ESTABLISMENT CONSTRAINTS RESTORATION plant traitschapter.ser.org/europe/files/2012/08/JeltePieterDijkstra.pdf · Summer course ** Restoration ecology of low -productive ecosystems,

Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007

Jelte Pieter Dijkstra, University of GroningenCommunity and Conservation Ecology group, Haren, Th e Netherlands

Promotor: Rudy van Diggelen

Insights in ESTABLISMENT CONSTRAINTS

RESTORATION by using plant traits


BIO

TIC

SA

BIO

TIC

S

Potentialbottle necks

in restoration

POSITIONAL FACTORS CONDITIONAL FACTORS OPERATIONAL FACTORS

Seed sourcesurroundings

Dispersal

Germinationconditions

Seed sources Soil seedbank

Pollination

Microbialactivity

Ground waterlevels

waterRedox potentials

Soil temperature

VEGETATIONESTABLISMENT

Composition Base saturation AlFeCa

Atmosferic deposition

Physical and chemical

soil deposition

Soil pore water

Nutrientavailability

pH

Competition andfacilitation


Establishment constraints:Reduced pollination service:


Bringing beehives close to nature areas

to restore pollination service


Small reward

Not insectpollinated

Garden plants

Cleistogamy

Geitonomy

Wind

Selfing

Species visitedby honey bees

Wild plant species

Big reward

Insect pollinated

High visitationfrequency Apis

Rare Common

Low visitation frequency Apis

Honey bees

Alternativepollinators

Following a dropout race:after adding plant traits

Lateral spread

Mass-flowering

Naturalization

Flowering time

Red list species


Following a dropout race:after adding plant traits

Honey bee visitation

Reward

Alternative pollinators

Insect pollination

Garden/wild

Visitation frequency

Abundance

1058

103

498443

93

10

6357


Visitation frequency of honey bees versus the abundance of wild plant species

0

5

10

15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Abundance

Num

ber

Medium visit frequency High visit frequency

10 species are ‘extinct’trough rare (category 0-4)

R2=0.72 n.s.

Results Honey bee visitation

Reward


Insect pollination

Garden/wild

Visitation frequency

Abundance

1058

103

498443

93

10

6357

Extinct or

absentVery common

12.657453Total

15.547304Common

6.710149Rare

% RemainedRemainedStart


Results: Common plant species visited by honey bees

27

8 7

37

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

<1cm 1-25cm >25cm Yes No

Lateral spread per year Mass of flowers

Num

er o

f spe

cie

s

Lateral spread

Mass-flowering

Naturalization


Common

Charasteritics for 'the 47' common wild plant speci es visited by honey bees

4236

22

5

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Bumble Bees Wild Bees Butter flies Yes Native

Alternative pollinators Naturalized

Num

er o

f sp

ecie

s


Conclusions• Honey bees: The higher nectar and pollen

availability the higher the visitation frequency of honeybees;

• They forage for common plants flowering with many flowers;

• Not really desired for restoration purposes


Establishment constraints:Invasive species


Southwestern WA:A biodiversity hotspot and

an agriculture region


Research area

Picture of NR’s in the wheatbelt

Durakoppin, 2 sites

Tutanning, 4 sites

Dongolocking, 2 sites


Sand-plain heathlands

� Well known for their species richness;

� Scattered around the wheatbelt;

� Several threats: invasion of Allocasuarina huegeliana.

� Reference sites for futurerestoration;



A. huegelina / rock sheoak


Transect experimentPresentAbsent

150 m

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

P

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

20m

P

A


Distanceclosest neigbour

Distance closestreproductiveparent tree

% Perrenial cover

% of site Surroundedsheoak woodland

Time since fire

% Annual cover

% Litter cover

SOIL

pHFine earth Gravel

Texture Colour

Browsing pressure

Kangaroo/Wallaroo Tammar Wallaby

Brush Wallaby Rabbit

Height of neigbour vegetation

Abiotic

Biotic

% Perrenial cover

Distance closestreproductiveparent tree

Distanceclosest neigbour

Research


Stages of invasionSeedling

(browsing, droughtand others factors)

Juvenile...(prolonged drought,

diseases)

