Essential Questions:• How important is freedom?• What responsibilities do we have to the

human race?• How do we decide ‘right’ from ‘wrong’?• How does an author’s background impact

their writing?

• Aldous Huxley

• Satire based on 1930s America

• Explores the dangers of materialism and technology

THE  HEDONISTIC  IMPERATIVEHeaven on Earth?

Try summoning up the most delightful fantasy you can imagine.

According to the Hedonistic Imperative it will still only be a shadow of the biological nirvana awaiting our descendants.

In a post-Darwinian era of paradise-engineering, life on earth promises to be inconceivably good. WHY STOP EVOLVING?

Madness or Mysticism

Early Years:

• Family elite intellectuals – grandfather helped develop theory of evolution

• Mother died when he was only 14 – learned early that happiness was continually gained/lost

• Believed that heartache was inevitable - tied to joy (must have pain to feel true happiness

• 16 – contracts eye disease, recovers sight but not enough to fight in WWI (felt like an outcast) – turned to writing and explored the theme of “vision”

Exposure to War:

• His experiences in fascist Italy, where Benito Mussolini led an authoritarian government that fought against birth control in order to produce enough manpower for the next war, also provided materials for Huxley's dystopia

• It's important to remember that Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1931, before Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and before Joseph Stalin started the purges that killed millions of people in the Soviet Union. He therefore had no immediate real-life reason to make tyranny and terror major elements of his story.

Huxley in the USA:

• In 1937, the Huxley’s came to the United States; in 1938 they went to Hollywood, where he became a screenwriter (among his films was an adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

• Heavily experimented with mescaline and LSD to write: Doors of Perception (1954) and Heaven and Hell (1956). Brave New World illustrates the dangers of drug use and warns against it.

How He Got His Ideas:

• He used numerous sources for Brave New World:

• "Greek history• anthropology,• translations from Sanskrit and

Chinese of Buddhist texts, • scientific papers on pharmacology,

neurophysiology, psychology and education,

• Interviewed people: philosophers ,actresses, patients in mental hospitals and tycoons

• He died November 22, 1963, the same day that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.

• By the 1930s money was scarce because of the depression, so people did what they could to make their lives happy.

• Movies were hot, and parlor games and board games were popular. People gathered around radios to listen to the Yankees. Young people danced to the big bands.

• Franklin Roosevelt influenced Americans with his Fireside Chats.

• The golden age of the mystery novel continued as people escaped into books

• FACTS about this decade. Life Expectancy: Male, 58.1; Female, 61.6 Average salary: $1,368 Unemployment rises to 25% Car Sales: 2,787,400

• Stamp collecting a popular hobby. • Gambling increased as people sought

any means to add to their income. 

• Between 1930 and 1939 horse racing became legal in 15 more states bringing the total to 21

• The Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal work project for youths, built recreational facilities in the national parks.

• Clothes had to last a long time so styles did not change every season.

• The use of the zipper became wide spread because it was less expensive

• Men’s pants were wide and high waisted. Hats were mandatory for the well dressed male. (Clothes were an important part of social status and decency)

• The famous Dick and Jane books that taught millions of children to read were first published in 1931. These primers introduced the students to reading with only one new word per page and a limited vocabulary per book. All who learned to read with these books still recall the "Look. See Dick. See Dick run." (emphasis on using memorization and repetition as a method of effective teaching)

-9 Years War

-- Anthrax Bombs

-- Devastation / Despair

-- Solution = Eliminate Pain through narcotics, entertainment and government control

-- Regulate emotion

-Think about your current views and beliefs.

-How do you feel about America, the world in general and your life?

-Complete the Anticipation Guide on a separate sheet of paper.

-ANSWERS MUST BE IN-DEPTH

AssignmentCopy the following vocab words / Leave space for definitions

As you read, use context clues to provide the meaning of each word.

1. Salinity 9. Vivacious

2. Viscosity 10. Peritoneum

3. Soliloquizing 11. Lupus

4. Bouillon 12. Enumerated

5. Proliferate 13. Freemartins

6. Prodigious 14. Superfluous

7. Viviparous 15. Sententiously

8. Largesse

Brave New World: Anticipation Guide

1. Do you think the world will ever be run by one government? Why or why not?

2. Would it be possible to have a war that decimates over half of the world’s population through the use of biological warfare (Anthrax Bombs)? Explain.

