ESLEnglishasaSecondLanguage

GrammarIntermediate&Advanced

MaryEllenMuñozPage

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ESLGrammar:IntermediateandAdvanced

Published2011

Copyright©2007byResearch&EducationAssociation,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformwithoutpermissionofthepublisher.

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AboutThisBookOpenanewworldofopportunitybymasteringtheEnglishlanguage.ESL

Grammar:IntermediateandAdvanced is trulyforeveryone,whether inschoolor on the job. This comprehensive and challenging guide serves as an idealsupplement to textbooks, languagecourses, andmostother studyaids and testpreparationbooks.ButwithitsthoroughcoverageofEnglishgrammar,easy-to-followexercises,glossary,andcompleteanswerkey, thisbookcanbeusedbyitselfwithconfidence.

TheabilitytowriteandspeakEnglisheffectivelyisnecessaryforsuccessinany study area,whether it beEnglish, science,mathematics, or social studies.Therefore,moststandardizedschoolandvocationaltests—aswellastheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage,orTOEFL—requirethatstudentsdemonstrateacommand of the English language, which is whywe have included a helpfulguidetonotetaking,studying,andtesttaking.

English writing and speaking skills are invaluable for getting a job andadvancing in your chosen career. Employers (and their clients) often judgeemployees according to their ability to communicate effectively and in aproductiveway.Thisbook—aswellasREA’scompanionvolume,ESLWriting:Intermediate and Advanced—can help you take command of the English

languageandexpressyourselfwithprecision…andsuccess.

HowtoUseThisBookThisbookisoneofthemoststraightforwardstudyguidesyouwillfind.As

you can see from the table of contents, all aspects of English grammar areeffectivelycovered.Eachsectioncontainsclearexplanations,simpleexamples,andampleexercisesforyoutopracticeandlearn.Theanswerkeyatthebackofthe book is an ideal reference bywhichyou can judge your progress, and theglossary stands ready to clear up any uncertainties about terms and theirmeanings.

REA wishes you all the best on your climb up the ladder to English-languagemastery—andthesuccessthatyouwillenjoyinworkandinlife!

AbouttheAuthorMary Ellen Muñoz Page is a former Bilingual Training Specialist and

Spanish professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville. She received aB.A. inSpanish andhistory andanM.A. inSpanish,both fromCaseWesternReserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio. As a professor, Ms. Muñoz Pagereceivedthree“VoyagesofDiscovery”mini-grantstodevelopculturalmoduleson Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Spain.Ms.Muñoz Page is also the author ofbooks for the TOEFL Test (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and theESOL Examination (English for Speakers of Other Languages). She wasselectedforWho’sWhoAmongAmericanTeachersin1996and1998.

AuthorAcknowledgmentsThisbookislovinglydedicatedtomymother,EdnaI.Schmidt,whoalways

madesurethatIusedpropergrammar.ToallmyESLstudentswhoseunceasingquestionsprompted thewritingof thismanual, I givemy thanks.ToMaureenJennings,forherhelpinthefinalassemblyofthisbook,myundyinggratitude.

REAAcknowledgmentsInadditiontotheauthor,wewouldliketothankStevenM.Gras,technical

reviewer;LarryB.Kling,VicePresident,Editorial,forsupervisingdevelopment;PamWeston, Vice President, Publishing, for setting the quality standards forproduction integrity and managing the publication to completion; AnneWinthrop Esposito and Diane Goldschmidt, Senior Editors, for projectmanagement and preflight editorial review and post-production qualityassurance; Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Artist, for cover design; and JeffLoBalbo, Senior Graphic Artist, for postproduction file mapping. We alsogratefullyacknowledge the teamatAquentPublishingServices for typesettingthemanuscript.

Contents

Part1–IntermediateGrammar

Chapter1–PronounsSubjectPronounsReflexivePronounsRelativePronounsImpersonalSubjectsItandThere

Chapter2–AdjectivesPossessiveAdjectivesBeforeGerundsSomeandAnyComparisonofAdjectives

Chapter3–AdverbsFrequencyAdverbsYet,Still,Already,Never,Ever

Chapter4–Prepositions

Chapter5–Conjunctions

Chapter6–VerbsAuxiliaryVerbsUsingAuxiliaryVerbsPastTenseAgoProgressiveTenses

PresentandPresentProgressiveInfinitivesLinkingVerbsUsingAdjectiveswithLinkingVerbsDoandMakeAffirmativeandNegativeCommandsNegativeCommandsUsedTo•BeUsedTo•GetUsedTo’sand’dContractions

Part2–AdvancedGrammar

Chapter7–PronounsPossessivePronounsTransformationofDirectandIndirectObjectsReciprocalPronounsWho,Whom,Whoever,andWhomeverPronounReferenceOtherandItsForms

Chapter8–AdjectivesAdjectivesEndingin-lyNounsasAdjectivesParticiplesasAdjectivesComparisonsofAdjectivesSequenceofAdjectivesasNounModifiers

Chapter9–Conjunctions

Chapter10–VerbsPerfectTensesPastandPresentPerfectSimplePastandPresentPerfectPastandPastPerfectPresentPerfectProgressivePastandPastProgressive

VerbsFollowedbyInfinitivesVerbsFollowedbyGerundsTroublesomeVerbsConditionalTensesUnlessPossibilityandProbabilitySubject/VerbAgreementIrregularPluralsProblemswithPrepositionalPhrasesActiveandPassiveVoiceSubjunctiveSayandTellSequenceofTenses

Chapter11–Test-TakingTechniquesTestTypesNote-TakingSkillsWaystoImproveYourStudySkillsHowtoPreviewInformationHowtoPrepareforTests

Glossary

Appendices

AppendixA–UseofArticlesA,An,andTheAandAnThe

AppendixB–VocabularyHelp

AppendixC–PluralConceptsNon-countNounsFormingPlurals

AppendixD–WordPhraseswithPrepositions

AppendixE–IrregularVerbs

AnswerKeys

PARTIESL

IntermediateGrammar

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER1Pronouns

Chapter1

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns and all their modifiers.They can be subjects, direct and indirect objects, interrogatives, impersonals,objects of prepositions, reflexives, demonstratives, possessives, and relatives.Thischartwillhelpyoukeepthemintheproperorder.

SUBJECTPRONOUNS

Pronounscanbesubjectsandperformaction.Herearethepronounsusedassubjects:

Usesubjectpronounsforthefollowing:

a.Asthesubjectoftheverb

Hewritesmusic. Shesingswell.

b.Afterthanorasincomparison

Hepaintsbetterthanshe. Iamastallashe.

c.Afteraformoftheverbbe

Itisl. Thewinnerwasshe.

In(b)ifyourepeattheverb,youcanseethatyoumustusethesubjectform.

Hepaintsbetterthanshe(paints). Iamastallashe(is).

Pronounscanbeobjects(receivers):direct,indirect,objectofapreposition:

me us

you you

him,her,it them

a.Khansawherlastnightinclass.(directobject)

b. Give the money to them immediately. Give them the money

immediately.(indirectobject)

c.Samboughtforusdinnerbecausewewereworkingsolate.(objectofapreposition)

Wheneverthereisacompoundforminaprepositionalphrase,coveruptheother noun and the word and, and then decide whether you need subject orobjectpronouns.

GivethebookstoJaneand .GiveJaneandherthebooks.

BycoveringupJaneand,youseethatthepronounisusedastheobjectoftheprepositionto,andherwouldbetheobjectform.

Patand sawthemovielastnight.

By covering up Pat and, you see that the pronoun is the subject form;therefore,Iisthecorrectform.

EXERCISE1Circle the correct form of the pronoun.When you have finished, checkyouranswerswiththeanswerkeyinthebackofthebook.

Example:Youand(he,him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.

Answer:Youand him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.

1.(She,Her)andPaulareplanningonattendingtheconcert.

2.(We,Us)girlsinsistonbeingadmittedtotheclub.

3.OurteachergavetheextracredittoMelanieand(I,me).

4.Noonesawhimand(she,her)togetheratthegame.

5.Howmanyticketsdidyoubuyfor(we,us)?

6.Ihavetosee(they,them)beforetheofficecloses.

7.(He,Him)travelstoSanDiegoeveryspring.

8.Findtheboss’sfileandhanditto(him,he).

9.Theboyschallenged(we,us)girlstoatestofstrength.(We,Us)won,ofcourse.

10.Whenwillthedirectorpresenttheawardto(she,her)?

11.Ihopethat(she,her)acceptsthatnewjobinOrlando.

12.Someonetold(we,us)thatanewstorewouldbeopeningheresoon.

13.Whatdo(they,them)plantodoabouttheentertainmentfortheparty?

14.Willyoupleasehelp(he,him)unloadthepackages?

15.Howmanybookswillhedeliverto(she,her)?

16.CallovesMyriam,andhedreamedabout(she,her)allnightlong.

17.Nooneseemstoknowwhere(they,them)wentafterlunch.

18.Mysisterand(I,me)traveledthroughtheOrientlastyear.

19.Can(he,him)playtennisaswellas(they,them)?

20.John’sfatherearnsmorethan(he,him).

EXERCISE2Circlethecorrectpronoun.

Example:Mothergave(us,we)themoneytobuysomemilk.

Answer:Mothergave we)themoneytobuysomemilk.

1.(Him,He)andIwenttoseeahorrormovielastnight.

2.Theteacherencouraged(we,us)studentstowatchtheplay.

3.Noonetook(she,her)and(I,me)seriouslywhenwetoldthestory.

4.ManyfanslovedBabeRuthandwenttosee(he,him)playball.

5.(Who,Whom)isDaveinvitingtothedance?

6.Theyareconcernedabout(we,us)becausewehaven’tcalled.

7.Mysistergave(they,them)thestampsfortheircollection.

8.Wesand(I,me)aretakingacruisetotheBahamas.

9.Youand(he,him)arewelcometojoinusattheclub.

10.ThedirectorgaveJilland(I,me)thescholarships.

11.Lauraandherbrotheraretakingatripwith(we,us)nextsummer.

12.Everybodywants(they,them)towinthechampionship.

13.Howmanypamphletsdo(they,them)need?

14.Willtherebeenoughfoodforallof(we,us)?

15.OnceKathyreceivesthecheck,(she,her)willpaythebills.

16.Samtook(I,me)totheconferenceinhisnewcar.

17.Sue’shusbandisgoingwith(she,her)toToronto.

18.Rafaeland(I,me)wereselectedasdelegatestotheconvention.

19.(I,me)amacceptingtheposition,andthisdisturbsmyparents.

20.Theboy(who,whom)iswearingthegreenshirtismycousin.

REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

Pronounscan functionasreflexiveswhen thesubjectperforms theactiononhim/herself.TheformshisselfandtheirselvesDONOTEXIST.Herearethereflexivepronouns:

Singular Pluralmyself ourselves

yourself yourselves

himself themselves

herself

itself

oneself

IwritemyselfnotestohelpmerememberthingsthatIhavetodo.

Wewashourselvesbeforegoingtobed.

EXERCISE3Useareflexivepronounforeachsentence.

Example:Thechilddressedhimselfwelldespitehisage.

1.Nancy,youneedtoprotect______________fromthesun.

2.Tomhurt______________skiinglastyear.

3.Wesaw______________inthosecrazycostumesandcouldn’tstoplaughing.

4.VictorandAbbasareworkingtwojobstoput__________throughcollege.

5.Theflyingobjectturned__________aroundanddisappearedinthenight.

6.Ibought__________somenewclotheslastweek.

7.Susanacalls__________“doctor”eventhoughshehasn’tgraduatedyet.

8.HarryandSam,find__________aplacetosit,andI’llberightwithyou.

9.Janetcut__________whileshewasfixingherbicycle.

10.Eachstudenthastoteach__________howtostudywell.

EXERCISE4Circlethecorrectpronounorpossessive.

Example:Youneed toask (you,yourself)whatyourgoalsarebeforeyoubegin.

Answer:Give(he, thecheckassoonaspossible.

1.(We,Us)skierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextweek.

2.Raulisastallas(I,me).

3.Sandyhurt(hisself,himself)whilerepairingthecar.

4.Jasonisluckythatthebaseballdidn’thit(he,him).

5.Mydaughterisolderthan(your,yours).

6.Theyareexpectedtodotheworkby(theirselves,themselves).

7.Hisbookisinteresting.(My,Mine)isboring.

8.Nancytaught(hers,herself)toplaythepiano.

9.Wehaven’tseen(they,them)sincetheyvisitedlastyear.

10.Presenttheawardstohimand(she,her).

11.Josepaintsaswellas(they,them).

12.Don’tgetup!It’sonly(I,me).

13.Weneedtogive(us,ourselves)arestfromthisjob.

RELATIVEPRONOUNS

Relativepronounsrelatetotheword(s)thatprecedesthem.Theyintroduceadependentrelativeclause(aclausethatbyitselfdoesnotconveyacompleteidea).Thisclauseusuallyeliminatestherepetitionofthesameword(s)andusesoneofthefollowingpronounstoconnectthetwoclauses:

Usedonlyforpersons Usedonlyforthingswho that

whom which

whose(otherlivingthings)

Whoandwhomreferonlytopersons.Whoisthesubject(performer)oftheactionoftheverb.

Who functions as a subject in its clause (who iswaving tous) (whowillreplace Joan) and refers to the girl (singer). These clauses do not convey acompleteidea.

Whomistheobject(receiver)oftheaction.(SeeadetailedexplanationonwhoandwhominthePart2:ESLAdvancedGrammar.)

Whom is thesecondreceiverof theactionshouldaddress (guestspeaker=towhom)

Whoseshowspossessionandusuallyreferstopeopleorotherlivingthings.

Thatandwhichareusedwiththings.IninformalEnglishthatmayalsobeusedwithpersons.Thatclausesarevitaltothesentenceandareneversetoffbycommas.

Whichclausesarenotalwaysabsolutelynecessary to thesentence.Whentheydonotlimitthemeaningofthemainclause,theyaresetapartbycommas.

(Whichwasdeliveredyesterdayisnotvitaltothesentence.)

(Whether the county is large or small, it doesn’t change itslocation.ThisinformationisnotvitaltothefactthatMonacoisneartheSouthofFrance.)

