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Pull-Of Adhesion Testing

Presented by: David Beamish, DeFelsko

Cororation

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!earning Out"omes

• At the end o# this $ebinar you $ill beable to:

• De%ne ull-of strength

• &'lain the diferen"e bet$een Adhesion and Cohesion

• Des"ribe several tyes o# ull testers

• (nderstand re)uirements o# A*T+ D., *tandard Test+ethod #or Pull-Of *trength o# Coatings (sing Portable

Adhesion Testers

• Condu"t a ull test

•

(nderstand diferen"es $hen testing on"on"rete

• Analy/e and reort test results

• !ist "ommon it#alls

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0ntrodu"tion

•  This $ebinar $ill dis"ussthe method #or evaluating

the ull-of strength1"ommonly re#erred to asadhesion2 o# a "oating

system alied to a metalsubstrate3

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Adhesion

• A "omle' henomenon related to hysi"al and"hemi"al #or"es

•  The ability o# a "oating to adhere to the substrate orto a revious "oating

•  There are many $ays to evaluate degree o# bonding3But there is no single test to a""urately and

)uantitatively determine adhesion• +any #a"tors should be taken into a""ount3

Conservative evaluations are re"ommended

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4hat is Being +easured5• Coating strength at diferent lanes

• Adhesion Strength - Bond strength bet$een

the substrate and the "oating and6or the "oatinglayer to one another

• Cohesion Strength - 0nner-strength o# a

"oating layer

• Adhesion strength is highly variable

• 7o industry $ide adhesion a""etan"e value

• +inimum adhesion values may be on a PD* or ina se"i%"ation

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 The Pull-Of Test

• A loading %'ture 1dolly2 is glued to the"oating, then ulled by a ortable tester3

•

Determines:• greatest tensile #or"e that a sur#a"e area "an bear

be#ore material is deta"hed, or

• $hether the sur#a"e remains inta"t at a res"ribed#or"e 1ass6#ail23

• *"rat"h or kni#e adhesion results may not be"omarable

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Pull-Of *trength Test

+ethod• For metal substrates use:

• ASTM D 4541, *tandard Test +ethod#or Pull-Of *trength o# Coatings(sing Portable Adhesion Testers

• For "on"rete substrates use:•

 ASTM D 7234, *tandard Test +ethod #orPull-Of *trength o# Coatings on Con"rete(sing Portable Pull-Of Adhesion Testers

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Portable Pull-of Adhesion

 Testers – Mechanical 1t$ist by hand2 – Hydraulic  1oil ressure2 –

neu!atic 1air ressure2

• 4idely used by "oatingsmanu#a"turers, se"i%ers, inse"tors,"oating se"ialists3

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 Testing &)uiment

•  The #ollo$ing devi"es aredes"ribed: –

Method A" Dis"ontinued – Method #" Fi'ed Alignment Tye 00

1+e"hani"al2

 – Method C" *el#-Aligning Tye 000 18ydrauli"2

 –

Method D" *el#-Aligning Tye 09 1Pneumati"2 – Method $" *el#-Aligning Tye 9 18ydrauli"2

 – Method %" *el#-Aligning Tye 90 18ydrauli"2

• esults obtained by ea"h test9

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 Test +ethod B

• Fi'ed Alignment Tye 00 1+e"hani"al2

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 Test +ethod C

• *el#-Aligning Tye 000

18ydrauli"2• !oad is alied through the "enter

o# the loading dolly by a hydrauli"iston and in

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 Test +ethod D

• *el#-Aligning Tye 09 1Pneumati"2

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 Test +ethod &

• *el#-Aligning Tye 9 18ydrauli"2

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 Test +ethod F

• *el#-Aligning Tye 90 18ydrauli"2

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A*T+ D . Overvie$.3 *ele"t and "lean the test site

;3 Preare the test dollies

<3 Aly adhesive to dolly and6or

sur#a"e and allo$ to "ure

3 *"ore around the dolly throughto the substrate 1otional2

3 Conne"t an adhesion testerand ull to #ailure or to a se"i%ed ma' #or"e

=3 e"ord the %nal ulling #or"e and )uali#y thenature

o# the #ailure   15

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Aaratus

.3 Adhesion Tester, "ommer"iallyavailable, e'amles are listed in

Anne' A. - A

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a3 !oading Fi'turesb3 Deta"hing Assembly"3 Base 1i# needed by the adhesion tester2d3 +eans o# ulling the loading %'tures verti"allye3 Timer to maintain .> si6s in .>>s

#3 For"e indi"ator

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Aaratus

;3 *olvent

<3 *andaer

3 Adhesive3 Clams

=3 Cotton *$abs

?3 Cir"ular 8ole *a$ 1otional2

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. @ *ele"t and Clean Test

*ite• A at sur#a"e large enough to

a""ommodate the se"i%ed number o#reli"ate test dollies

• For statisti"al uroses < test sites $ithin ase"i%ed area are tyi"ally re)uired

• A rigid sur#a"e that "an suort the "ounter

#or"e• *teel substrates less than <3; mm 12

thi"kness usually redu"e ull-of strength

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•  The sur#a"e should be lightly abraded toromote adhesion o# the adhesive