3. Do you think technology will eventually allow for the development of genetically enhanced babies? What problems could arise if this were true?

Brave New World: Anticipation Guide

4. In the future, will there be a need to ban books or will people choose to stop reading?

5. Do you feel that sports have become increasingly commercial (about profit)? Explain.

6. Is marriage and/or monogamy becoming a lost institution? Why or why not?

7. Do you think the government has ever or will ever legalize drugs that allow citizens to alter their emotions? Explain.

Brave New World: Anticipation Guide

8. How important are monogamy, religion, reading, commercialism, and technology in our current American society? (Rank them if you can!)

9. In the future do you think movies will advance to a level that allows the audience to actually “feel” the sensations the actors are experiencing? Would this be a positive or negative change?

10. What is the best way to control someone (get them to do what you want them to do)?

11. Which of the following aspects are Americans most preoccupied with: violence, justice, education, sex, sports, beauty, truth, religion, technology, or money. Explain.

Brave New World: Anticipation Guide

12. Briefly describe your ideal (perfect) society. (Tip: think about laws, jobs, money, relationships, transportation, sports, and entertainment)

13. If a man and a woman from the 1940s were suddenly transported into modern day America, what aspects of our society would shock or even horrify them?

14. How could technology be dangerous?

15. In four words or less, what do you want out of life?

Brave New World: What Huxley Found

Most Americans had a strong sense of nationalism (Felt one gov’t would eventually prevail) – war eminent

Preoccupied with money / recreation = success

Marriage less important

Favored technology (war / personal)

Gov’t would never ‘hurt’ the citizens (drugs, genetic engineering) – laws protect

Happiness (contained in over 95% of the responses)!

Background NotesD.H.C. (Director) = Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning

A.F. = After Ford = Ford is their deity (assembly line / mass production)

Community, Identity, Stability (their motto) – World State (10 World Controllers)

Background Notes

Social Structure = Alpha, Betta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon

Alpha = only one (‘free’ thought; super smart; very attractive) = Alpha Male

Epsilon = very low IQ; very small; grayish skin

AssignmentRead Chapter 1

Define your vocab words using context clues as you read

Be prepared for a reading check quiz

Concepts to review as you read:

- social structure of the ‘utopia’

- Huxley’s use of imagery

- Name of characters / their traits

BNW Ch. 2 Notes: Conditioning

Conditioning – change behavior using rewards and punishments it is performed until the subject associates the action with pleasure or distress

Pavlov – known for discovering the conditioned response

Consumerism – the concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is advantageous to the economy and society

BNW Ch. 2 Notes: Conditioning

Societies Goal = “Community, Identity, Stability”

Community:

“Everyone belongs to everyone else” – casual sex, constant social interaction, conditioned to hate solitude (clubs, dating, sports, tiny apartments)

Identity:

caste – clothes – job – looks – talents – morals (all conditioned and assigned by the gov’t)

BNW Ch. 2 NotesStability:

“like what you have to do” – engineered a sense of success

constant distraction of pleasure

feel bad = soma (World States issued drug)

BNW Ch. 2 Vocab

Aseptically –

Apoplectic –

Posthumous –

Curtly –

Suffuse –

Sibilant –

Imperative –

Inculcate -

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT:

DEFINE ALL CHAPTER 2 VOCAB

READ CHAPTER TWO

BE PREPARED FOR A QUICK QUIZ

“The twentieth century is, among other things, the Age of Noise. Physical noise, mental noise and noise of desire And no wonder; for all the resources of our almost miraculous technology have been thrown into the current assault against silence.” – Aldous Huxley

Group Questions

1. Has technology been primarily used to eliminate silence and privacy? Explain using 3 Examples. (Hint = TV, video games, cell phones, clothes, food, cars, etc..)

2. List 3 examples of genetic engineering from Chapter 1. Explain if the example (in your opinion) is ethical (in-depth)

3. Is there any problem with this society’s caste system? Explain using textual examples to support your opinion.

4. Create a chart that lists the pros and cons of this society. Then answer: How would you like to live in this society? Is it really so bad to use technology as a source of happiness? What would be your biggest complaint? Why?

BNW Ch. 3 Notes: “Everyone belongs…”

Exaggeration – to make a point; satirical weapon; Shocking but is it where we are heading?