Whenyoucombinetwoindependentsentences,youwillhavetwoclauses,eachcontainingasubjectandaverb.Therelativepronounwillconnectthetwoclausesandkeepthespeakerorwriterfromrepeatingthesamewords.

Teri sent money to her son. Her son’s house was damaged by thehurricane.

EXERCISE5Combine each sentence by using a relative pronoun and eliminate therepeatedwords.Usewho,whom,whose,which,andthat.

Example:Omarmetateacher.TheteacherspokeArabic.

Answer:OmarmetateacherwhospokeArabic.

1.Imetanactor.Theactor’spicturewonanoscar.

2.Weboughtahouse.Thehousecostus$150,000.

3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend.Herboyfriendisacivilengineer.

4.Maureenboughtadress.Thedresscost$45.Shehadtoreturnit.

5.JakegaveIsabelaring.Theringhaddiamondsandrubies.

6.Mrs.Duncanistalkingtoherstudents.Thestudents’projectsaredueonFriday.

7.Normanliveswithhissister.Hissisterisanurse.

8.Thesoldierswereinjuredincombat.Thepresidentisawardingmedalstothesoldiers.

9.Mr.Franklingradedthetests.WetookthetestsonFriday.

10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidate.Thecandidatewaschosentobethemanager.

EXERCISE6UsingformalEnglish,circlethecorrectpronouninthesesentences.

1.Wehaveapackagefortheman(who,which)stoppedbytoday.

2.Imettheauthor(who,whose)bookisonthebest-sellerlist.

3.Areyousurethatthebook(that,which)hasalltheartpicturesisforthisclass?

4.Thatyoungman(who,whom)youmetseemsverynice.

5.I’llbewritingtothedirector(who,whom)yousawMonday.

6.Willyoubepresentingtheslides(that,which)youtookinCanadalastsummer?

7.Thesteaks,(that,which)mybrothergaveus,aredelicious.

8.Thefish(that,which)Lonniecaughtisabigbass.

9.Theincometax(that,which)hepaidlastyearisaccurate.

10.Myfriend(who,whose)fatherisadentistwantstobeanartist.

11.Henryfinallyfoundhiswallet,(that,which)helost.

12.JuanValdez’scoffee,(that,which)comesfromColombia,tastesthebestofall.

IMPERSONALSUBJECTSITANDTHERE

Whilethewordthereisnotusuallyviewedasasubject,itaccompaniestheverbbetoshowtheexistenceofsomething.Therealsubjectalwaysfollowstheverbanddetermineswhetherthatverbshouldbesingularorplural.

Affirmative:THERE+BE+subject

Therearemanymoreemptydesksintheclassroom.

Thereisamessageinyourmailbox.

Negative:THERE+BE+ +subject

Thereisnotimetowasteonsuchfoolishness.

Therearen’tanycookiesontheplate.

Hastherebeenanyrainherelately?

Aretheremorepaperstograde?

Howmanystoresarethereinthemall?

Howmuchspaceisthereleftinthegarage?

NOTEBecarefulwhenyouhavetwosingularsubjectsjoinedbythe

conjunctionand.Thiswillrequireapluralverb.

Thereareavaseandtwodollsonthedresser.

Werethereaticketandsomemoneyinyourpurse?

NOTEInthefollowingsentences,thereisanadverbandreferstolocation.

Thisisnotthesameasshowingtheexistenceofsomething.

Thereisthemoneyformytuition.=Themoneyisoverthere.

There are your pen andnotebook.=Your pen andnotebook is overhere.

Muchandmanyaretwoadjectivesthatnon-nativespeakersoftenconfuse.Muchdescribesthingsthatcan’tbecountedincertaingeneralcategories(time,money, patience, sugar, water, etc.). However, if you put these things incontainersor time inhours andminutes, andmoney indollars andcents, thenyoucouldcountthem.Noticethedifferenceinthefollowing:

Thereisn’tmuchwaterinthetank.

Thereweremany gallons of water when we started to sprinkle thegrass.

Thereistoomuchsugarinthisrecipe.

Therearetoomanycubesofsugarinthedish.

Howmuchmoney is there in the account? (use with non-countablenoun)

Howmanydepositslipsarethereinyourbook?(usewithacountablenoun)

When[much+anoun]isthesubjectofthesentence,theverbissingular.

Thereistoomuchtimespentonplayandnotenoughonstudy.

When[many+anoun]isthesubject,theverbisplural.

Therearenotmanydayslefttofinishthisproject.

EXERCISE7Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.

Example:Howmuchmoney(is,are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?

Answer:Howmuchmoney are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?

1.There(is,are)only28daysinFebruary.

2.There(is,are)fiveticketsleftfortheconcert.

3.There(was,were)avaseofflowersonthetable.

4.There(has,have)beenmanydatapublishedontheuseofDNAincrimedetection.

5.(Have,Has)therebeenanynewsabouttheaccident?

6.There(has,have)beennonewdevelopmentsinthatresearch.

7.Howmanypeople(is,are)thereintheclass?

8.There(wasn’t,weren’t)anycakeleftaftertheparty.

9.(Was,Were)thereanycookiesinthejar?

10.Howmuchfurniture(was,were)thereintheapartmentbeforeyoumovedin.

11.(Has,Have)therebeenanyonewhoshowsaninterestinbuyingyourcar?

12.There(is,are)noinformationavailableonthistopic.

13.(Is,Are)theremanystatesthathaverepealedthatlaw?

14.Howmanytests(has,have)therebeenthissemester?

15.(Was,Were)thereadress,ajacket,andsomeshoesintheboxwhenyouopenedit?

16.(Has,Have)therebeenanyinquiriesintothecommittee’srequest?

17.There(is,are)norulesagainstdualenrollment.

18.Howmanypints(is,are)thereinagallon?

19.(Is,Are)thereanystudentsthisyearwitha4.0GPA?

20.(Was,Were)thereanytoothpasteleftinthetube?

The pronoun it is the subject in many impersonal expressions. It is notresponsibleforperformingtheactioneventhoughitfunctionsasthesubject.Intheseexpressions,thepronounisnotreplacingapreviouslymentionedsingular

noun.Theseexpressionscanbefollowedby thatandadependentclauseorbyaninfinitive.

IT+BE+adjective+[THAT+subject+verb](dependentclause)

Adjectivesthatfitintothiscategoryarethefollowing:

Itisimportantthatyoustudyeverynight.

ItisgoodthatSarahhascompletedtheprogram.

Itisunusualthatsomuchsnowhasfallen.

Anothergroupcanbefollowedonlybytheinfinitive[to+baseformoftheverb]:

IT+BE+adjective+infinitive

Theseareadjectivesthatfallintothiscategory:

Itisdangeroustoplaywithmatches.

Itwashelpfultohavemyflashlightinthedark.

Itwillbepracticaltospeakanotherlanguage.

The impersonal it plus some adjectives can be followed by either aninfinitiveoradependentclause.

IT+BE+adjective+infinitive(dependentclause)

Thiscategoryincludesthefollowingwords:

Itisinconceivabletoputavalueonsuchapricelessobject.

It is inconceivable thatsomeonehasput avalueonsuchapricelessobject.

Itwillbeimportanttotranslatethepoemcarefully.

ItwillbeimportantthatMatttranslatethepoemcarefully.

Thereareotherimpersonalitconstructionsthatarefollowedbydependentclauses.

IT+LOOK+[ASIF+subject+verb]

IT+SEEMAPPEAR+[THAT+subject+verb]TURNOUT

ItlooksasifRandyhasleftfortheday.

Itseemedthathewantedtoescapetosomeplacequiet.

Itappearsthatyouhavediscoveredacureforthedisease.

ItturnedoutthatwewereallwrongaboutMelanie.

EXERCISE8

Decide whether the blank spaces require to for the infinitive or that tointroduceadependentclause.Writetheappropriatewordintheblanks.

Example:Itisadvisabletostudyeverynight.Itseemsthatyouneverseemtohaveanyfreetime.

1.Ithasbeenexciting______visitalltheplaceswe’vereadaboutinclass.

2.It’snecessary__________signthecheckbeforecashingit.

3.Itwasterrible________thefloodvictimscouldn’tstayintheirhomes.

4.Itwon’tbepossible________seethedoctorthisafternoon.

5.Itisapparent____noonehaspreparedthelessonfortoday.

6.Itwillbenecessary________leaveimmediatelyaftertheconcert.

7.Itisunbelievable________somanypeoplewenttoseethepremiereofthatmovie.

8.Itwasgood_____havesomeonearoundtohelpwiththework.

9.Itisevident________youdon’tunderstandwhatIamsaying.

10.Itisincredible___________theplayhaslastedsolong.

11.Itturnedout______allthestudentsdidwellinthefinalexam.

12.Itisfoolish___________drivewithnobrakes.

13.Itwasstrange_________Janicedidn’tcallwhenshewasintown.

14.Itwillbeinteresting_________seewhowinstherace.

15.Ithadbeenapparent_________leavingthesceneoftheaccidentwasamistake.

16.Itwasadvisable_________thestudentchangehismajor.

17.Itwouldbeimportant_________evaluateyourassetsbeforeyouaskfortheloan.

18.Itappears_________someonehasalreadydecoratedtheroomfortheparty.

19.Itseems_________youhavewontheprizeafterall.

20.Itwouldbesilly_________countonRandyforsupport.

Otherexpressionsusetheprogressivetense.

IT+BE+[V+ING]

Itwillbesnowinginafewhours.

ItwasrainingwhenIlefttheoffice.

ItisbeginningtolookalotlikeChristmas.

One of themost commonuses for the impersonal it is used inwith time

expressions.

Itwillbemorningsoon.

Itisnineo’clock.

Itwas8:15whentheairplanearrived.

Onelastcategoryreferstoconditions.

IT+BE+adjective(condition)

Herearecommonwordsusedforsuchconditions:

Itwascoldandwindyyesterday.

Itwillbenoisyattheparty.

ItissostillthatIcanhearthewindblowing.

EXERCISE9Useeitheritorthereineachsentence.

Example:Itwasverywindyyesterdayafternoon.I wonder if there were any new developments in theinvestigation.

1.________hasbeenverysunnyforthelastthreedays.

2.Have________beenanyinterestingprogramsontelevisionlately?

3.________willbegoodtoseeMarthaaftersuchalongtime.

4.________isunusualtoseesomanypeopleoutsoearlyonaSundaymorning.

5.Will________benecessarytocallJanetbeforethedebate?

6.Will________beanybenefitchangesinthenewmedicalplan?

7.Were________anymessagesontheansweringmachine?

8.Was________necessarytodrivesofartopickupthepackage?

9.________willbeimportantforyoutoattendthemeeting.

10.Was________enoughtimetotalkwitheveryone?

11.Howmanydaysare________beforeweleaveforvacation?

12.Iwonderif________israininginNewarknow.

13.Has________beenanyoneinterestedinbuyingyourhouse?

14.Will________beanyrefreshmentsservedaftertheconcert?

15.Howmanyguestswill________beatthewedding?

16.________isimpracticaltospendfoolishlyandtotrytosave.

17.________wasfouro’clockwhenIleftworkyesterday.

18.________willbebetterdays;justbepatient.

19.________turnedoutthattheboyshadarrivedontimeafterall.

20.________wasquietafterthechildrenfinallywenttosleep.

EXERCISE10DecidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisINCORRECT.

1.Mymother’stremendousfearofcatsmakesitdifficultforshetogowalkinginourneighborhoodatnight.A.tremendousB.makesC.sheD.walking

2.Mybookdiffersfromyourinthatminehasavocabularysectionatthebottomofeachpage,andyourshasoneintheback.A.yourB.thatC.attheD.theback

3.Somepeoplewhichhavebeenworkingforacompanyforyearssuddenlyfindthemselvesunemployedbecauseofadministrativemismanagement.A.whichB.foryearsC.themselvesD.becauseof

4.Theprofessoraskedus,NancyandI,tostayafterclasstodiscussthemake-upassignmentfornextweek.

A.askedusB.IC.todiscussD.make-up

5.Ifinafamilythemembersarealwayslookingoutonlyforone’sself,thentheyhavetobeaggressivetogetahead.A.outB.one’sselfC.havetobeD.togetahead

6.Peoplewhomplayinorchestrasareusuallyadultswhohavestudiedmusicformanyyearsandwhoaredevotedprofessionals.A.whomB.devotedprofessionalsC.musicD.are

EXERCISE11Selectthecorrectword(s)tocompletethesentence.

1.Families_____playtogetherusuallyarehappytogether.A.whoB.whichC.whomeverD.whose

2.Invite_____youliketotheparty,butdon’tinviteMark.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomever

D.that

3.Aftergivingthestudentachancetoprove_____,hewasdismissed.A.himB.hisselfC.himselfD.his

4.Wewishshewereheretohelp_____withthedecorations.A.usB.weC.ourselvesD.yourselves

5.Thelittleboydresses_____everymorning.A.himB.hisselfC.heD.himself

6.Dotheyknow_____hasbeenchosenpromqueen?A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever

7.Letmedividetheflowers._____areyours,andthosearemine.A.ThisB.ThatC.TheseD.Thisone

8.Idesperatelyneedsomemoney.Idon’thave_____topaymybills!

A.anyB.someC.somethingD.anything

EXERCISE12Selectthecorrectpronountocompleteeachsentence.

1.(Who,Whom)doyouwanttoserveontheboardfordirectors?

2.Canyoulendme$50untilpayday?Sorry,Idon’thave(some,any)extra.

3.Rickisshorterthan(I,me),buthe’stallerthanhisbrothers.

4.(It,There)aretwentynamesofthecandidatesonthedirector’slist.

5.Photograph(whoever,whomever)youseeattheinauguration.

6.Theman(whose,who’s)brotherisalawyerwantstobecomeajudge.

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER2Adjectives

Chapter2

ADJECTIVES

Adjectivesarewordsthatmodify(describe)anounorapronoun.Theycanalsofollowlinkingverbs(be,seem,appear,etc.).Just likenouns, theycanfallintodifferent categories: 1) limiting—articles,demonstratives,possessives—and2)descriptives.Adjectivesusuallyprecedethewordsthattheymodify.