• !ightly roughen $ith %ne sandaer 1>> grit or

%ner2 or abrasive ad, ese"ially smooth or glossysur#a"es

• Care must be taken to revent damage or signi%"antloss o# "oating thi"kness

• Per#orm a **PC-*P ., *olvent Cleaning• emove residual dust $ith a solvent that does not

degrade the "oating

. @ *ele"t and Clean Test *ite

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!oading Fi'ture Design

*el#-Aligning

 Tye 90

Fi'edAlignment

 Tye 00 *el#-Aligning

 Tye 000

*el#-Aligning Tye 9

*el#-Aligning

 Tye 09no$n as: -!oadingFi'tures, or

  -Dollies, or

  -*tuds, or  -Pull *tubs   20

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; - Preare the !oading

Fi'tures• Follo$ the manu#a"turerEs instru"tions

• Failures at the dolly-adhesive inter#a"e may beavoided by treating the dolly sur#a"e in

a""ordan"e $ith A*T+ uide D;=., *tandarduide #or Prearation o# +etal *ur#a"e #orAdhesive Bonding

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< - Aly Adhesive

• 0denti#y a suitable glue:• Cyanoa"rylates 1suer glues2 "ure )ui"kly

and are "ommonly used on some "oatings

$ith lo$ bond strengths• ;-art eo'ies $hen stronger bonds are

re)uired

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< - Aly Adhesive• Preare and aly the adhesive a""ording to the

manu#a"turerEs instru"tions

• Note: Adding about 1% of #5 glass beads to theadhesive helps with test dolly alignment 

• Aly adhesive over the entire sur#a"e area o#the dolly

• Pla"e dolly onto the sur#a"e

• emove e'"ess adhesive#rom around the dolly $itha G-Ti $ithout moving

the dolly 23

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< - Aly Adhesive

• 4hile "uring, a "onstant ressure should bemaintained on the dolly using:

• +agneti" or me"hani"al "laming systems

•

+asking tae

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- *"ore around the dolly• *"oring is a method o# "utting around the

erimeter o# the dolly do$n to the substrate

• *hould only be done #or:

 – "oatings greater than

>> Hm 1;> mils2 thi"k

 – rein#or"ed "oatings

 – elastomeri" "oatings

•

Avoid t$isting or tor)uing the test area• A temlate made out o# ly$ood $ith a hole is an

efe"tive method to avoid "utting tool movement

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@ Pull the Dolly

• Atta"h the aaratus and set the #or"e indi"atorto /ero

• 0n"rease the load to the dolly in a smooth,"ontinuous manner

7ot #aster than . +Pa6s 1.>si6s2

7ot longer than .>> se"onds

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= @ e"ord the esults

• eneral test des"rition

•  Temerature and 8umidity

• &)uiment sele"ted

• *"oring i# er#ormed

•

Date, time, oerator

• e"ord the ma'imum ull #or"e

• At #ailure, or

•  The ma'imum #or"e alied

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= @ e"ord the esults

• Adhesion #rea&" A break bet$een "oating layers

or

  bet$een the substrate and %rst"oating layer

• Cohesion #rea&" A break $ithin a single "oating

layer

• 'lue #rea&" Coating adhesion and6or "ohesion

strength  e'"eeds bonding strength o# theadhesive

• 0# multile lo"ations o# break o""ur, estimate the Io# ea"h

• e3g3, ?I "ohesion $ithin rimerJ ;I adhesion

•  eort the Tye and !o"ation o# the Break

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 Tyes o# Breaks

. ; <

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4hat is A""etable5

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A*T+ D ?;<

Con"rete Test Diferen"es• !arger ; 1> mm2 diameter

loading %'tures

• *"oring is generally er#ormed

• *lo$er loading rate

•

Failure is tyi"ally $ithin the"on"rete itsel# 

• **PC *P.<67AC& 7o3 =, Aendi' A.3= des"ribesro"edures #or testing "on"rete "oating adhesion

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Cautions

.3 (se D . "harts to sele"t a testdevi"e

;3 9eri#y test devi"e has "urrent"alibration

<3 The substrate must be rigid

3 Adhesive should not damage the"oating

3 Preare the "onta"t sur#a"es

=3 +i' and aly the adhesive "are#ully32

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*ummary

• Pull-of adhesion testing is ane'"ellent method #or veri%"ation

that the "oating has "reated ame"hani"al bond $ith the substrate

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A"kno$ledgements

• -**PC $$$3ss"3org    +arket Pla"e

• -A*T+ $$$3astm3org   *tandards

• -Bill Corbett, TA, Coating Adhesion Testing

  Methods and Euipment !ebina" 

• -&l"ometer, *&+i"ro, DeFelskoand DFT 0nstruments  Euipment

$upplie"s 

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Pull-Of Adhesion Testing

Presented by: David Beamish,DeFelsko Cororation

The $nd