.95
t C ha-1
=
=
=
=
=
=
*
*
- *
[*
[*
]
]
over 20 yrs
Management FMG changes from “nominal” to “moderately degraded” (the factor FI is not applicable). The change in C-stock over 20 years amounts to a loss of 4.75 t C ha-1, equivalent to an emission of 0.87 t CO2 ha-1yr-1.
Example:
B.2.1b Grazing Land Management FLUS
B.2.2 Cropland Management FLUS
Factor type
after: Table 5.5 2006 IPCC Guidelines for NGHG Inventories
FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use
Boreal
Coldtemperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
Climate
Region
Fu
ll
till
age
Lon
g-t
erm
cu
ltiv
ate
d
Lo
w
No
ti
llag
e
Perenn
ial
tree c
rop
Hig
h, n
o
man
ure
Set-
asid
e
(>
20
yrs
)
Hig
h,
wit
h
man
ure
Redu
ced
tillage
Pad
dy
rice
Mediu
m
0.80
0.80
0.69
0.80
0.69
0.58
0.48
0.48
0.64
0.93
0.93
0.82
0.93
0.82
0.93
0.82
0.82
0.88
0.95
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.92
0.92
0.94
1.04
1.04
1.11
1.04
1.11
1.04
1.11
1.11
1.08
1.37
1.37
1.44
1.37
1.44
1.37
1.44
1.44
1.41
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.02
1.08
1.02
1.08
1.09
1.15
1.15
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.15
1.10
1.15
1.17
1.22
1.22
1.16
The land use management factors are defined for the for sub-categories for each Climate Region. For GM the factors Input (FI) and management (FMG) only apply where the land use is “long-term cultivated”.
Land use category FLU changes from “long-term cultivated” to “set-aside”. For “set-aside” management and input factors are not applicable. The change in C-stock over 20 years amounts to an increase of 22.2 t C ha-1, equivalent to a removal of 4.01 t CO2 ha-1yr-1.
Factor type FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use
Boreal
Coldtemperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
Climate
Region
Fu
ll
till
age
Lon
g-t
erm
cu
ltiv
ate
d
Lo
w
No
ti
llag
e
Perenn
ial
tree c
rop
Hig
h, n
o
man
ure
Set-
asid
e
(>
20
yrs
)
Hig
h,
wit
h
man
ure
Redu
ced
tillage
Pad
dy
rice
Mediu
m
0.80
0.80
0.69
0.80
0.69
0.58
0.48
0.48
0.64
0.93
0.93
0.82
0.93
0.82
0.93
0.82
0.82
0.88
0.95
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.92
0.92
0.94
1.04
1.04
1.11
1.04
1.11
1.04
1.11
1.11
1.08
1.37
1.37
1.44
1.37
1.44
1.37
1.44
1.44
1.41
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.02
1.08
1.02
1.08
1.09
1.15
1.15
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.15
1.10
1.15
1.17
1.22
1.22
1.16
FLUS(0-T)
FLUS(0)
D_C-STOCK
0.69
1.00
(1.00 0.77)
1.00
95.0 + 22.2
1.11 0.77
1.00
t C ha-1
=
=
=
=
=
=
*
- *
*
over 20 yrs
Example:
B.2.2b Cropland Management FLUS
C. Constant and Modifying Factors
Constant Conditions
• Soil type
• Climate Region
• Default Reference Soil Organic C-stocks (CREF)
Modifying Factors
• Land use category (FLU)
• Management (FMG) practice applied, which influences level of C-stocks
• Input (FI) level of mineral and organic fertilizer application and organic amendments
C.1 Constant Conditions
* 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
No
IF
THEN
ELSE
Yes
No
IF
THEN
ELSE
Yes
Default Reference Soil Organic C-Sstocks (SOC )REF
t C ha-1 in 0-30 cm depth
Decision Tree*
SpatialLayer
SoilData
ClimateData
IPCC Tier 1 Method for Defining Default Reference Soil Organic Carbon Stocks
Soil Type
Climate Region
SOCREF
Fig
ure
3A.5
.4Fig
ure
3A.5
.2
Table 2.3* Spatial Layer
HAC LAC VulcanicSandy WetlandSpodic
Boreal
Coldtemperate
Warmtemperate
Tropical
dry
dry
dry
moist
moist
wet
montaine
moist
68
50
95
38
88
38
65
44
88
33
85
24
63
35
47
60
63
10
34
71
19
34
31
39
66
34
117
115
20
20
130
70
80
50
70
130
80
146
87
88
86
Climate
Region
Soil
Type
C.1.1 Classification Scheme Soil Type
Low
Activity
Clay Soils
Sand > 70%
and
Clay < 8%
Gleysol
Sandy
Soils
Andosol
Podzol
Wetland
Soils
Volcanic
Soils
Spodic
Soils
Albeluvisol, Alisols,
Calcisols, Cambisols,
Chernozems, Gypsisols,
Kastanozems, Leptosols,
Luvisols, Phaeozems,
Regosols, Solonetz,
Umbrisols, Vertisols
High
Activity
Clay Soils
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Acrisols
Anthrosols
Fluvisols
Ferralsols
Greyzems
Lixisols
Nitisols
Podzoluvisols
Planosols