Reproductivetrees

Seeds


Invasion

Allocasuarina huegelina more competitive species: better light

competitor

But using plant traits


Establishment constraints:Competition


Plant traits: Grime’s C-S-R theory

S

S/CS

R/SR

C

R

C/CSR

C/CR

CR

CSR

CR/CSR CS/CSR

C/CS

S/SRSR

R/CR

R/CSR

CS

S/CSRSR/CSR

S/CS

R

CS

CSR

C/CSCS

S/CSR C/CSRCS/CSR

5 4 3 2 1


Establishment, light stress regimes, plant traits


Transparant

12.3 % reduction

Light green

64.5 % reduction

Dark green

84.0 % reduction

Total 19 plant species

Results after 40 days and after 80 days


1 C2 C-CSR/C-CS3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S

Strategy nr.

Control

60 800

102030405060708090

100

Mo

rtal

ity

%

Light Green

60 80Days

0102030405060708090

100

Dark Green

60 80Days

0102030405060708090

100

Days

1 C2 C-CSR/C-CS3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S

Strategy nr.1 C2 C-CSR/C-CS3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S

Strategy nr.

Control

60 800

102030405060708090

100

Mo

rtal

ity

%

Light Green

60 80Days

0102030405060708090

100

Dark Green

60 80Days

0102030405060708090

100

Days

MortalityTested by Tukey Post Hoc Test for MANOVA (p < 0.05).

Day 60 Day 80Strategy: 1,2>2,3,5,4 1>2,3>3,5,4 LEE Filter: C>LG>DG C>LG>DG



Halfway (40 days)

C LG DGLEE Filter

0.01.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Dry

Mat

ter

(gr.

)

2 C-CSR/C-CS1 C

3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S

Strategy nr.

2 C-CSR/C-CS1 C

3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S

Strategy nr.

LEE Filter

Final (80 days)

C LG DG0.01.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.08.0

Dry matterError Bars show Mean ±1.0 S.E. Tested by Tukey Post Hoc Test for MANOVA, (p < 00.5).

Halfway FinalStrategy: 1>2>3>5>4 1,2,3>4>5 LEE Filter: C>LG>DG C>LG>DG



Establishment

• Need for low productive circumstances forthe more stress tolerant, rare plant species

• Restoration of former agri culture fields– Very nutrient rich;

– High light competition;– Only competitve species:

– No seed source available:

• Which plant traits favour competition forlight?


• Need for low productive circumstances forthe more stress tolerant, rare plant species

• Restoration of former agri culture fields– Very nutrient rich;

– High light competition;– Only competitive species:

– No seed source available:

Create germination conditions

Hay transfusion• Which plant traits favour competition for

light?

Restoration of formeragri-culture fields


Midden Groningen


Clay Dannemeer

Peat Woudbloem

Sand Kolham


3 soil types:

1) sand (in the south),

2) peat (in the middle) and

3) clay (in the north);

3 water regimes:

1) surface water fed,

2) rainwater fed and

3) no water regime;

3 germination conditions:

1) bare soil, after top soil removal,

2) open patches in grass sward, done by a special machine,

3) intact sward without standing crop, done by mowing.

720 plots of 3 m x 3 m.

8 selected vegetation types


1 Calluno-Genistion pilosae, Droge heide;2 Ericion tetralix, Natte heide; 3 Calthion palustris, Dotterbloemhooiland;4 Caricetum aquatilis, Noordse zegge hooiland;5 Calthion palustris, Overstromings-dotterbloemhooiland; 6 Nardo Galion, Heischraal;7 Caricion nigrae, Kleine zeggen; 8 Lolio-Potentillion, Overstromingsgrasland;9 Cynosurion cristati, Kamgrasweide;10 Alopecurion pratensis, Kievitsbloemhooiland;

4

C2

3

4

3

21

4

2

4

C1

3

C

3

1C

2

1

Introduced vegetation types




Documents

ESTABLISMENT CONSTRAINTS RESTORATION plant traitschapter.ser.org/europe/files/2012/08/JeltePieterDijkstra.pdf · Summer course ** Restoration ecology of low -productive ecosystems,