Limitingadjectivesfallintothesecategories:

Numbers:one,five,ten,twenty,first,second,third

Quantity:some,any,much,many,few,little(withnon-countnouns)

Demonstratives: this, that, these, and those (These are the same forms as thepronouns,butthesemustcomebeforeanoun,notreplaceit.)Examples:thiscar,thathouse

Articles:a,an,the

Possessives:my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their

Keep in mind that when you add ’s to a noun, you make the noun apossessiveandchangeittoanadjective.

Thesecretary’stypewriterisbroken.

Thedogchasedthelittleboy’sball.

All other adjectives are descriptives. Here are examples of commondescriptiveadjectives:

POSSESSIVEADJECTIVESBEFOREGERUNDS

Whenever a noun or pronoun appears before a gerund, itmust be in thepossessiveform.Thisformthenbecomesanadjective.

S+V+possessiveform(noun/pronoun)+[verb+ING]

Weweresurprisedbyhisnotacceptingthejob.

Theyaresorryaboutourleavingsosoon.

NancyobjectstoJan’scallinghersolate.

Referringtothefirstexampleabove,wearesurprisednotbyhimbutratherby his not accepting the job. In number two, they are sorry not about us butratheraboutourleavingsosoon.

NancydoesnotobjecttoJanbutrathertoJan’scallingsolate.

NOTENounscanusuallybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothesingular

form.

boy>boy’s dog>dog’s boss>boss’s

Fortheplural,however,thenounneedstobepluralfirst,andthenaddthe’s.

man>men’s child>children’s

Ifthepluralendsins,thenaddonlytheapostrophe(’).

boys’ girls’ sisters’

EXERCISE13Change the noun or pronoun to the possessive form, and use it as anadjective.

Example:WeweresurprisedatBetty’sgettingmarriedsosoon.

1.Myparentsdonotapproveof_________datingDavid.(I)

2.Iamsotiredof_________notacceptinghisresponsibilities.(Peter)

3.Theteacherisafraidof_________notlearningenoughEnglishthisyear.(herstudents)

4.Thethievesconfessedto_________stealingthemoney.(they)

5.Thewitnesstestifiedabout_________takingpicturesofthescientificexperiments.(he)

6.Thebosssaid,“Ineedtocounton_________takingpartinalloftheseactivities.”(you)

7.Weareafraidof_________raisingtherent.(thelandlord)

8.Donottrytoexplain_________baddriving!Youtaughthim.(Terry)

9.Youdon’tlikeit!Areyoureferringto_________playingthepiano?(I)

10.Thechildrenarelookingforwardto_________visitingthem.(you)

11.Canwerelyon_________bringingthefoodtotheparty?(Kim)

12.Kerrycan’tdecideon_________takingthetripornot.(we)

13.Thatloudmusicdetractsfrom_________doingagoodjob.(theworkers)

14.Iresent_________givingmeaticketwhenIwasnotspeeding.(thepoliceman)

15.We’relookinginto_________beingofferedthejob.(Tom)

16.I’mdependingon_________singingverywelltoday.(thegroup)

17.Georgeisplanningon_________drivingsomeofthestudents.(I)

18.Harryobjectsto_________nominatinganewpresident.(theclub)

19.Thedoctorisupsetwith_________nottakingenoughvitamins.(Ann)

20.Thevotersaretiredof_________spendingmoneysofoolishly.(thegovernment)

EXERCISE14Changethenounorpronouninparenthesestothepossessiveform,anduseitasanadjective.

1.Tom’sparentsaredissatisfiedwith_________acceptingajobabroad.(he)

2.We’resurprisedat_________receivingthedramaaward.(Helen)

3.Aimeewasnotjealousofher_________winningthescholarship.(friend)

4.Thechildrenwerefascinatedbythe_________jumpingupanddown.(clowns)

5.Iamdependingon_________organizingthetripforus.(you)

6.Mrs.Genovesedisapprovedof_________commutingsofartoworkeveryday.(me)

7._________acceptingthechallengedependsonhercommitmenttodoingwell.(Anne)

8.TheSenateapprovedofits_________receivingmorehealthbenefits.(citizens)

9.Iwillrelyonmy_________findingtimetoworkwithme.(brother)

10.The_________thinkingquicklysavedhislittlesisterfromchoking.(boy)

11.Melwillhavetopayforhis_________breakingthewindowwiththebaseball.(son)

12._________exercisingtoomuchcausedpainsinhismuscles.(Tony)

13._________smokinginherofficecausedherco-workerstocomplain.(Anita)

14._________movingtothecountrymadeabigdifferenceinourhealth.(us)

15.Bynowweareaccustomedto_________arrivinglate.(they)

16.Iamafraidofthe_________catchingthefluthisseason.(children)

17._________fishingeverydaykeepshimbusyduringhisretirement.(Lonnie)

18.The_________buildingtheirnestinourgaragecreatedsomeproblems.(birds)

19.Maureenwasinterestedinthe_________keepingtheirdogintheyard.(neighbors)

20.Weareconcernedabout_________drivingsolateatnight.(they)

SOMEANDANY

While some and any convey the same idea, they may not be usedinterchangeably in standard written English. Some is used with affirmativesentences,andany isusedwithnegativesandquestions.Theymaybeusedaspronouns or adjectives. For affirmative statements, use some. For negativestatementsorquestions,useany.

Affirmative:Usesome.

Therearesomepapersonmydeskintheoffice.(adj.)

Isawsomeonyourstoo.(pronoun)

Somedaysarehotterthanothersinthesummer.(adj.)

Somearealsocolderinwinter.(pronoun)

Negative:Useany.

Davedoesnothaveanysparetimetoexercise.(adj.)

Wedon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)

Noonehadanyideaonhowtosolvetheproblem.(adj.)

Idon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)

Question:Useany.

Doyouhaveany29-centstampsforthisletter?(adj.)

Arethereanyinthedrawer?(pronoun)

HavetheyeverreadanyplaysbyShakespeare?(adj.)

HasheeverreadanybyMolière?(pronoun)

Thefollowingformsareallpronounsandcanbeusedonlyassubjectsandobjects:

Affirmative

someone sometime

somebody somewhere

something

Negativeorquestion

anyone anytime

anybody anywhere

anything

Thefollowingsentencesareinaffirmative:

Someoneisworkinginthekitchenrightnow.

Somebodycameherelookingforyoujustamomentago.

Tonyneedssomethingtowipeupthejuicehespilled.

Sometimenextweek,stopbytheofficetoseeme.

Ileftthebooksomewhereinmyhouse.

Thefollowingareexamplesofsentencesinnegativeorinquestionform:

Ican’tseeanyoneinthepool.Canyou?

Hasanybodyturnedinasetofcarkeys?

ThelibrarydidnothaveanythingIneededformyreport.

Thedoctordoesnothaveanytimetoseeyoutoday.

Ican’tgoanywherewithoutyou.

Keepinmindthattheformssomeone,somebody,anyone,anybodycanbeadjectivesiftheybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothepronounform.

Boblosthisjacket.Haveyouseenit?

Ifoundsomeone’s(somebody’s)jacketinmycar.(adj.)

Aretheseanybody’s(anyone’s)housekeys?(adj.)

Helenedoesn’tthinkthattheyareanybody’s.(pronoun)

EXERCISE15Usingthewordsfromthelistbelow,fillinthecorrectformineachspace.

Somesentencesgroupedtogetherarepartofamini-dialogue.

Example:Iknowthatsomeoneboughttheluckylotteryticket.Doyouhaveanyofthenewcoinsjustputintocirculation?

1.Iwillsave_________cakefromthepartyforyou.

2.Doyouhave_________homeworktonight?

3.Hedoesn’thave_________vacationtimeleftthisyear.

4.“_________hasbeensleepinginmybed,”saidthebabybear.

5.Thechildrenareboredbecausetheydon’thave_________timetoplayoutside.

6.Wehaven’tseen_________weknowhereattheparty.

7.DidMr.Robertsonhave_________inmindforthejob?

8.Whiletheywereaway,_________brokeintotheirhouseandstoletheirvaluables.

9.Joelcan’tgotofootballgamesbecauseheneverhas_________freetimeonSaturdays.

10.Noonesaw_________unusualthatday.(object)

11.Wehopethattheywillgiveus_________informationontravelingintheNorthwest.

12.Iamlookingfor_________redhemlace.

13.Gail,doyouhave_________?

14.No,Idon’t,butIamsureDollyhas_________.

15.Kellyhas_________inherhand.Whatisit?

16.It’sjust_________candythatherfriendgaveher.

17.Mr.Jansencan’tseeyouimmediatelybecausehehas_________inhisoffice.

18.Therewasn’t_________athomewhenIcalledthismorning.

19.Thedefendantdidnotsay_________inhisdefense.

20.Didtheyfind_________interestinginthatoldtrunkintheattic?

COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES

Descriptiveadjectivesoradverbscanhavethreedifferentforms:positive,comparative,andsuperlative.Hereareafewexamplesofthethreeforms:

The first form, thepositive degree, is the basic form of the adjective oradverb, which describes one or more persons, objects, or ways of doingsomething.

thebigwhitehouses (adjective)

acrazycat (adjective)

someornatepaintings (adjective)

Thedeerranfast. (adverb)

UnequalComparisonsThe comparative is used to show a relationship between two objects,

persons, or groups that are equal or unequal to the same element of anotherobject, person, or group. Most one- and two-syllable adjectives add -er toexpressunequalcomparisons.

Adjective+ERAdverb+ER

quiet>quieter high>higher

neat>neater fast>faster

quick>quicker soon>sooner

Foradjectivesendingine,justaddrtotheroot.

Adjectivesendingin[E+R]

nice>nicer white>whiter

fine>finer tame>tamer

EXERCISE16Foreachword,writethecomparison.

1.wide

2.pale

3.brave

4.cute

5.humble

6.noble

7.wise

8.polite

9.close

10.stale

11.late

12.large

13.ripe

14.rare

15.safe

Foradjectivesendingin[consonant+y]changeytoibeforeaddinger

happy>happier dainty>daintier

pretty>prettier lovely>lovelier

EXERCISE17Changethefollowingfromthepositivedegreetothecomparative.

1.cozy

2.shy

3.dizzy

4.angry

5.easy

6.heavy

7.pretty

8.ugly

9.merry

10.early

11.noisy

12.friendly

13.lonely

14.healthy

15.lovely

Foradjectivesendingina[vowel+y],justadder.

coy>coyer gay>gayer(happy) gray>grayer

Toexpressunequalcomparisoninasentence,usethefollowingpattern:

subject+verb+[adjective+ER]+THAN+otherelement

Ben’sbrotheristallerthanhe.

Mrs.Andrewsisolderthanherson.

Thisblouseseemsnicerthanthatone.

Bethlookshappiertodaythanshedidyesterday.

NOTEAftercomparisons,usesubject,notobject,pronouns.

SylviaplaystheguitarbetterthanI.

Heneedsmoremoneythanshe.

EXERCISE18Writethecorrectformofthecomparative.

Example:John’sroomisneaterthanmine.Historyiseasierthancalculus.

1.Myneighborhoodis______________thanyours.(quiet)

2.Yournewfurniturelooks______________thantheold.(lovely)

3.Ourteamran______________thanyourteam.(fast)

4.Wandalives______________totheuniversitythanHarry.(close)

5.Afteralongdiet,Jessicais______________thanherfriends.(slim)

6.LosAngelesis______________thanOrlando.(hazy)

7.Thechildrenseem______________thantheirparentsafterthelongairplaneride.(sleepy)

8.Thestreetsintheoldsectionoftownseem______________thananyplaceelse.(narrow)

9.Buffalofeels______________thanPittsburghinthewinter.(cold)

10.Womenseemtobe______________thanmeninthegameoflove.(coy)

Sometwo-syllableandallthree-syllableormoreadjectivesandadverbsusemoreorlessplustheadjectiveoradverbforthecomparison.

+three-syllableadjectives

MORE}+beautiful,intelligent,quietly,quickly

LESS}+difficult,important,interesting,economical

NOTENevercombinemoreandthe[adjective+er]form.

INCORRECT:morehappier,morefriendlier,morewiser

CORRECT: happier,friendlier,wiser

Two-syllableadjectivesending in the followingsuffixesusuallyusemoreorlessplustheadjectivetoexpressthecomparative:

MORE+foolish,careful,helpless,cautious,active

LESS+blatant,verbose,regal,caring,hyper,boring

EXERCISE19Writethecomparativeforms.

1.famous

2.helpful

3.pensive

4.captive

5.exact

6.loving

7.daring

8.basic

9.fiendish

10.morose

11.cutting

12.clever

13.normal

14.sheepish

15.festive

16.glorious

17.childlike

18.alive

19.flagrant

20.fragrant

21.callous

22.forward

23.grateful

24.useless

25.selfish

Sometimes it is better to use an antonym than to try to use the [less +adjective]pattern.

PaulisshorterthanDanny.

Janeisyoungerthanhercousins.

Usethesamepatternforsentencesasmentionedabove.

Thisproblemseemsmoredifficultthanthatone.

LarryfinishedhisworkmorequicklythanTom.

Sincehisaccident,Louislessabletoplaygolfthanbefore.

Idon’tbelieveLeslieactslesscapablythanBrian.

To indicate a greater degree of comparison, use much or far plus thecomparisonform.Muchandfarcanbeusedinterchangeablyinthecomparison.

Isaismuchmoreindependentthanhersistereverwas.

Thisjacketisfarlessexpensivethantheleatherone.

APorscheacceleratesfarmorequicklythanaFordEscort.

Beginningstudentsspeakmuchlessfluentlythanadvancedones.

Itisalsopossibletocomparenouns.

Therearefewerpeopleheretodaythanyesterday.

IhavelessfreetimethananyoneelseIknow.

Wecanvisitmorerelativesonthistripthanonthelast.

Ourprofessorhasmanymorebooksthanwehave.

Genespendsfarlesstimeonhisworkthanhisfriends.

JackhasfarmorefriendsthanBob.

EXERCISE20Fill in the comparison using + (more/much) and – (less/fewer), and ++(farmore)and––(farless)asyourguidestothecorrectforms.