Plinthosols
Solonchaks
(Arenosols)
StartDecision tree for assigning mineral soils to IPCC Soil Type category from World Reference Base for Soil Resources nomenclature. Organic soils are identified separately. The category “Wetland soils” only concerns minerals on wetland. After: Figure 3A.5.4, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
C.1.1 Spatial Layer Soil Type
IPCC Soil TypeOrganic
Sandy Soils
Wetland Soils
Volcanic Soils
Spodic Soils
High Activity Clay Soils
Low Activity Clay Soils
Soil types from mapped typologies of European Soil Database and Harmonized World Soil Database*. Mapping procedure uses ancillary data to assign all soil typological information to 1km grid.
*WEB_Link: http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/ESDB_Data_Distribution/derived_data.html
Classification according to Figure 3A.5.4, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
C.1.2 Classification Scheme Climate Region
Decision tree for classifying climate regions from parameters of climatic conditions: MAT Annual Mean Daily Temperature TAP Total Annual Precipitation PET Total Annual Pot. evapo-transpiration MMT Mean Monthly Temperature After: Figure 3A.5.2, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
10 <
MAT
<= 18
0 <
MAT <=10
MMT <= 10
all months
MAP > PET
Boreal Dry
TAP > PET
Warm
Temperate
Dry
Cool
Temperate
Dry
Polar Dry
Boreal
Moist
Warm
Temperate
Moist
Cool
Temperate
Moist
Polar Moist
Elevation >
1000m
TAP >
2000mm
1000mm
< TAP <=
2000mm
Tropical
Dry
TAP > PET
TAP > PET
MAT > 18
and < 7 days
frost/year
Tropical
Montane
Tropical
Wet
Tropical
Moist
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes yes yes
yes
yes yes
yes yes
yes
C.1.2 Spatial Layer Climate Regions
IPCC Climate
RegionTropical WetTropical MoistTropical DryTropical MontaneWarm Temp. MoistWarm Temp. DryCool Temp. MoistCool Temp. DryBoreal MoistBoreal DryPolar MoistPolar Dry
Climate Regions from WorldClim* data 1960–1990. 30 arc second data projected to a 1 km grid. Note: Presently available version covers 1950-2000. Data were downloaded 04.01.2006.
*WEB_Link: http://www.worldclim.org/current
Classification according to Figure 3A.5.2, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Default
C-Stock ( )t C ha-1
< 20
20 - 40
40 - 60
60 - 80
80 - 100
100 - 120
> 120
Cross-product of Soil Types X Climate Region layers. For combinations without a default reference value the average SOC stock for the soil type under a Climate Region is used. 1km grid spacing, ETRS-LAEA projection.
Classification according to Table 2.3, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
C.1.3 Spatial Layer SOCREF
System of practices on land used for livestock production aimed at manipulating the amount and type of vegetation and livestock produced. Generally has vegetation dominated by perennial grasses*.
* from: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 6
Rangeland
Savannahext. managed
Special Case:
grazed
woodlands
-> Forest
Managedpart of pastoral system
Pasturecontinuous,
intens. managed
Multi-annual
Fodder Crops
alfalfa, clover,
etc.
Hay landmeadows,
fodder
Grazing Land (land use)
continuous herbaceous cover where the primary
land use is grazing
Unmanaged
Natural
Grasslandnot managed
occasional grazing by
livestock, game
Moors and
heatlandbush, shrub
Not grassland as land cover type.
C.2.1 Grazing Land Management FLU
Multiple
improvements
Grazing
Land
Degraded
relative to native
Nominal /
Native
Severe
damage to
vegetation and
soil
Higher
productivity
relative to native
Moderately
degraded
Severly
degraded
Improved
Medium input
Improved
High input
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
Classification scheme for grazing land management system. Decision attributes are divided into two groups: Adapted from Figure 6.1, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Increase C-input to soil > native
Degradation = C input to soil < native
C.2.2 Grazing Land Management FMG, FI
System of practices on land on which agricultural crops are grown and on land temporarily set-aside from crop production*.
