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Essay Question #2Scoring Guidelines: http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap07_biology_q3.pdf
{Chapter 48 and 49
Neurons and the vertebrate brain
{
The Vertebrate Brain
Embryonic Brain Regions
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
Fig. 49-9
Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
Hindbrain
Telencephalon
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter,basal nuclei)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Midbrain (part of brainstem)
Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)
Pituitarygland
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Central canal
Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Brainstem:
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
(c) Adult(b) Embryo at 5 weeks(a) Embryo at 1 month
Human Brain is like 3 brains in one.
Oldest: brain stem
Middle: Cerebellum
Newest: Cerebral cortex/cerebrum
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Clear Colorless Surrounds CNS
Functions: Buffers brain from
skull Buoys brain on
spine Waste products Transport of
hormones
The Brainstem
Consists of: Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongatta
Functions: Regulation of homeostasis –
breathing, heart rate Swallowing Startle response Autonomic nervous system Coordination of body
movement/balance
Develops from hindbrain Coordination of movement and balance Equilibrium Receives sensory signals – voluntary movement
Joints Muscle length, extension Auditory, visual
Cerebellum
Part of the forebrain Develops into:
Thalamus Hypothalamus (homeostasis, posterior
pituitary gland) Epithalamus (pineal gland, generates
cerebrospinal fluid)
Diencephalon
Develops from forebrain Information processing Olfaction, auditory, visual processing 2 hemispheres
Grey matter – cerebral cortex White matter – internal Basal nuclei – within white matter
Cerebrum
Large in mammals Controls:
Perception Voluntary movement Learning
Highly convoluted High surface area but can still fit in the
skull
Cerebral Cortex
Right and left sides control opposite side of the body
Connected by the corpus collosum Thick band of neurons
Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe
Divisions of Human Cerebral Cortex
Fig. 49-15
Speech
Occipital lobe
Vision
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobeParietal lobe
Somatosensoryassociationarea
Frontalassociationarea
Visualassociationarea
Reading
Taste
Hearing
Auditoryassociationarea
Speech
Smell
Mo
tor
cort
exS
omat
osen
sory
cor
tex
Frontal Lobe
Consciousness Goal setting Inhibition Attention Time perception Judgment Control of emotional
response Internalization of language Memory for habits & motor
activities
Parietal Lobe
Visual attention Touch perception Goal oriented voluntary
movements Manipulation of objects Integration of different
senses to allow for understanding of a single concept.
Vision Visual perception Recognition of printed words
Occipital Lobe
Hearing ability Memory acquisition Some visual Categorization Emotion Language
Temporal Lobe
{
Chapter 48: Neuron Structure and Function
Nerve cells Brain: group of nerve cells
specialized for control of body systems Ganglia (simpler nerve clusters)
Neurons
Motor Neurons From brain to muscle cells
Sensory Neurons Transmit outside signals (from external
stimuli, senses, muscle tension, stimuli within the body ie. Blood pressure) to brain
Interneurons Short, carry signals very short distances Mostly within the brain
Types of Neurons
Fig. 48-3
Sensor
Sensory input
Integration
Effector
Motor output
Peripheral nervoussystem (PNS)
Central nervoussystem (CNS)
Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System Carry information to and from
the CNS
Divisions of the Nervous System
Cell body Dendrites Axon
Axon hillock
Neuron Structure
Fig. 48-4
Dendrites
Stimulus
Nucleus
Cellbody
Axonhillock
Presynapticcell
Axon
Synaptic terminalsSynapse
Postsynaptic cellNeurotransmitter
Junction between an axon and another cell Can be another nerve,
muscle cell Synaptic terminal Neurotransmitters
Synapse
Presynaptic cell Postsynaptic cell
Synapse
Support cells for neurons Nourish Insulate Regulate extracellular fluid
Glial Cells
Action potential Utilize ions, electrical signals to propagate signal down an axon
Neurons are semi-permeable
Neuron Signaling
Neurons are not sending a signal Inside is negatively charged Potassium can pass freely (K+) Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) cannot
At rest
Pumps: Na+, K+ ions
Resting potential -70mV
Pumps within the Neuron Membrane
Action Potential Graph
Cell becomes depolarized “spike” in current
Causes resting potential to change from -70mV to closer to 0mV
MUST reach the critical threshold level to fire All or nothing
Creation of an Action Potential
Resting Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization
Major Steps in Action Potentials
Na+ channels CLOSED K+ channels maintain resting potential
Passive
Resting
Na+ channels OPENed by stimulus If potential reaches threshold, will
trigger action potential K+ channels CLOSED Increases internal charge (causes spike)
Depolarization
Na+ channels CLOSE K+ channels OPEN to stabilize
membrane potential
Repolarization
Na+ become unblocked K+ remain open and return membrane to
resting potential
Hyperpolarization
Steps of polarization occur down the neuron
Propagation of the Action Potential
Fig. 48-11-3
Axon
Plasmamembrane
Cytosol
Actionpotential
Na+
Actionpotential
Na+
K+
K+
ActionpotentialK+
K+
Na+
Fig. 48-12a
Axon Myelin sheath
Schwanncell
Nodes ofRanvier
Schwanncell
Nucleus ofSchwann cell
Node of Ranvier
Layers of myelinAxon
Review of Chapter 48 and 49