Example:LucyisfarlessathleticthanJill.(––athletic)Michelledrinksmorewaterinthesummerthaninthewinter.(+)

1.Suegrades____________examsthanLucy.(++)

2.Thislacetableclothlooks____________theplasticone.(+pretty)

3.Inthesummergrapesare____________inthewinter.(+abundant)

4.Asachild,AlbertEinsteinseemed____________hisplaymates.(–intelligent)

5.Theseatsinfirstclasshavebecome____________thoseinsecondclass.(––cramped)

6.Inthisclassthereare____________studentsthanthereusedtobe.(++)

7.ThismorningStan’stalkwas____________itwasyesterday.(+straightforward)

8.Todayweearn____________moneythanweusedtoearn.(––)

9.Inwarmweather,carsaccelerate____________incoldweather.(+rapidly)

10.Ifoundthisbook____________theonethatJodyrecommended.(––interesting)

Someadjectivescannotbecompared.Theseareafewthatcannot:

Dead:Itisimpossibletobedeaderthansomeoneorsomethingelse.

Unique:Itmeansoneofakindandallowsfornocomparison.

Pregnant:Itisimpossibletobealittlepregnantormorepregnantthananother.

Immaculate: Itmeanspureorsinless,absolutelyclean,anddoesnotallowforcomparison.

Magnificent:Italreadyindicatesthehighestdegreeofperfection,superb.

Infinite:Italreadyindicateswithoutlimitsorbounds.

Ultimate:Itindicateslastpossibleorfinalofaseries.

Bare:Itmeanstotallywithoutclothingorfurniture.

Perfect:Itindicatesthehighestdegreepossible.

Inwintertheflowersaredead,andsoarethetrees.

AntoniGaudi’sarchitecturewasunique.

Pregnantwomenvisitagynecologist.

Judykeepsanimmaculatehouse.

VersaillesisamagnificentexampleofBaroquearchitecture.

Thereareinfinitewaystoarrangemusicalnotesinanopera.

John’sultimategoalistobecomeaprofessionalphotographer.

Janet’s bare apartment was longing for some furniture and a newtenant.

Andyreceivedperfectscoresonallofhistests.

EXERCISE21Using the following information, write unequal comparisons. Whereverpossible,writeonecomparisonusingagreaterdegreeandonecomparisonusingalesserdegree.

Example:Gardeniassmellverygood.Violetsdon’thavemucharoma.Gardeniassmellmuchbetterthanviolets.Violetssmellmuchlessthangardenias.

1.MexicoCityhas20millioninhabitants.Micanopyhasabout1,500.

2.Philipearns$100,000peryear.Tonyearns$35,000.

3.Nancyis35yearsoldandherbrotheris38.

4.Themillionairehassixcars.Ihaveone.

5.Theartbuildingis100feettall.Thelanguagelabis50feettall.

6.Achocolatebarhas230calories.Abananahas100.

7.Itis95degreesinArizonaand25degreesinAnchorage.

8.RudyreceivesC’sandD’sonhistests.RalphreceivesA’sandB’s.

9.ItisraininginClevelandandsnowinginBuffalo.

10.BettylearnedtospeakPortuguesewellinthreeyears.IttookhertenyearstolearnArabic.

EXERCISE22Makecomparisonsusingthefollowingpairsofwords.

Example:silk...denimSilkissofter(moreexpensive)thandenim.

1.silver...gold

2.elephant...monkey

3.cotton...plastic

4.Coca-Cola...milk

5.spinach...cake

6.TomCruise...PaulNewman

7.yacht...canoe

8.airplane...train

9.swimming...watchingtelevision

10.NorthPole...California

NOTEWhenwritingcomparisonswithdifferent,itisincorrecttosay

differentthan.Use,instead,differentfrom.

subject+verb+DIFFERENT+FROM+noun

Yourbookisdifferentfrommine. Yourbookisdifferentthanmine.

Kurt’scarlooksdifferentfromyours. Kurt’scarlooksdifferentthanyours.

IrregularComparisonsThere are some adjectives and adverbs that have irregular comparisons.

Herearesomeexamples:

Thisdesserttastesbetterthantheapplepie.

Theirbaseballteamwastheworstofall.

Denniswriteswell,butDeanwritesbetter.

SanDiegoisfartherfromNewYorkthanChicago.

EXERCISE23Writeacomparisonforeachsentence.

Example:Harry’swritingisworsethanyours.

1.Dannyreceives________gradesthanhisbrother.(good)

2.Welive________fromtheuniversitythanyoudo.(far)

3.Nancy’sstudentsspeak________thanmost.(well)

4.Thefoodinthisrestaurantis________thanintheoneonthecorner.(bad)

5.Ronfeelsmuch________todayaftertakinghismedicine.(good)

6.Benran________thananyotherathlete.(far)

7.Lucysings________thanAnita.(well)

8.Thisrecipesounds________thanyours.(good)

9.Clevelandhas________weatherthanRichmond.(bad)

10.Melplaystheguitar________thanIdo.(well)

EqualComparisons

Theothertypeofcomparisonsrelatesequalityorsamenesstotheelementsbeingcompared.Oneelementisthesameastheother.

Ihavethreeoranges.Youhavethreeoranges.

Ihaveasmanyorangesasyou.

There are many skyscrapers in New York. There are also manyskyscrapersinChicago.

NewYorkhasasmanyskyscrapersasChicago.

Thepatternforequalcomparisondiffersfromunequalcomparison.

AS+adjective+ASAS+adverb+AS

AS+ +(non-count)noun+AS

AS+MANY+(countable)noun+AS

PaulisastallasPeter.

SuetypesasfastasJennifer.

Wehaveasmuchtimeasyou

SandywritesasmanylettersasVirginia.

TheGlassBoutiquehasasmanyvasesastheEmporium.

Makeaslittlenoiseaspossible,becauseyourfatherisasleep.

NOTERememberthatsubject,notobject,pronounsfollowcomparisons.

Theyhaveasmanybooksaswe.

Noonestudiesashardasshe.

EXERCISE24Combine the two sentences to show equal comparisons. There may beseveralpossibilitiesforsomeofthesentences.

1.Kevinhittwohomerunsinyesterday’sgame.Davealsohittwohomeruns.

2.It’s75degreesinOahuand75degreesinDallas.

3.Maureenatethreepiecesofpizza,andhersisteratethree.

4.BriansleepseighthourseverynightandRitasleepseight.

5.Philweights180pounds.Harryweighs180pounds.

6.Tracyworksverydiligentlyinschool.Trishaalsoworksverydiligently.

7.Thissweatercosts$10.95.Theyellowonealsocosts$10.95.

8.Joelrunsamileintenminutes.Hisbrotheralsorunsamileintenminutes.

9.Thelongdressisveryelegant.Theshortdressisalsoelegant.

10.JoséspendsfourhoursadaystudyingEnglishandfourhoursstudyingmath.

11.Somehighschoolstudentsdosixassignmentsforhomeworkeverynight.Somecollegestudentsalsodosixhoursofassignments.

12.JoanCollinshasalotofjewelry.LizTaylorhasalotofjewelry.

13.Intheirnewapartment,theAndersonshavesixpiecesoffurnitureinthediningroomandsixpiecesinthelivingroom.

14.Thereareonly18studentsinthechemistryclassandonly18inthephysicsclass.

15.Ipaid$45formytextbook.Annepaid$45forherbook.

TheSameAsAnothertypeofcomparisonshowingequalityusestheexpressionthesame

as.Therearenoadjectivesnoradverbsexpressedinthesecomparisons.

Yourkeyslookthesameasmine.

Hisringshinesthesameashers.

Comparisons can also bemade by using a noun to express the common

element.

subject+verb+THESAME+noun+AS

Thisgateisthesameheightasthatone.

YoursweateristhesamecolorasJan’s.

Superlatives

Thelasttypeofcomparisoninvolvingthreeormoreelementsiscalledthesuperlativedegree.Oneentityisthefocusincomparisonagainsttheremainingentities.Thiscanalsobeexpressed inhigherand lowerdegrees.Adjectivesofoneortwosyllablesfollowthispattern:

THE+[adjective+EST]+ [OF+pluralnoun][IN+singularnoun]

Danisthetallestoftheboys.

Sandyistheneatestinthefamily.

Adjectivesofthreeormoresyllablesfollowanotherpattern:

Many Italians say that the Vatican is the most beautiful of allbuildings.

SomeFrenchthinkthattheVenusdeMiloisthemostimportantworkintheLouvre.

Samthinksthatmathistheleastsignificantofhiscourses.

Adverbscanalsobeexpressedassuperlatives.

THE+[adverb+EST]+[OF+plural]

THE+[MOST+adverb]+[IN+singular]

APorscherunsthefastestofall.

Tomstudiedthemostdiligentlyinhisclass.

EXERCISE25:WRITINGStudytheinformationcarefullyandwritestatements,usingthesuperlative.Usebothhighestandlowestdegreesofcomparisonwhereverpossible.

Example: Glen likes to travel and is considering the followingvacations.Europe—21days,Mexico—14days,andCanada—20 days. Europe is the longest vacation.Mexico is theshortestvacation.

1.Semi-glosspaintcosts$21agallon,satin$18,andflat$16agallon.

2.Therearethreecansonthetable:7ouncesofpeas,4ouncesofmushrooms,and16ouncesofcorn.

3.One-halfcupofsomefruitshasmorecaloriesandismorefatteningthanothers:apricots128calories,cantaloupe35calories,andpears97.

4.It’shottoday:Cleveland95degrees,Atlanta87degrees,andTrenton80degrees.

5.DistancesfromOlympia,Washington:Tacoma30miles,Bremerton56,Aberdeen49.

6.Helenhasfourholidaycandlesburning:red3hours,green1hour,andwhite45minutes.

7.Danismeasuringcabinetsforhishouse:kitchen36incheswide,bath27inches,laundry30inches.

8.Thefootballteamwenttoarestaurantafterthebiggame.Thequarterbackatethreehamburgers,thecoachhadtwo,andthekickerateone.

9.Threeathleteswanttobehealthy.Arthurjogsfourmileseverydayandeatsnoredmeat.Jillloveshamburgersandfrenchfries,butsheswims35lapseveryday.Teddrivestoclassandsnacksonjunkfoodeveryday.

10.Itwasahotsummerday.Cindydrankthreeglassesoflemonade,Suzytwo,andDianefour.

EXERCISE26Foreachsentence,supplythecorrectform.

1.Yourhouseis___________(far)fromtheuniversitythanmine.

2.Ilikethissoup___________(good)ofall.

3.Todayismuch___________(hot)thanyesterday.

4.Thisfurnitureis___________(expensive)thanthat.

5.ElvisPresleyis___________(famous)thanPerryComo.

6.Yourbookseems___________(boring)thanmine.

7.Thisguideis___________(helpful)thantheonethatthetravelagentrecommended.

8.Petewas___________(interested)inthedemonstrationthanhisyoungerbrotherwas.

9.Goodstudentsattendclass___________(frequently)thanpoorones.

10.Paquitoisthe___________(bad)playerofall.

11.Mary’schildwassonervousthathesatthe___________(quietly)ofallthechildren.

12.Thefirstcontestantansweredthequestionsthe___________(quickly)ofall.

13.TheGreenBeanisthe___________(good)restaurantofanyIhavevisited.

14.TheNorthPolehas___________(cold)temperaturesthanAlaska.

15.MarryingTimwasthe___________(foolish)thingMaryhadeverdone.

EXERCISE27Usethecorrectform:than,as,from,ormore.

1.Yourdictionaryisquitedifferent from mine.

2.Hisjobisnotthesame__________yours.

3.Anunskilledlaborerislessqualified__________askilledone.

4.Thedresscostsfarmore__________theskirt.

5.Skiingonsnowisasdangerous__________skiingonwater.

6.EnriquespeaksSpanishaswell__________English.

7.Paramedicsaredifferent__________specialists.

8.Theseanswersarethesame__________theonesIwrote.

9.Jackie’shairislonger__________hersister’s.

10.Algebraisdifferent__________geometry.

11.Springis__________pleasantthanwinter.

12.Thegirlsplay__________roughassomeoftheboys.

13.Sara’scultureissomuchdifferent__________mine.

14.The__________youearn,themoreyouspend.

15.Theplotofthisplayislessinteresting__________theoneyouarereading.

EXERCISE28Circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.

1.Inamarriageitisnecessaryforeachofthepartnerstoknowasmuchasitispossibleabouteachother.

A.eachB.asC.itisD.abouteachother

2.Nobodyaskedmeaboutmyfriend’swinningthelottery,andIdidn’tvolunteeranyinformation.A.NobodyB.meC.myfriendD.any

3.Thefootballteammadetoomucherrorsandfumblesthattheplayersliterallygavethewintotheiropponents.A.toomuchB.literallyC.thewinD.their

4.ItisinterestingthatMedievalthoughtwasgreatlyinfluencingbytheGreeks.A.thatB.greatlyC.influencingD.Greeks

5.Thevegetablesouptastedsowellthatwedecidedtohaveasecondhelping.A.TheB.wellC.decidedD.a

6.Bycreatingtheirownbeautifulartisticdesigns,apersoncanfeelagreatsenseofaccomplishmentinknowingthatthepatternsareunique.A.theirB.canfeelC.inknowingD.are

7.Therearemuchbooksinthelibraryonaccounting.A.ThereB.muchC.theD.on

8.Thestudentsthoughtthattheteacherhadgiventhemaunusuallydifficulthomeworkassignment.A.thoughtB.hadgivenC.aD.difficult

9.Mary’sparentsdisapprovedofhersattendingthecompanyconferencesofarawayfromherhome.A.disapprovedB.hersC.sofarawayD.home

10.Mrs.Jansenwasdivorcingfromherhusbandfouryearsagobecauseoftheirincompatibility.A.divorcingB.fromC.agoD.their

11.Althoughthegirl’ssingingwasslightlyoff-key,herguitar’splayingattractedtheattentionofthosewhowerenearby.A.AlthoughB.slightlyC.guitar’sD.were

12.Afteracarefullyinvestigation,wesoondiscoveredthatthehousewasinfestedwithtermitesandotherundesirableinsects.A.carefullyB.soonC.infestedD.other

13.Iwasverymuchsurprisedathimrefusingthepositionofvicepresidentofthenewly-formedcorporation.A.verymuchB.himC.theD.newly-formed

14.Thewitnesstestimonywasessentialtoprovingthatthedefendantwasnowherenearthesceneofthecrime.A.witnessB.wasC.toprovingD.nowhere

15.TheJensenssaidthattheirvacationlastsummerwasmostenjoyablyandrelativelyinexpensive.A.TheB.wasC.enjoyably

D.relatively

16.Sincewehaven’thadtoomanyrainlately,theflowersareratherwilted,andmanyaredying.A.haven’thadB.manyC.ratherwiltedD.dying

EXERCISE29Beloweachsentence,youwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Selecttheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.