Long-term Cultivated • Area that has been continuously managed for > 20 years, to
predominantly annual crops.
Wetland (paddy) rice • Long-term (>20 years) annual cropping of wetland (paddy rice).
Perennial / Tree crop • Trees & shrubs with herbaceous crops, orchards, vineyards and plantations,
except where these lands are Forest Land.
Set-aside • Land set at rest for one or several (<20) years before being cultivated again.
* from: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 5.1
C.3.1 Cropland Management FLU
Level and frequency of physical disturbance.
Full Tillage
• Substantial soil disturbance with full inversion and/or frequent (within year) tillage operations.
Reduced Tillage
• Primary and/or secondary tillage but with reduced soil disturbance (usually shallow and without full soil inversion). Normally leaves surface with >30% coverage by residues at planting.
No Tillage
• Direct seeding without primary tillage, with only minimal soil disturbance in the seeding zone.
C.3.2 Factors for Cropland Management FMG
C.3.3 Factors for Cropland Management FI
Simplified classification scheme for cropland management system “long-term cultivated”. Decision attributes are divided into three groups: Adapted from Figure 5.1, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Annual
Crops
Medium
C input
Crop residues
removed or
burnt
Low
C input
Organic
amendments
Low residue
crops or rotation
with bare fallow
Medium
C input
Low
C input
Medium
C input
Low
C input
N-min fertiliser
or N-fixing crop
Organic
amendments
Medium
C input
Practice
increasing C
input by
enhancing
residues
High C input with organic
amendments
Practice
increasing C
input by
enhancing
residues
High C input without org.
amendments
Practice
increasing C
input above
low residue
varieties
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes yes
yes
no no
no no
yes
Fertilizer and amendments
Enhancing residues
Low residues
D.1 Parameters Defining GM Factors
Land Use
• Managed grassland, part of pastoral system.
Management
• Productivity relative to native productivity level overgrazing (grazing density) severe damage to vegetation severe soil erosion
• Improvements fertilisation species improvements irrigation
Input • Application of multiple improvements.
D.2 Parameters defining CM Factors
Land Use
• Perennial crops, rice, annual crops, set-aside, other managed land use.
Management • Level and frequency of physical soil disturbance (tillage).
Input • Residues
residue yield from crops (classification in low and high residue yield) use of residues (collection, burning)
• Practice increasing C-stock green manure, cover crops, vegetated fallow, irrigation, grass in crop
rotation, N-fixing crops
• Additions mineral fertiliser application rate manure application rate use of organic amendments
Corine Land Cover classes have been mapped to cropland and grazing land management categories. Classes of mixed land cover (use) can be attributed a share of a management category. Corine LC for 1990, 2000 and 2006, 100m grid spacing. Only CLC2000 with EU28 coverage.
Cropland and
Grazing Land
Long-term cultivatedPaddy rice
Permanent/tree cropsAgro-forestry
Grassland (Pasture)Other
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D.3.1 Land Use (FLU) from Spatial Land Cover
D.3.2 Management (FMG), Input (FI) from Statistics
NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) is a geo-code standard for referencing the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes*. Eurostat Farm Structure Survey (ef_2010)** for FMG and FI for 270 regions at NUTS-2 (only 2010).
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LPIS (see presentation Wim Devos)
• Spatially explicit transitions for land use system factors.
• The Land Parcel Identification System is a fundamental part of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS)*.
More information:
Documents from Workshop "LPIS management and challenges“, 22-24.04.2014, Brussels, Belgium http://mars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mars/News-Events/LPIS-2014-WS-Brussels/Agenda
Generic information http://marswiki.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wikicap/index.php/Main_Page
* from: http://marswiki.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wikicap/index.php/LPIS
D.3.3 Factors (FMG, FI) for Management Entity
Summary
Tier 1 Computations
• Changes in C-stocks as deviation from reference value according to land use category, management practice and input level.
• Default values provided for C-stock reference.
Status of Land Use System Factors • Default values provided for land use, management and input. • Data on factors restricted in detail (space & time).
Data for Parameters • Parameters specifying management and input factors are defined
qualitatively. • Historic conditions restricted to regional statistic and low-
resolution spatial data. • Potential for information on spatially explicit changes.