3 Way Conversation

- Carefully watch paragraph indentation / read slowly

- Used to compare / contrast (history to present)

Convo 1 = Mustapha Mond & students (Hatchery)

Convo 2 = Bernard Marx, Henry Foster (elevator)

Convo 3 = Lenina Crowne and Fanny Crown (bathroom)

BNW Ch. 3 Notes: “Everyone belongs…”

Define the following vocab for chapter three:

Apertures

Patronizing

Maudlin

Discarnate

Evocation

Axiomatic

Truculently

Pneumatic

All Vocab Due Wednesday!

Open Notes Quiz Thursday!

BNWJ1: Do you support genetic engineering?

Think about its ‘benefits’:– embryonic stems cells could be grown to produce organs or tissues– Conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes, and infertility may

be cured– Plastic and reconstructive surgery could be taken to the next level– Defective genes could be replaced (on average every human has 8

defective genes these genes are what cause us to be vulnerable to sickness)

• Think about its ‘drawbacks’:– Religious issues– Mistakes– Prejudice– Corruption

9 Years WarResistance = religion and the Simple Lifers Survivors eventually relinquished ‘freedom and democracy’ for ‘happiness and safety’

BNW Ch. 3: Philosophical Views

Problem 1: "home" / “family” consisted of a mother, father and children. - diseased and smelly, and containing overbearing intimacies and emotions - lead to individual instability

Solution: “everyone belongs to everyone else" eradicates individualism; genetic engineering

BNW Ch. 3: Philosophical Views

Problem 2: History / Culture – Having a history gives people a sense of time outside of their own time frame. This in turn makes people think about progression through time, which is something the society cannot permit without causing social upheaval.

Solution: destroy monuments, books, and sexual reproduction (lineage)

BNW Ch. 3: Philosophical Views

Problem 3: Religion – think about larger issues and ethics

Solution: drug ensured that people would spend their time hallucinating rather than thinking.Consumption is the new religion – consumption = more goods = more jobs = stability

BNW Ch. 3: Philosophical Views

Overall problem - monogamy, sex, and family ties generate most human emotions.

Overall solution - The goal is to eradicate emotions by replacing them with pure sexual desire and nothing else. Emotions are therefore directed mostly by the state, which is necessary for social control and stability. Emphasis on the present (satisfy every urge immediately)

BNW Ch. 3: Philosophical Views

Choose one activity to complete (due at the end of the period):1. Construct a crossword puzzle answer key with 15 clues (puzzle contains answers)

2. Construct definition notecards for all words (term on the front / definition on the back)

3. Write original and accurate sentences for 15 words. (Sentence must clearly convey the word’s meaning)

4. Illustrate ten terms (underneath each illustration write the term and its definition)

If you finish early begin reading chapters 4 and 5 – Due Friday!

Ch. 1-3 Vocab Assignment

Ch. 4-5 Review Notes

1. Benito Hoover – loves life, extra happy, sex-hormone chewing gum, extremely hairy

2. Helmholtz Watson – “mental excess”, desired, propaganda writer, teacher, feels he has more to offer (longs for creativity)

3. Henry & Lenina – sports, dinner, club, soma, ‘together’

4. Solidarity Service:

1. twelve become one

MONDAY – DISCUSSION (CH. 1-5)

TUESDAY – CH. 6 DUE (Bernard & Lenina; Confrontation with D.H.C.)

FRIDAY – VOCAB QUIZ

What’s Happening!!!!!

Chapter One

- The Hatchery is described (‘cold’ / factory) = imagery

- D.H.C (reveals cloning and conditioning process) = scientific views and practices

Chapter Two

- social views revealed (Pavlovian conditioning, hypnopedia, social interaction)

What’s Happening!!!!!

Chapter Three

- little problems revealed (unhappiness, biological needs, loyalty)

- Basis for society (why they do it) revealed = eliminate strong emotions / passion

- Materialistic and superficial society that is obsessed with consumption of products and people

What’s Happening!!!!!