1.Manywomenliketochange_____appearancefromtimetotimebecauseitmakesthemfeelmoreattractive.A.herB.yourC.theirD.our

2.Peoplethinkthatpandasare_____thanbears,butactuallytheyarerathershy.A.friendlierB.mostfriendlyC.friendliestD.friendly

3.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.A.morebeautifulB.themorebeautifulC.mostbeautifulD.themostbeautiful

4.Has_____seenmyglovesandmyhat?A.anyoneB.anythingC.someoneD.nobody

5.Harryis_____ofallthestudentsinthegymclass.A.tallerB.thetallestC.themosttallD.moretall

6.The_____canariesdelightedtheaudience.A.sungB.singingC.sangD.sings

7.Ourdirector’s_____newsgaveustheincentivetofinishourproject.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encouragesD.encourage

8.The_____itrained,theharderwerowedtheboattogettoshore.A.asB.fromC.moreD.than

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER3Adverbs

Chapter3

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify an action verb, an adjective, or anotheradverb.Iftheadverbmodifiestheverb,itusuallyfollowsit.

Nancriedhystericallyastheflamesenvelopedhercar.

Lenranquicklytocatchtheball.

Whenanadverbmodifiesanadjective,italwaysprecedestheadjective.

C.EverettKoopisawell-knownmedicalauthority.

Saulhaddiedbeforereturningtohisdearlybelovedland.

Someexamplesofadverbsofintensitymodifyingotheradverbs:

*UsedmoreinlessformalEnglishtoindicateintensity.

Thecarsdrovesofastthatwecouldn’tseethelicenses.

Jacobmovedthemirrorveryslowly.

Thecardrovereallyfastasitmadeitsgetaway.

Adverbsof timeandfrequencydon’tendin-ly.Theyusuallyprecede theverb.Herearesomeinthiscategory:

Mycousinsseldomvisitusnowthatwehavemoved.

Heneverwantstogothereagain.

Adverbsofmannerareformedbyadding-lytotheadjective.

quick>quickly careful>carefully

However, therearea fewforms thathaveminorchanges.With those thatendinaconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddingthely.

easy>easily happy>happily

Withadjectivesendinginic,addallytoformtheadverb.

majestic>majestically angelic>angelically

Withotheradjectivesendinginble,droptheeandaddonlyy.

reasonable>reasonably noble>nobly

Adjectives look at how orwhen something is/was done. An action thathappenedmorethanonceinthepastisindicatedbythefollowingexpressions:

Adverbs of frequency (often, usually, frequently, sometimes, generally,normally)usuallycomebetweentheauxiliaryverbhaveandthepastparticiple.

WehaveoftenvisitedourfriendsinAtlanta.

Theauthorhassometimeswrittenaboutherpersonallifeinhernovels.

Mostadverbsendin-ly—forexample:

rapidly slowly quietly easily comfortably

EXERCISE30

EXERCISE30Changetheadjectivestoadverbsbyadding-ally.Lookupanywordsyoudon’tknow.

Example:frantic>frantically

1.basic________________

2.historic______________

3.majestic______________

4.economic______________

5.comic_________________

6.strategic_____________

7.critic________________

8.antiseptic____________

9.cryptic_______________

10.sympathetic_________

11.artistic____________

12.domestic____________

13.automatic___________

14.aromatic____________

15.organic_____________

16.systematic__________

EXERCISE31Createadverbsbychangingtheytoiandaddingly.

Example:easy>easily

1.sloppy_______________

2.heavy________________

3.angry________________

4.clumsy_______________

5.ready________________

6.busy_________________

7.steady_______________

8.merry________________

EXERCISE32

EXERCISE32Changetotheadverbformbydroppingtheeandaddingonlyay.

Example:notable>notably

1.noble_______________

2.able________________

3.capable_____________

4.responsible_________

5.feasible____________

6.comfortable_________

FREQUENCYADVERBS

These adverbs show the number of times that an action takes place or isrepeated.Thefollowingarelistedinorderofoccurrence.Thegraphshowshowtheyrelatetooneanother.

Inasentence,theseadverbswillcomedirectlybeforeasimpleverbtense.

Jamesalways checks out his computers before he sells them to hiscustomers.

Margaritaneverspokeharshlytoherstudents.

Theprojectbarelymeetsthefederalguidelines.

Whentheseadverbsareusedwithperfect tenses(have+pastparticiple)theyareplacedbetweenhaveandthepastparticiple.

Wehaveoftenvisitedthatmuseum.

Thedirectorhasoccasionallyaskedhisemployeesforsuggestions.

WendyhadneverbeentoNiagaraFallsbefore1993.

If thecompound tensesareusedasquestions, then the frequencyadverbsareplaceddirectlybeforethepastparticiple.

HaveyounevergonetoStoneMountainnearAtlanta?

HasJanetalwayslivedinVermont?

HadJackusuallywrittenpoetrybeforehedecidedtowritefiction?

EXERCISE33

For each sentence, replace the words in parentheses with one of thefrequencyadverbsinthelistthatmeansthesameornearlythesame.Somemayberepeated.

Example: Jeff barely knew Mandy when they married after a shortengagement.(almostnotatall)

1.Deborah___________visitshergrandmother.(everyday)

2.Allen___________getslowgradesonhistests.(almostnever)

3.Leonardo___________studiesinthelibrary.(manydays)

4.HasMarina___________gonetoarockconcert?(notonetime)

5.ChrisandJoehave___________watchedabaseballgameontelevision.(onlytwotimes)

6.___________myfriendsandIgototheshoppingmall.(threetimeseverymonth)

7.I___________everseeyouanymore.(notverymuch)

8.Sandyandherhusband___________eatdinneratarestaurant.(maybeonceamonth)

9.We___________receivejunkmailathome.(almosteveryday)

10.Mr.Davis___________travelstoJapanonbusiness,buthegoestoEuropeonceamonth.(onetimeeverytwoyears)

EXERCISE34Writethefrequencyadverbinitsproperplaceinthesentence.

Example:Mickeywatchessportseventsontelevision.(rarely)

Answer:Mickeyrarelywatchessportseventsontelevision.

1.FootballfanswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.(always)

2.PasqualehaswrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.(never)

3.Ihaveseenthatprogram,butIdon’tlikeit.(occasionally)

4.WestudyonFridayafternoons.(usually)

5.Martapreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.(generally)

6.Theyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusy.(hardly)

7.Monicahasgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.(seldom)

8.Thisneighborhoodisquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.(usually)

9.HasJudesungandplayedforthelocaldances?(sometimes)

10.Haveyouthoughtaboutwritinganovel?(often)

11.Thegirlstakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandtheygotaride.(generally)

12.IhaveseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.(seldom)

13.Theytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.(barely)

14.WetakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.(frequently)

15.Haveyouwonthelottery?(never)

YET,STILL,ALREADY,NEVER,EVER

Yetisusedwithquestionsandnegativeanswersandindicatesatimeuptothepresent.Itusuallycomesattheendofthesentence.Itisusedmostlywiththepresentperfecttense.

Theplanehasn’tarrivedyet.

Havetheyfinishedtheirreportyet?

Still indicates a continuing action in progress at a given time in the past,present, or future. Still follows the verb be and precedes other verbs exceptauxiliariesinquestions.

Marshaisstillpresidentofthegroup.

Did the language department still offer Russian when you were astudent?

Hestillhasn’tfinishedhiswork.Hehasstillnotfinishedhiswork.

Nevermeans“notonce”;itisalsoanegativeanswertoaneverquestion.

HaveyouevermetthePresident?

IhavenevermetthePresident.

Ever means “on one occasion”; it is also used for questions. It comesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverbandcanbeusedwithanegative.

Haveyoueverbeentoarockconcert?

No,Ihaven’teverbeentoarockconcert.

Already is used in affirmative sentences to show that an actionhas takenplace.Itusuallycomesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverb.

Wehavealreadyseenthemovie.

The passengers had already left the plane before their relativesarrived.

EXERCISE35Completeeachsentence,usingoneofthewordsbelow.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswerinsomesentences.

Example:Ineverwanttoseesomuchviolenceagain.

1.Haveyoureadtoday’snewspaper__________?

2.TheJohnsonshave__________visitedSwitzerland.

3.Kurtis__________writinghistermpaper.

4.Areyou__________livinginPhoenix?

5.Theprofessorhasn’tarrived__________.

6.HasNancytakenhermorningcoffeebreak__________?

7.Wehave__________boughtticketsfortheopera.

8.Martinwas__________workingfortheairlineswhenIsawhim.

9.Haveyoureviewedyourirregularverbs__________?

10.Havethey__________visitedNiagaraFalls?

11.Isyourfriend__________planningtovisityouthismonth?

12.Hasthenewtradeagreementbeennegotiated__________?

13.Wehaven’tansweredhisletter__________.

14.Melanieis__________readingthatnovelthatshestartedwhileshewasonvacation.

15.Noonehasseenthedirector__________today.

16.Fiftypercentoftheprojecthas__________beencompleted.

17.Herfatherwasachemist,butMarleen__________receivedgoodgradesinchemistry.

18.Isthatteam__________goingtowinagamethisyear?

EXERCISE36Completesentences,usingthewordsbelow.

1.Susanhas_________writtenherthesis.

2.Iam_________notreadytodiscussthatcontroversialissue.

3.Someoneelsehas_________takenyourseat.

4.Melissa_________allowshersistertowearherclothes.

5.Thephysicalfitnessgroupis_________joggingeverymorning.

6.DidthePope_________gotoAfricaonavisit?

7.WillValerie_________marryherchildhoodsweetheart?

8.Ihave_________seenaredbutterflybefore.Haveyou?

9.Canyou_________forgivemeformakingsuchamistake?

10.ManyNorthernersarewonderingifspringwill_________arrive.

11.We_________seemtohavetimeafterworktogoshoppinginthemall.

12.HasSally_________flowninaConcordejet?

13.Ritahasn’tgraduatedfromhighschool_________.

14.Louie’steamhas_________wontwochampionshipsandhopestowinathird.

15.Hasanyoneelse_________wonsevengoldmedals?Idon’tthinkso.

16.Isthestore_________havingitsbigsummerwhitesale?

17.Noonehasvolunteeredtoacceptthechairmanship_________.

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER4Prepositions

Chapter4

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositionsareawordorgroupofwordsthatshowtherelationbetweentheobjectandsomeotherwordinthesentence.Hereisapartiallistforyoutolearn.

about

above

accordingto

across

after

against

aheadof

along

among

apartfrom

around

as

asfaras

at

becauseof

before

below

beside

between

beyond

but(except)

by

concerning

contraryto

despite

down

during

except

for

from

in

inadditionto

infrontof

inplaceof

inregardto

inspiteof

inviewof

inside

insteadof

into

like

near

of

off

on

onaccountof

out

outof

over

past

since

through

throughout

to

toward

under

underneath

until(till)

up

upto

upon

with

within

without

Prepositionalphrases includeprepositionsusually followedby theandanounandindicatetimeorlocation.Theyanswerthequestionswhenorwhere.

WestudyEnglishandmathinthemorning.(when?)

Mr.Northpreferstodrivetotheoffice.(where?)

Intermsoflocation,lookattheprepositionalphrasesasanyplacearatcango(underthesink,behindthesofa,betweenthewalls,etc.).

Prepositionsexceptto (whichmayprecedethesimpleformoftheverborgerund)precedeagerund.

Somestudentsputoffstudyingaslongaspossible.

Salisagainsthuntingdeer.

Prepositionscanaccompanynouns,verbs,andadjectivesasanintegralpartof the phrase.Here is a partial list by category. Please seeAppendixD for amorecompletelist.

Prepositions are a difficult concept, andmost often the bestway to learnthemistolistentohowtheyareusedwithcertainexpressions.AmorecompleteofexpressionsandtheirappropriateprepositionsislocatedinAppendixD.Lookatthefollowingexamples:

In:years,months,city,state,country,theuniversity,insideabuilding

In 1990 I lived in San Francisco, in California, while I was in theuniversity.

On: specific date, name of a street, day of the week, different forms oftransportation (bus, plane), certain floors of buildings, location (on thetable/desk/sofa)

MarywasbornonJune14,1965,inahouseonMadisonStreet.

At:exactaddress,specifictime,athome/school/work/therestaurant,withcertainexpressionssuchasat first/last/least/once/present/themost/yourdiscretion/yourconvenience/thismoment/thistime/amoreconvenienttime

ThepartywillbeheldattheGovernor’sClubat7:30p.m.

Of: to show possession, pertaining to, used with certain expressions (seeAppendixD)

TheparentsofJohnandMaryliveinoneofthesuburbseastoftown.

In the absence of the president, the vice president conducted themeeting.

From:origin,outof,giver

JanreceivedaletterfromherunclefromFrance.

For:during,insteadof,intendedreceiver,becauseof

Theexamfortomorrowisfortheeleveno’clockclass.

EXERCISE37Fromthelistofprepositions,selectthebestonetocompletethemeaning.Somemayberepeated,andsomemayhavemultipleanswers.

Thebosssaidthatwemustbe1)________theoffice2)________nine

o’clock,nolater.Iwokeuplate,jumped3)________thecaranddrove4)

________work.Mymotherdividedthecookies5)________myfriends

andme.Wearrivedlate6)_________therain.7)________yougo8)

________thehouse,youmustunlockthedoor.Thebirdsflew9)________

thetrees10)________thathotsummerday11)________May.Lucy’s

sisterwasborn12)________Baltimore13)________June22,1970.

Arnoldlives14)________2754BentonRoad.Scottis15)________love

16)________Sandi,andtheywillmarrysoon.Thepolicetookthedrugs

17)________thesellers.Ourplanetook18)________anhourlate.We

haveanagreement19)________ustwonottocriticizeeachother.Harry

boughttheflowers20)________Peggy21)________herbirthday.

ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica22)________1500.Lookforyourglasses

23)________theshelf24)________thetelevision.I’mthinking25)

________visitingmycousinthissummer.

EXERCISE38Supplythecorrectpreposition.

1.Thepoliceaccusedthem______robbingthebank.

2.Youmusttake______accountthathewasveryyoungthen.

3.Don’tworry______anything.I’lltakecare_______everything.

4.Whowillpay______thedamages______yourcar?

5.Theyarethinking______moving______California.

6.It’saquestion______findingtherightman______thejob.

7.Doesanyoneobject______mysmokingacigarette?

8.He’snotinterested______money______all.

9.Shereallydied______abrokenheart.

10.Iaskedthepharmacist______something______aheadache.

11.Hepouredthewine______ourglasses.

12.Heisalways______ahurry.

13.Iaskedthewaitresstotake______thedirtydishes.

14.Hetookme______thearmandhelpedme______thestreet.

15.Thisisanexception______therule.

16.Thesignsaid,“Keep______thegrass.”

17.Somepeoplehavestrangeideas______bringing______children.

18.Idreamed______youalllastnight.

19.Thereissomeoneknocking______thedoor.

20.Whywasshetalking______him?

EXERCISE39Circlethecorrectpreposition.

TheRaExpedition

1.(In,On)1937whileThorHeyerdahlandhiswifewere2.(by,on)a

littleisland3.(for,in)theMarquesas4.(on,in)thePacificOcean,hebegan

tothink5.(about,to)storieshehadheardconcerningthegreatPolynesian

sun-godTiki.Thisandaseries6.(for,of)eventsledThorHeyerdahl,a

Norwegian,andfiveothermentoundertakeone7.(for,of)themostdaring

adventures8.(of,about)ourtimes—that9.(of,to)crossingthePacific

Ocean10.(on,under)abalsaraftashebelievedtheancientPolynesians

haddone.

TheKon-Tiki,astheraftwascalled11.(to,in)honor12.(of,for)the

sungod,sailedsome4,300nauticalmiles13.(for,from)Peru14.(for,to)

thePolynesianIslands.15.(On,By)theopensea,theyhadtowithstand

manygalesandstorms,aswellasfight16.(off,of)sharks.Whentheir

provisionsranout,theyfished17.(over,for)foodandcollectedrainwater

todrink.

The101-daytripproved18.(for,to)Heyerdahlandtheother

adventurersthatitwaspossible19.(by,for)thePolynesianstohave

traveled20.(for,from)SouthAmerica21.(to,on)theirislandmany

centuriesbefore.

EXERCISE40Selectthecorrectprepositiontocompletethesentence.

1.Afterjumping_________thecoldpool,theswimmersbegantoshiver.A.intoB.onC.underD.beneath

2.RafaellivesintheEasternpartofVenezuelasome200milesfrom

Caracasat18feet_________sealevel.A.ontopofB.atC.overD.above

3.JanplanstovisitArizona_________themiddleofspringA.atB.aroundC.toD.for

4.Didyoumeettheguestspeaker_________theconference?A.atB.inC.onD.over

5.Thepresidentialcandidate’sspeechtodaywasinconsistent_________hisremarksmadeatpreviousgatherings.A.toB.withC.aboutD.of

6.Theassignmentswereequallydivided_________thefivework-studystudentsinthecommunityeducationdepartment.A.amongB.betweenC.forD.into

7.Wetriedtodiscouragethestudents_________writingontopicsthat

weretoodifficultforthemtocompletesuccessfully.A.toB.forC.fromD.about

8.Bothsoccerandfootballteamsconsist_________elevenactiveplayersforeachteamonthefield.A.inB.onC.ofD.to

9.Someeducatorsaretryingtodoaway_________thenewmathematicsbecauseithasnotbeenassuccessfulastheyhadhoped.A.fromB.toC.forD.with

10.AsItraveled_________Chinaonthetrain,Isawbeautifullandscapes,oldbuildings,andquaintvillages.A.inB.onC.overD.about

11.Scientistswereinterestedintheradioactivityemanating_________thenuclearpowerplantlocatedneartheocean.A.inB.toC.fromD.about

12.Becausethecommitteewasanxioustoattendthecelebration,thepresidentdispensed_________readingtheminutesofthepreviousmeeting.A.withB.fromC.ofD.for

13.Atnightthesoundofthewindintensifiestheexcitementonefeelsasheimaginesthecriesuttered_________thevictimsoftheInquisition.A.byB.forC.toD.about

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER5Conjunctions

Chapter5

CONJUNCTIONS

A word that connects words or groups of words in a sentence is aconjunction. These connecting words can be relative, coordinating,correlative, and subordinate conjunctions. Each has a different function andwillbestudiedmoreindetailinlaterchapters.

An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is by using theacronymFANBOYS:For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.

Thewordsand,nor, or can connect nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, orprepositionalphrasesasaseriesofelements.Usenorinnegativesentences.

Nouns:

Therearepens,paper,andpencilsontheshelf.

Taketheredblouseorthegreenblouse.

Idon’tlikeaPorschenoraCadillac.

Verbs:

Joeplaysguitarandsingswell.

Thegroupcan’tdancenoract.

WewillswimorrideourbikesonSaturday.

Adjectives:

Paulisathletic,studious,andgenerous.

Todayisnotsunnynorwarm.

Thosesocksareblackorblue.

Adverbs:

Thescoutswalkedquietlyandcarefullythroughthewoods.

Thesequestionsareneitherneatlynorcorrectlyanswered.

Inballetjumpquicklyorelegantly,ordon’tjumpatall.

Look under the bushes and among the flowers for the

Prepositionalphrases:

hiddenEastereggs.

Youwillfindyoursocksunderthebedorinthecloset.

Don'thangthepictureoverthemantelnorabovethedoor.

These conjunctions can connect two main clauses.When they do, use acommadirectlybeforetheconjunction.

Leiwonascholarship,andshewentawaytoschool

Idon’thaveacar,nordoIplantobuyone.

Myflightleavesatseven,soIneedtohurry.

Wehavetoleavenow,butwewillreturnsoon.

Theconjunctionforusuallymeansbecause,givingareasonforanaction.

Ourgroupmovedinsidethepavilion,forithadstartedtorain.

Bringyourcoatsalong,for theeveningsarecoolinthatareathatwewillbevisiting.

EXERCISE41Circle the conjunctions and underline which parts of the sentence areconnected.Decidewhether they are connecting two complete ideas, justtwowordsofthesamepartofspeech,oracontrast.

Example:Tonyisouttoday,buthewillreturntomorrow.but—contrastThesunisshiningbrightly,andwearegoingtothebeach.and—twoideas

1.Theskyisgray,anditisgoingtorain.

2.Wewanttoseethatnewmovie,butnottonight.

3.Rudiwantstobeadoctor,soheistakinganumberofsciencecoursesthissemester.

4.ThedoctorcanseeyouMonday,butyouhavetobeherenolaterthan8:00a.m.

5.Idon’tknowhowtodance,nordoIintendtolearn.

6.Maritzadoesn’thaveenoughmoneyforthetrip,yetshereallywantstogo.

7.Mysisterjustboughtsomedishesandglassesforhernewhouse.

8.Iwishyoualotofluck,forIknowyouwillneedit.

9.Thediplomatcan’tspeakRussiannorItalian.

10.Jasonorderedthepartforhiscar,butithasn’tcomein.

11.Wehaveatestinanhour,andwehavetostudyalotnow.

12.TheHowardfamilyisgoingawayfortheholidays,buttheyhavenotmadereservationsyet.

13.Theteamhasboughtuniforms,helmets,andgloves.

14.Gonowandpaylater.

15.Iwillstudychemistryoralgebrainthefall,butnotboth.

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER6Verbs

Chapter6

VERBS

Therearefourprincipalpartsforallverbs,bothregularandirregular.Theyarepresent,past,pastparticiple,andpresentparticiple.Except for theverbbe,thepresenttenseistheformfoundinthedictionary.

Inthepresenttense,theformsareallthesameexceptforthethirdpersonsingular(he,she,it)towhichyouadd-s.

walks, runs, says (Iwalk,youwalk,he/she/itwalks,wewalk, theywalk)

For verbs that end in ch, o, s, sh, andx, however, add -es for the thirdpersonform.

watches,goes,passes,wishes,waxes

Forverbsendinginconsonant+y,changeytoibeforeadding-es

copy>copiesmarry>marries

Forallregularverbsinthepasttense,add-dtoformsendinginE.

baked,liked,revered,quoted

Forallregularverbs,add-edtoformsendinginconsonants.

talked,jumped,waited,sailed

Thepastparticipleforregularverbsisthesameasthepasttense.

Marybakedacakeyesterday.(pasttense)

Mary has baked many cakes for our bake sales. (past participle—

regular)

However,forirregularverbsthereisusuallyadifferentform.

Janetwrotemanyletterstoherfriends.(past)

Janet has written many letters to her friends. (past participle—irregular)

RegularVerbs

Past PastParticiple

walked walked

planted planted

telephoned telephoned

IrregularVerbs

Past PastParticiple

sang sung

rode ridden

went gone

Thepresentparticipleistheformendingin-ing.Rememberthatforverbsendingineithera[vowel+y]ora[consonant+y],keeptheybeforeaddingthe-ing.

marrying,copying,flying

surveying,annoying,portraying

EXERCISE42Writethecorrectformoftheverbinthepresenttense.

1.thecook_____________(fry)

2.themirror_______(magnify)

3.theshoes__________(pinch)

4.myskin_____________(itch)

5.we__________________(deny)

6.Anita_________________(do)

7.theband___________(march)

8.Mr.Adams__________(teach)

9.thestudents________(hurry)

10.thebrides________(blush)

11.you________________(wash)

12.myuncle___________(fish)

13.Ana_______________(study)

14.they_________________(go)

15.theiron_________(scorch)

16.I_________________(apply)

17.thedress___________(dry)

18.theairplane________(fly)

19.thesun__________(bleach)

20.thebaby____________(cry)

AUXILIARYVERBS

Eachoftheseprincipalpartsusescertainauxiliary(helping)verbstoformdifferenttenses.Lookatthefollowingcharttoseewhichauxiliariesaccompanythefourdifferentformsandthetensesthattheycreateinactivevoice.

Iwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Icanwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Iwouldwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Iwillwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Imaywritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.

Imustbewritingmyhomeworkeverynight,orelseIwouldn’tbepassing.

Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.

Ihadwrittenmyhomeworkbeforelunch.

Ihavewrittenmyhomeworkeverynight.

Iamwritingmyhomeworkrightnow.

Iwaswritingmyhomeworkat8:00.

USINGAUXILIARYVERBS

Auxiliariesarealwaysfollowedby thesimpleformof theverb(infinitivewithoutto):

togo tosay tosee tospeak towork

Auxiliaries cannot beused in combinationwith eachother.Whendo andhave are the principal verbs of the sentence, the auxiliaries can combinewiththem.

Timdoesnothaveacar.

Wecandothatjobin15minutes.

Themechaniccouldhavethecarbytomorrow.

Iwillhavethesepapersforyoulatertoday.

Rememberthefollowingformulasforwordorderwhenusingauxiliaries:

Do, does, can, and should combine with the simple form to expressvariations in the present. The auxiliaries do and does are also necessary foraskingaquestionorforforminganegative,aswellasforemphasis.

Theydoneedhelp. Theydonotneedhelp. Dotheyneedhelp?

Icanplaytennis. Icannotplaytennis. CanIplaytennis?

Weshouldstudy. Weshouldnotstudynow. Shouldwestudy?

Rememberthatdo,does,anddidaretheauxiliaryverbsforpastandpresenttensesofallmainverbs.

Joeplays >doesplaygolfwell.

Antonsold >didsellhishouselastyear.

Thestudentslearn >dolearntheirlessons.

Did,could,andwould(repeatedpastaction)combinetoexpressavariationin the past.Did in the affirmative sentences emphasizes the past. Simple pastforms also express the same idea.Notice the need for the auxiliarydid in thenegativeandquestionforms.

Hedidvisit(visited)hiscousins. (foremphasis)

Didhevisithiscousins? (toaskaquestion)

Hedidnotvisithiscousins. (toexpressthenegative)

WhenIwasachild,Iwouldswimeverysummer.

WouldIswimeverysummer?

Iwouldnotswimeverysummer.

Beforehiskneeinjuryin1988,Harrycouldrunveryfast.

CouldHarryrunveryfast?

Harrycouldnotrunfast.

Could,would,andmightcanexpressuncertaintybasedonaconditionfora

later time.Theconditionexpressed,however, representssomethingcontrary tofactthatwillprobablynotchangeandnotmaterializelater.Rememberthattheseauxiliariescomefromthreedifferentverbs,andthemeaningforeachisslightlydifferent.

Ifwehadthemoney(wedon’t),wewouldbuyanewcar.

Icouldstopbytomorrowifyoureceivedthedocument.(Youprobablywon’treceiveit.)

Shemightbeabletocome,butitdoesn’tlookasifshe’llgettheplaneticketsontime.

May,will,andshallareusedasauxiliariestoindicatefuturetime.InBritishEnglish, shall is used for I andwe forms,while inAmerican English,will isacceptableforallforms.

ShemaygotoNewYorkwithusnextweek.

Iwill (shall forBritishEnglish) lookforanewapartmentbefore theendofthemonth.

EXERCISE43Underlinetheauxiliaryand/ormainverb.

1.TheJoneseshavejustboughtanewcar.

2.Whendidyousendthatpackagetoyoursister?

3.WhenisTomleavingforCalifornia?

4.Canyougivemechangeforthistwenty-dollarbill?

5.Willthesesuppliesbeenoughforyourcampingtrip?