Chapter Four

- Personalities developed:

- Lenina = very flirtatious / builds men’s self-esteem

- Bernard = self-involved; judgmental; superficial

- Henry = ideal male; obsessive (punctual)

- Benito = happy (no soma)

- Helmholtz = deep; considerate; searching for meaning

- D.H.C = strict concerning attitudes / relationships

What’s Happening!!!!!Chapter Five

- Social Norms Revealed:

- Lenina and Henry have the perfect date (We find out what people do day to day)

- Bernard and Helmholtz paranoid (Of what? Punishment?)

Chapter Five

- Bernard attends a required social interaction

- Mandatory soma use and ‘togetherness’

- Alphas REQUIRED to attend (not total freedom)

What’s Happening!!!!!Chapter Five

Their religion is revealed:

- Allusions to Christianity:

- Loving cup

- Ford is transubstantiated (becomes flesh)

- T = new type of cross

- Huxley’s Point:

- Ford = God (Metaphor – productivity & mass consumption are superior)

- Religion conditions the free thinkers (mandatory)

Assignment: Quote Explication / CH.6

Chapter Six

- Social Oddities Revealed:

- Chapter is in direct contrast to chapter five

- Bernard & Lenina’s first date

- Bernard & D.H.C have a fight (threats will be issued!)

- Context Notes:

- Remember – all citizens should play sports / go clubbing

- Remember – D.H.C make it a point to be known as strict (does not find past or people sentimental)

- Remember – Lenina is using Bernard to get to the Savage Reservation

- Savage Reservation – in New Mexico; unconditioned people (observe and analyze them – almost like a zoo!)

Assignment: Quote Explication / CH.6

TODAY – COMPLETE THE ASSIGNMENT / READ CH. 6

Explicate the text = to make plain or clear; explain; interpret

EXAMPLE:

1. “They were two, they were large, they were strong.” (Huxley 47).

- “two” = popular majority

- An interpretation of the statement reveals a message:

- one person / idea is helpless against a dominant majority (hard to be an individual)

BNW: Ch. 6 Review

Bernard’s claims Bernard’s actions-Men wrong (meat)-People are superficial- Hates crowds; doesn’t care what people think-Soma is wrong / weak-Society is too materialistic-Hates society

-with Lenina-Friends with the best (Helmholtz / Lenina); critical of Morgana-Runs to avoid being late (not criticism); demands respect for lower caste-Used soma 3x’s already!-Worried about cologne tap-Upset about exile

BNW: Ch. 6 Review8. What imagery does Huxley introduce in an

attempt to explain why Lenina and Bernard ended the night ‘together’?

InfantsMeaning: Infants = impulse = every need must be satisfied = constant affection / care

= don’t evaluate or reason= dependent

Malpais – The Savage Reservation-New Mexico

-Lava, ashes, little vegetation

-Isolated (Christian / Pagan)

The Zuni

- unaffected by outer influences.

- still claim the same land

- managed to remain intact due to isolation practices (neutral)

- unaffected by the changes around them

The Savages Religious Ceremony

• Allusions:– Christ / cross = sacrifice– Pookong = Hopi legend

• Asked to save society• Kills bear• Bernard means bear

– Snakes = tame the devil (temptation)

– Whip = pain is necessary– Goal = good of society (rain)

= prove manhood

BNW: Ch. 7 Group DQs• 1. What do you think Bernard• will do with John and • Linda? Why?

• 2. Compare and Contrast the Solidarity Service to the ‘savages’

• ceremony.

• 3. When Bernard states, “We might be among savages already.”

• What does he mean?

Essential Question: What is satire?

Characteristics of Satire:

- irony

- sarcasm

- ridicule

- exaggeration

- shocking plot details

Why use such characteristics?

Goals = expose or denounce societal mistakes

Aldous Huxley and Descriptive Language

• Description of the World State is based on senses• Authors use description to change the way a reader

THINKS OR FEELS.• Powerful tool: actually control someone’s mind

• Ex: for the moment they are reading you control what they think

What he said about descriptive language and satire• An unexciting truth may be eclipsed by a thrilling lie. • Beauty is worse than wine, it intoxicates both the holder and beholder.

What is Descriptive Language• sight: including colors, shapes, sizes

• sound: including types and volume

• smell: including scents and strengths (putrid, sweet, foul, pungent, strong, faint)

• taste: including flavors and strengths

• touch: including textures and temperatures emotions and subjective reactions: (happy, excited, ecstatic, sad, lonely, beautiful, ugly)

• states: (tired, angered, labored, smart, rich, hungry, lonely, friendly)

• HUXLEY HAS ALREADY APPEALED TO ALL SENSES » What are some examples?