6.Howoftendoyoufillyourgastank?

7.Theartistpaintedaportraitofhismother.

8.Nothingseemstomattertothemanymore.

9.Thepresidenthadspokentothecommitteebeforemakinghisdecision.

10.Thechildrenwereplayingwiththeirtoysallafternoon.

EXERCISE44Changethestatementstoquestions.

1.Wecanseethemovietomorrownight.

2.Nancyhasanappointmentfortwoo’clocktoday.

3.Thelandlordmightraisetherentagain.

4.HewouldliketovisittheUnitedNations.

5.Susanwillbeoutoftownforthreeweeks.

6.Thestudentsshouldstudyallthenewvocabulary.

7.IhadajobinBoston.

8.Enricoboughthisnewcomputerlastweek.

9.Tarapaintsverywell.

10.Thecarpentersknowhowtobuildthehouse.

EXERCISE45Oscar is a little confused.He has some incorrect information.Help himchangetheaffirmativestatementstonegativeonesandprovidethecorrectinformation.

1.Tomatoesgrowontrees.

2.Thesunshinesatnight.

3.Roosterscanlayeggs.

4.Alligatorslivedinthedesertlongago.

5.Myrosescouldgrowwithoutwater.

6.TheFrenchinventedtheconceptofzero.

7.(Peterhasproblemswithmath.)Heshouldstudystatistics.

8.Mostluxurycarsgetgoodgasmileage.

9.Boliviahasalargeport.

10.Lionshavefeathers.

EXERCISE46Changethesentencesfromthepresenttothefuture.

1.Grassgrowsfasterinthesummer.

2.Theyservesupperatseveno’clock.

3.Theplanearriveslate.

4.Nobodysleepsafternoon.

5.TheplaybeginsonSaturday.

6.Itissunnythisafternoon.

7.TheWaltonsliveonamountain.

8.Nothinginterestinghappensaroundhere.

9.Poinsettiasdon’tbloominthesummer.

10.Thefinalexamscountsfor25percentofyourgrade.

EXERCISE47:WRITINGAnswer the questions, using the correct form of the verb. Write acontrastingideaforthenegative.

1.WhattimedoesyourEnglishclassbegin?

It________________________________

_________________not_____________

2.Whoeatspeanutbuttersandwiches?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

3.HowlongdoesSarahsleepeveryday?

She______________________________

_________________not_____________

4.Whorunsawayfromthecat?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

5.DoesBadrdrivetotheuniversityeveryday?

Yes,________________________________

No,______________________________

6.DoesCynthiawalkwiththechildreneveryafternoon?

Yes,________________________________

No,______________________________

7.WhosingsSpanishsongs?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

8.WhendoesMajadance?

She______________________________

_________________not_____________

9.Whotalksonthetelephonewiththesalesdepartment?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

10.WhichnewspaperdoesAliaread?

She_______________________________

_________________not_____________

11.DoesCorazonwriteletterstoherfamilyeveryweek?

Yes,_____________________________

No,______________________________

12.Doesthisrestaurantservegoodfood?

Yes,_______________________________

No,______________________________

PASTTENSE

Anytimebeforenowisconsideredpasttense.Theverbtenseindicatesonlythattheactiontookplaceearlier,withnoreferencetootheractions.Whiletimesmaybeexpressed,theyarenotinrelationtoothertimes.Regularverbsformthepasttensebyadding-dtotheverbsthatendine.

bake>baked tease>teased raise>raised

provide>providedreserve>reservedrule>ruled

Forregularverbsendinginaconsonant,add-edtothepresenttense.

look>looked fail>failed wait>waited

Most one-syllable verbs containing one vowel and ending in a singleconsonant,doublethefinalconsonantbeforeadding-ed.

stop>stopped dot>dotted slam>slammed

Donotdoublethelettersxandw.

wax>waxed mow>mowed

Whena two-syllableverbends ina singleconsonantafter a singlevowelandthesecondsyllableisstressed,doublethefinalconsonantalso.

Noticethatthestressisonthesecondsyllableforeachoftheabove.Now

lookwhathappensifthestressfallsonthefirstsyllable.

Forwordsendinginconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddinged.

hurry>hurried copy>copied fry>fried

**Remembertousedidastheauxiliaryforquestionsandnegatives.

Didyoufindthenewspaper?

No,Ididnotfindthenewspaper.

Unfortunately,therearemanyverbsinthepasttensethatdonotfollowthisrule.SeeAppendixEforalistwillhelpyoutolearnsomeofthem.

EXERCISE48Circlethecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.

1.Becausewehad(forgot,forgotten)towindtheclockbeforegoingtobed,wearrivedlateforwork.

2.Havethehikersalready(gone,went)tothemountains?

3.Ourdog(digged,dug)aholeinthebackyard.

4.Mycousin(brang,brought)herguitartotheparty,andwe(sang,sung)manyofourfavoritesongs.

5.Ourneighbors(selled,sold)theirhouselastmonth.

6.Becausethelaborersweresotired,they(sleeped,slept)anextrahourthismorning.

7.Afterplayingtennisfortwohours,theplayers(drank,drunk)twoglassesofjuice.

8.Theairplane(flew,flied)highoverthemountainpeaks.

9.Afterthehurricanehadhitthearea,manybeautifultrees(fell,fallen)totheground.

10.Anintensecoldwave(freezed,froze)thewaterpipes,causingthemtoburst.

11.Wehad(ate,eaten)somuchthatwecouldnotrideourbicycleshome.

12.Ourlunchfellofftheboat,andIwatcheditasit(sunk,sank)slowlyintothesea.

13.Nooneintheaudience(understand,understood)thespeaker’smessage.

14.They(telled,told)uswhattheyhadplannedtodoinWashington.

15.Lastnightwe(seen,saw)agreatmovie.

16.Thewhistle(blew,blown)loudlyasthetrainapproachedthestation.

EXERCISE49Write the correct form of the verbs, using the past tense or the pastparticiple.

GarageSaling—AWayofLife

LastweektwoofmyfriendsandI(1)were(be)returningfromthe

shoppingmallwhenwe(2)saw(see)some“garagesale”signs.It(3)

________(seem)oddthatsomeonewouldwanttosellagarage,butinthe

interestofculture,we(4)________(decide)tofindoutwhatitwas.Aswe

(5)________(approach)thehouse,we(6)________(see)abouttenpeople

leavingwitharmfulsofthingsthattheyhadjust(7)________(buy).We(8)

________(park)thecarand(9)________(walk)backtothegarage,where

twoladies(10)________(be)sittingandchattingaway.We(11)________

(look)aroundandsawsomelovelythingsbutcouldnotbelievetheprices,

sowe(12)________(ask)theladiesaboutthem.We(13)________(want)

toknowwhythepricesweresolow,andthey(14)________(say)thatthey

werecleaninghouseand(15)________(want)toeliminatemanyofthe

thingstheycouldnotuseanymore.

Weexcitedly(16)________(pick)throughclothes,books,CDs,

kitchenequipment,bedding,andlamps.Werecently(17)__(move)into

dormsoncampus,andwedidnothaveverymuchinourrooms.We(18)

________(select)our“treasures”and(19)________(can)notbelievethat

wewereabletofillashoppingbagforunder$10!Weaskedtheladies

abouthowoftenpeoplehadthesesalesandhowwecouldfindoutwhere

theywere.They(20)________(tell)usthatintheniceweather,peoplehad

themonThursdays,Fridays,andSaturdays,andthey(21)________

(advertise)inthenewspaperor(22)________(put)uptheirsignsonthe

mainroad.

We(23)________(make)planstogooutagainthefollowingweekto

huntformorebargains.WhatagreatideatheseAmericanshavefor

recyclingtheiroldthings!

AGO

Onetimeexpressionthatindicatesacompletedpastactionisthewordago.

Itissometimesintroducedbythefollowingexpressions:

howlongago

howmanydaysago

howmanyweeks(months,years)ago

whendid

The time that has elapsed is a duration and usually accompanies anexpressionintheplural,asinthefollowing:

threeweeksago

fiveminutesago

ninehoursago

fourmonthsago

hundredsofyearsago

acenturyago

Whendidyoubuythatbicycle?

Iboughtitthreeweeksago.

HowmanyyearsagodidFernandotraveltoAfrica?

HetraveledtoAfricaeightyearsago.

HowlongagodidHenrywritehisbook?

Henrywrotehisbooksixmonthsago.

Neveruseagowhenyou are trying to relate something in thepast to thepresent. Never use a specific year, day, or date, because it will not show adurationoftime.

INCORRECT:WehadatestagoonMonday.

CORRECT: Wehadatestfourdaysago.

EXERCISE50Answerthequestions,usingagoandthetimeexpressionsindicated.

1.Howlongagodidyoupaintthehouse?(twoweeks)Ipaintedittwoweeksago.

2.WhendidyoubegintostudyEnglish?(threesemesters)

3.Didtheplanearrivetenminutesago?Yes,_______

4.Howmanydaysagodidwestudythepasttense?(fivedays)

5.WhendidJanicebeginworkingfortheelectriccompany?(eightyears)

6.Didyoufinishyourhomeworktwohoursago?No,_______

7.Whendidtheycatchthebus?(onehour)

8.HowlongagodidCarolmovehere?(sevenmonths)

9.Whendidthisclassbegin?(20minutes)

10.HowlongagodidyoumeetMrs.Nelson?(sixweeks)

11.WhendidWaldemarstarthisweight-liftingprogram?(fourmonths)

12.WhendidNinaandBengetmarried?(10years)

13.Didyoubuyanewcarsixdaysago?No,we_______

14.WhendidSandyandJoansendtheweddinginvitations?(onemonth)

15.Howmanyyearsagodidthenewmuseumopen?(fouryears)

PROGRESSIVETENSES

Any form of the verb be, past, present, or future, when used with thepresentparticiple, indicates theprogressive tense—that is, it showsanactioninprogressatagiventime,andthesubjectisperformingthataction.

Present:Usethepresenttenseoftheverbbeforanactiontakingplacenow.

S+ +(verb+ing)

Thesearewordsthatindicateanactionistakingplacenow:

now

rightnow

atthismoment

presently

today

Thissemester(giventime)JessisstudyingEnglishliterature.

Rightnowthescoutsarehuntingfortheirsupper.

Past: Usethepasttenseoftheverbbeforanactioninprogressatatimeinthepast.

S+ +(verb+ing)

Thesearewordsthatindicateanactiontookplaceinthepast:

atthatmoment

while

as

lastsemester/month/year

WhileIwaswatchingtelevision,mysonwasreadingabook.

AsSarahwasdrinkinghercoffeethismorning(giventime),

thefloristdeliveredadozenyellowroses.

Future:Thefutureprogressivelooksatanactionthatwillbetakingplaceatsomedefinitetimelaterthannowandusesthefuturetenseoftheverbbe.

S+willbe+(verb+ing)

Thesearewordsthatindicateanactionthatwilltakeplaceinthefuture:

tomorrow

nextweek/month/year

later

after

By the end of the year (given time), youwill bewriting longer andbetteressays.

WewillbetravelinginSpainnextsummer.

Theadverbstill indicates that theactioncontinues frompast toanyothergiventime.

Present:MyfriendAndréisstilldatingthesamegirlafteralltheseyears.

Past:WhenwesawPeterlastyear,hewasstilldoingportraitphotography.

Future: Anita is so in love with her work that she will still be practicingmedicinewhensheis80yearsold.

Noticetheplacementoftheadverbineachofthesentencesabove.

EXERCISE51Usingthetimeexpressionsasaclue,writetheappropriateprogressivesforeachsentence.

1.At4:00thismorning,I________(dream)aboutsomethingterriblewhenIsuddenlyawoke.

2.Ourgroup________(meet)againnextmonthtoplanthefallfestival.

3.Nooneweknow________(act)inthisplayonBroadwayrightnow.

4.Atthismoment,JodyandBob________(take)theirscienceexam.

5.Rightnow,Trudy________(write)amemoabouttomorrow’smeeting.

6.Who________(run)acrossthestreetwhenyouleftherethismorning?

7.It________(rain)veryhardwhenwearrivedattheconcertlastnight.

8.We________(visit)theGrandCanyononourvacationnextsummer.

9.Nancy________(marry)hercollegesweetheartthisafternoon.

10.Theboss________(prepare)thenewbudgetwhenIenteredheroffice.

11.Jim________(sail)toTahitiatthistimetomorrow.

12.Robert________(try)tostartthelawnmowerwhenitstartedtorain.

13.Monica________(drive)toPhiladelphiatoattendaconferencenextFriday.

14.Ourdirector________(eat)hislunchnowandcannotbedisturbed.

15.Howmanystudents________(graduate)innextSaturday’sceremony?

16.Howmanypaychecks________we________(get)nextyear?

17.Sue________(program)allthecomputersinthelablaterthisafternoon.

18.Withallthisheavyrain,thegrass________(grow)higherandhigher.

19.Tom________(copy)somematerialswhenIpassedbyhisoffice.

20.Phil________(photograph)manyinterestingsitesduringhisvacationnextmonth.

PRESENTANDPRESENTPROGRESSIVE

Present tenseusuallyreferstohabitualactionsthatstartedinthepastand

are still repeated now. Unlike the present progressive, these actions are nottakingplaceatthismoment.Noticethedifferenceinthesetwosentences.

Mrs.Dawsonparkshercarinthesamespotunderthetreeeveryday.(Thisisapracticeshestartedinthepastandrepeatseveryday.)

Mrs. Dawson is parking her car under the tree. (This action is inprogressatthismoment.)

Usesimplepresentfor:

•repeatedorhabitualactions

•generaltruthstatements

•allverbsthatshowmentalaction

•verbsthatpertaintothesenses

Usepresentprogressivefor:

•actioninprogressnow

•be+going+infinitivetoshowfutureaction

•toindicatefutureaction

Lookatthedifferencesinthesesentences.

Habitual:Paulalwayswriteshispoemsinaspecialbook.

Inprogress:Pauliswritingabookofpoemsnow.

Generaltruth:Thesunshineseverydayinthesummer.

Inprogress:Thesunisshiningrightnow.

Mentalaction:Ineedanewtireforthecar.