Creative Writing Activity

Construct a 10 line poem with an abab cdcd ee rhyme scheme

Poem must use descriptive language to convey a monster or hero

Remember: Descriptive language appeals to the senses

Extra Credit: Illustrate your poem (must be neat, reflect description and in color)

-

BNW: Chapter 8 “John’s Story”

John & Lenina

– love at first sight

Pope

– ‘drug’ dealer; Linda’s steady lover

Linda & John

– abusive, conditions him

- incapable of love, pain

• Huxley has fun with allusions!

• John states: Shakespeare helps him understand his feelings; means for self-expression

•Huxley’s use of Shakespearean allusions helps the reader understand John’s feelings and predict future events!

-King murdered by his brother and wife!

-Son returns from college to find his mother married to his uncle!

-Son must seek vengeance

-“To be or not to be” - make a difference or just coast through life

- Pope & John “ sty, incest, mother’s relationships

-War hero descends into madness

-Manipulative love is his weakness

-Decides life is meaningless

-John & Life

-John & Religion

- Star crossed lovers

- Cannot be happy together

- John & Lenina (think about the end of the play!)

- Interracial relationship <outcaste and a princess>

-Outcaste sabotaged by jealous advisor

-Insecurity causes outcaste to self-destruct

-John, Bernard and Lenina

-Niece visitor (Miranda) resists corruption of a savage island

- “O Brave New World”

- Tempest - storm

-John & The World State

- Racism and Classism

- Man sacrifices for love

- ‘pound of flesh’

BNWJ2: Peer Pressure and Science

PROMPT: Can one individual make a difference?

“There's only one corner of the universe you can be certain of improving,

and that's your own self.” – Aldous Huxley

What’s in a Name?

The D.H.C. – situational irony (in charge of birth and suppression of live birth – has a kid!)

Henry Foster - William Foster, an American communist who ran for President (20s / 30s) ; Henry Ford (ideal)

Lenina Crowne - Crown alludes to the monarch; recalls Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution of 1917, a radical overthrow of a monarchy.

Bernard Marx - refers to Claude Bernard (friends with Napoleon, homeostasis -an organism may be a conformer or a regulator. Bernard Shaw (play about transforming a woman – popularity) and Karl Marx (proponent of communism – equality).

What’s in a Name?Mustapha Mond - Mustapha, modernized Turkey; Sir Alfred Mond, head of Imperial Chemical Industries

Fanny Crowne - heroine in the scandalous novel "Fanny Hill or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" (vulgar Brit slang)

Benito Hoover - joins fascist Benito Mussolini and Herbert Hoover, early 20th-century President of the USA. Hoover may also refer to W.H. Hoover, the industrialist responsible for mass-producing the vacuum cleaner. (all ideologies represented)

Helmholtz Watson – German scientist; founded law of conservation; pioneer research on vision (like Huxley); Sir William Watson (famous poet) (Huxley’s voice in the book)

What’s in a Name?

Solidarity Service Group – industrialists and leaders (higher caste all connected to industrialists with communist views)

John the Savage – John (Dracula); John

(apostle – Book of Revelations)

Linda – situational irony (Spanish – pretty)

Mitsima – Eskimo mythology; conveys the purpose of life (teaches John to create)

What’s in a Name?

Pope – Pueblo medicine man: led rebellion against the Spanish 1680

Arch-Community Songster – Arch-Bishop of Canterbury

(play on words)

Primo Melon – Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain; Andrew W.

Mellon, a USA industrialist (banks)

Darwin Bonaparte – Charles Darwin (evolution); Napoleon Bonaparte

(world domination)

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PROJECT FOLDER:

- maintain throughout (checked each day!)

- must contain: drafts, peer edits, printed

sources, and final copies

- folder will be collected (with all drafts,

revisions, sources, final copies, etc…)

- This is your individual grade – possible 60

points!

-Wednesday and Thursday are individual project days!

Group Work:

- Friday is a group work day

- Nov.14th and Nov. 15th are computer lab days

- Project Due Dates will be determined by the

amount of effort you put forth

- more effort = more work time.

- Group Project is worth up to 60 points!

- This is meant to be constructivist learning (peer

feedback); however, volume must be workable

- THIS MEANS WHISPER / SEPARATE

- IF YOU CANNOT MAINTAIN APPROPRIATE

BEHAVIOR YOU WILL BE GIVEN A RESEARCH

ASSIGNMENT!

-Appropriate / mature behavior

-Language, content, images of any sort

(project or discussion related) must be school

appropriate

-On task; folders will be collected for

productivity check; maintain group work log

-Prepared - BRING MATERIALS TO CLASS

-(absence is not an excuse or an extension!)

Brave New World Chapter 17 and 18 Notes

• Mond’s Explanation: – No ‘God’ b/c no reason

• citizens stay young / prosperous • religion is for the old or needy

– No heroes b/c no reason • heroes are a symptom of political inefficiencies • (result of unstable conditions)

• Johns response: – “Nothing costs enough here”

too easy; no self-denial; pride, or desire”• John claims his individuality

– (the right to be unhappy or in need)

Brave New World Chapter 17 and 18 Notes

• Helmholtz / Bernard visit - John is sick– “ate civilization, and that it poisoned and defiled

him”

• John retreats to a lighthouse (cannot leave World State)

• Isolation, works the land, begging forgiveness

• Whips himself (purification)• Create a Feelie of John’s actions • Popularity increases

• UNIQUE

• HUXLEY’S STYLE CHANGES: THE READER (YOU!) MUST INTERPRET ALL ACTIONS

• DIFFERENT PEOPLE MAY HAVE DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS

• HUXLEY GIVES YOU WHAT THEIR SOCIETY SACRIFICED: IMAGINATION / ANALYSIS: FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

• THE MESSAGE AND ACTION WILL ALL BE CONVEYED THROUGH LITERARY DEVICES: IMAGERY, CHARACTERIZATION, …

• PAY CLOSE ATTENTION: SEE IF YOU CAN ‘GET IT’

• In a few minutes there were dozens of them, standing in a wide circle round the lighthouse, staring, laughing, clicking their cameras, throwing (as to an ape) peanuts, packets of sex-hormone chewing-gum (CROWD ASSEMBLES – WHAT DO THEY WANT?)

• "Strumpet!" The Savage had rushed at her like a madman. Like a madman, he was slashing at her with his whip of small cords. Terrified, she had turned to flee, …"Henry, Henry!" she shouted. (WHO IS THIS? WHAT’S GOING ON?)

• Then suddenly somebody started singing "Orgy-porgy“ Stupefied by soma, and exhausted by a long-drawn frenzy of sensuality, the Savage lay sleeping in the heather. (WHAT HAPPENED?)

• The door of the lighthouse was ajar. They pushed it open and walked into a shuttered twilight. Through an archway on the further side of the room they could see the bottom of the staircase that led up to the higher floors. Just under the crown of the arch dangled a pair of feet.

• "Mr. Savage!" • Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles,

the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east. …

• What imagery is used in the final scene? Why?– Compass (mixed-up directions)– John lost his way

• What’s Huxley’s point?– Individual is powerless– Corruption inevitable– Nature to give in to temptation

• Why do you think he used a lighthouse? What may this symbolize?- beacon/ warning / hope / individual / light/ isolation

• BNWJ3: What would you change about yourself? How can you work towards becoming a better person?

"Homo sapiens, the first truly free species, is about to decommission natural selection, the force that made us.... Soon we must look deep within ourselves and decide what we wish to become."- Hedonistic Imperative

• BACKGROUND INFO (HUXLEY’S LIFE AND THE 1930S)

• LITERARY TERMS: ALLUSION, ALLEGORY, SATIRE, SIMILE, METAPHOR, TONE, MOOD

• COMPREHENSION OF TEXTUAL DETAILS: PLOT, CHARACTERS, THEME (STUDY BLUE PACKET AND NOTES)

• QUOTE IDENTIFICATION (STUDY CHARACTERS)

• Helpful Hints:– Tone: The author’s attitude, stated or implied, toward a

subject. Some possible attitudes are pessimism, optimism, earnestness, seriousness, bitterness, humorous, and joyful. An author’s tone can be revealed through choice of words and details.

– Mood:The climate of feeling in a literary work. The choice of setting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute towards creating a specific mood.