Mentalaction:Wehatesnowandcoldinthewinter.

Appealstosenses:Thecooktastesthefoodasshepreparesit.

Future:Myfriendsaregoingtoswiminthepooltomorrow.

Inprogress:Theyareswimmingrightnow.

Future: All my friendswill be singing in the festival tomorrow.Wewill betakingatestnextMonday.

Certain verbs that refer tomental action or that pertain to the senses areusuallyinthesimplepresentandarenotnormallyusedintheprogressiveformasinthefollowinglists:

MentalAction

be

believe mean

belong need

desire prefer

hate suppose

imagine understand

know want

like wishPertaintotheSenses

love

hear

know

see

smell

sound

taste

Thescientistbelieveshistheoryiscorrect. NOT Thescientistisbelieving

Wehategoingtothedentist. NOT Wearehatinggoing

Iunderstandhowtosolvethatproblemnow.

Ihearthatyouhaveanewjob.

Thesouptasteswonderful.

Foreachofthesesentences,thesimpleformoftheverb(he,she,itformsadd-sor-es)isused.

Someexamplesofwordsorexpressions that showhabitualactionare thefollowing:

Lingusuallyrideshisbiketoschool. Victorstopsinmyofficetochateveryday.

MyparentsoftenvisitonSundayafternoons. WeeatpizzaonWednesdays.

Noticetheplacementofthetimephrases.

Forthepresentprogressive,usethefollowing:

subject+ [v+ING]

Remember that the followingkeywords indicate that the action is takingplace(inprogress):

Thestudentsaretakingtheirexamsatthismoment.

Iampresentlylivinginasmallapartment.

Bettyiswaitingformeinthecarnow.

EXERCISE52Fillinthecorrectformoftheverbinthepresentorthepresentprogressive.

EventhoughI(1) am alongwayfrommyfamily,Ioften

(2)________(think)aboutthem.AsI(3)________(walk)toclass,I(4)

________(wonder)ifthey(5)________(do)somethingspecialatthis

moment.I(6)________(imagine)thatmysister(7)________(dance)in

herballetclasswhilemybrothers(8)________(play)baseballinthepark.

Mother(9)________(write)haikuinthegarden,andmyfather(10)

________(meet)withsomeimportantbusinessmen.Everydaymyfriends

(11)________(go)toclass,andthenthey(12)________(sit)and(13)

________(study)neartheuniversity.OnSaturdaysthey(14)___________

(swim)inthepooland(15)________(plan)specialactivitiesforSunday.I

(16)________(know)thatallofthem(17)________(have)fun,andthey

(18)________(do)whattheyalways(19)________(like)best.Nowitis

lateandI(20)________(need)tohurrytomyclassandthinkaboutmy

studies.

EXERCISE53Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.

1.Whiletheteacherisexplainingthelesson,thestudents(take,aretaking)notes.

2.EverydayPeter(calls,iscalling)hisgirlfriend.

3.Nobody(knows,isknowing)theanswertothatquestion.

4.Thenumberofhousesforsale(grows,isgrowing)moreandmoreeveryday.

5.NeitherMrs.Jensennorhersons(play,areplaying)tenniseveryday.

6.OnSaturdaysMr.Dalton(buys,isbuying)hisgroceries.

7.Aboyandtwogirls(use,areusing)thecomputersatthismoment.

8.Thestudentsandfaculty(park,areparking)inthenewloteveryday.

9.TheLopezfamily(prepares,ispreparing)dinnernow.

10.Andrew(packs,ispacking)thesuitcasesrightnow.

11.Harry(studies,isstudying)allnightfortheexamtomorrow.

12.Ourfriends(go,aregoing)tothebeacheverySunday.

13.Tony(eats,iseating)supperathomeatthismoment.

14.Ourprofessor(talks,istalking)aboutthespaceprogramtoday.

15.Hugo(works,isworking)tenhourseveryMonday.

16.Thebadweather(forces,isforcing)ustostayhometoday.

17.Therabbit(hops,ishopping)aroundtheyardrightnow.

18.Thechemistalways(mixes,ismixing)thechemicalscarefully.

19.Annealways(tries,istrying)tofinishherprojectsontime.

20.We(wait,arewaiting)nowforthelettertoarrive.

INFINITIVES

Thebasic formof all verbs is the infinitive, the simple formof the verbplusto. Inasentence, the infinitiveconsistsof twoparts: to+verb.This formdoesnotindicatewhois/wasperformingtheaction,nordoesitshowwhen thatactiontookplace.Itisnotaconjugatedverb.Examplesoftheinfinitive:

Even though the infinitive is not a conjugated form, there are ways ofexpressingitindifferenttenses,dependingonthemainverbofthesentence.

subject+verb+infinitive+complement

IwanttovisitTahitisomeday.

Marioplanstosingattheconcert.

Someverbsthattaketheinfinitivearethefollowing:

Present:WewanttoseeClintEastwood’snewmovietoday.

Presentprogressive:Iamhopingtogetticketsfortheballet.

Future:Allenwilltrytomeetwiththepresidenttomorrow.

Pastprogressive:Sandywaswillingtonegotiate,butthecompanyrefused.

If you want to express a negative with the infinitive, be sure to usenotbeforetheinfinitive.

NOT+TO+verb

Iprefernottopaymoretaxesthisyear.

Wedecidednottotakeavacationlastsummer.

Theywilltrynottodrivemorethan400milesaday.

LINKINGVERBS

Verbsinthisspecialcategorylinkorjointhesubjectwithitscomplement.Thesubjectneverperformstheaction,andtheverbnevertakesadirectobject.Adjectives,notadverbs,followtheseverbs.Thefollowingverbsbelongtothisspecialgroup.

*Alsocanbeatransitiveverb.

Keepinmindthattheverbsbe,become,andremaincanalsobefollowedbynounphrases.Comparethisnounphrasewiththeadjective.

Johnispresidentofthesophomoreclass.(nounphrase)

Tonywasexcitedaboutwinningtheprize.(adjective)

ChristaMacAuliffebecameoneofthefirstwomeninspace.(nounphrase)

Teddybecametiredafterplayingseverallongtennismatches.(adjective)

Mr.Frazerwillremainsenatoruntiltheendofthisterm.(noun)

The studentsremained seated while the school president distributed thediplomas.(adjective)

Theverbsinthelistabovethatareindicatedbyanasterisk(*)canalsobetransitiveverbs(thesubjectdoesperformtheactionandthereisadirectobject).When they are transitive, they can also be followed by an adverb, not anadjective.Lookatthefollowingsentencestodistinguishtheiruseastransitiveorintransitiveverbs.Noticehow the subjectperforms theaction in the sentencesthatcontainadverbsanddirectobjects.

Youwill feel the effects of themedicine in a shortwhile. (takes a directobject)

Jasonfeltuncomfortableinhisthree-piecesuit.(adjective)

Thehikerscautiouslyfelttheirwayalongthedarkmountaintrail.(adverb)

Nancygrew a variety of vegetables in her garden this summer. (takes adirectobject)

Theweathergrewcoldasthefrontpassedoverthearea.(adj.)

Marcellalooksveryattractivewithhernewhairdo.(adj.)

Thelittleboylookedcarefullybeforecrossingthestreet.(adv.)

Thefoodinthekitchensmellsgood.(adj.)

Thecustomerinsistedonsmellingthecolognebeforepurchasingit.(takes

adirectobject)

Yourplansoundsexcellent.(adj.)

Timsoundedthealarmwhenthefirebrokeout.(takesadirectobject)

Thehotchocolatetastedgoodonsuchacoldnight.(adj.)

The cook tasted the sauce before pouring it on the vegetables. (takes adirectobject)

Themotherhurriedlytastedthefoodtobesurethatitwouldnotburnthebaby’stongue.(adv.)

Theweatherturnedhotandmuggy.(adj.)

Wehadtoturnthekeybeforeopeningthedoor.(takesadirectobject)

JillgotanAonherlasttest.(takesadirectobject)

Wegottiredofwaitingforthebusanddecidedtowalk.(adj.)

Thedistrictattorneyprovedhispointbydisplayingtheevidence.(takesadirectobject)

Theexperimentcouldprovefatalifyoudon’ttaketheproperprecautions.(adj.)

Keep inmind thatwhenyouaremodifyinganadjective,youneed tousethe adverb form. In the following sentences, although you have one of thelinkingverbs,youarereallymodifyingtheadjective,nottheverb.

Wefeltunusuallystrongaftertakingthemedicine.adv. adj.

Despitehermanyproblems,Nellseemedunbelievablyhappy.adv. adj.

USINGADJECTIVESWITHLINKINGVERBS

Whentheabove-mentionedlinkingverbsareintransitive,thentheadjectiveform,nottheadverbform,followstheverb.Thereisnoactioninvolved,andtheadjectivemodifiesthesubject,nottheverb.

EXERCISE54Underlineeithertheadjectiveortheadverbinparenthesestocompletethemeaning.

1.Thelionroared(ferocious,ferociously)inhissmallcage.

2.Napoleonkepthishand(firm,firmly)placedinsidehiscoat.

3.Iceskatingseemed(easy,easily)totheexperiencedskater.

4.Mygrandmother’sgardensmelled(fragrant,fragrantly)asthespringbudsopened.

5.PresidentBothabecame(angry,angrily)whenthevotersdemandedthathefollowtheirwishes.

6.Theprogramwas(exclusive,exclusively)designedforinternationaltradegroups.

7.Theoldcook’schilitasted(delicious,deliciously)asweateit.

8.Kevinremained(depressed,depressedly)throughouttheentiremovie.

9.Thelawyeris(hurried,hurriedly)lookingforhisnotesonusurylaw.

10.Thefatmouse(zealous,zealously)chewedonhischeddarcheese.

11.Tarzan(courageous,courageously)foughtmanywildanimalsinthejungle.

12.Thenewsofabetterjob(quick,quickly)liftedmyspirits.

13.ThestrongwindsinAlbanyappeared(unbelievable,unbelievably)longlasting.

14.Althoughthedogwastiedup,hethrashedabout(mad,madly).

15.Adriane’scarlooked(good,well)aftershebroughtitbackfromherlongtrip.

16.Beethoven’smusicsounds(wonderful,wonderfully)whencomparedwithtoday’s.

17.Theaccidentvictimfelt(surprising,surprisingly)goodforsomeoneinhiscondition.

18.Theyoungpolicemanwatched(careful,carefully)ashetriedtofollowtherobber.

19.Thejuryappeared(unwilling,unwillingly)todeliveritslong-awaitedverdict.

20.Therosepetalsfelt(smooth,smoothly)asItouchedthem.

EXERCISE55Circleeithertheadjectiveortheadverbinparentheses.

1.Melaniewas(grateful,gratefully)toherfriendforhavingrescuedher.

2.Thecontestjudgefelt(tired,tiredly)afterwatching25dancersperform.

3.Noonecouldspeak(quiet,quietly)duetotheloudnoise.

4.Sandrasounded(excited,excitedly)whenIspokewithheronthetelephone.

5.Themilkintheglasssmelled(sour,sourly).

6.Ninalooked(beautiful,beautifully)inherweddinggown.

7.Thepresidentappeared(uncertain,uncertainly)duringhispresentation.

8.Thetablefelt(durable,durably)despiteitsage.

9.Thesoldiersmarched(silent,silently)inmemoryoftheirdeadcomrades.

10.Carmenbecame(rich,richly)afterwinningthelottery.

11.Thesalesmanseemed(honest,honestly)whenhespoketous.

12.Julieremained(discreet,discreetly)despiteherresentment.

13.Thedarkcloudsintheskyappeared(threatening,threateningly).

14.Theprisonerbecame(violent,violently)whenhewasrecaptured.

15.Joedrovehiscar(reckless,recklessly)throughthedangerousintersection.

16.Theweatherturned(cold,coldly)afterthestorm.

17.Hollyansweredallthequestions(correct,correctly).

18.Therunnerfelt(good,well)afterhehadfinishedtherace.

19.Thepolicemanremained(firm,firmly)whilehewaswritingtheticket.

20.Weallgotintothecar(quick,quickly)asitstartedtorain.

DOANDMAKE

Theverbsdoandmakecausemanyproblems,becausebothmeanbasicallythe same thing.However,most of the expressions containing thesewords areidiomatic,andyoumustlearnthemassuch.Whenindoubtastowhichtouse,consultanunabridged(largeandcomplete)dictionaryunderdoormaketoseeifyou can find the expression you want. On the following page is a list ofidiomatic expressions that use do and make. If you do not understand themeaningofanexpression,lookitupinthedictionary.

Do Make

doafavor makeadifference

dojustice makesomethingdo

dohomage makepeace

haveone’shairdone maketrouble

dothedishes makenoise

doone’shair makeabargain

do...milesperhour makeroom

doone’sbest makeplans

thatwilldo makeadeal

dotheright(wrongthing) makeatrip

dothecooking makebelieve

doawaywith makeover

doover makecertain

dowithout makeagoodimpression

dohousework makefunof

dohomework makeabed

dothelaundry makeprogress

havetodowith makeone’sliving

doagoodjob makefriends

doityourself makeamistake

makeaspeech

makeastop

makeout

makeupone’smind

makemoney

makearrangements

EXERCISE56Matchtheexpressionattheleftwiththedefinitionattheright.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovided.Oneletterisrepeated.

1.

_____doafavor A. eliminate

2.

_____dojustice B. repeat

3.

_____dohomage C. cleanupaftereating

4.

_____

haveone’shair

doneD. travelataspecificspeed

5.

_____dothedishes E. gotothebeautyshop

6.

_____doone’shair F. treatfairly;befavorable

7.

_____

do...milesper

hourG. washandsetyourownhair

8.

_____thatwilldo H.

makeasacrifice;getalongnothaving

anythingtodo

9.

_____dotherightthing I. preparefood

10._____ dothecooking J. that’senough;somethingservesthepurpose

11._____ doawaywith K. begoodorjust

12._____ doover L. performdomesticchores

13._____ dowithout M. praisesomeone

14._____ dohousework N. helpsomeone

EXERCISE57Match the expression on the left with the definition on the right. Eachanswercanbeusedonlyonce.

1._____ makeadifference A. ridicule

2._____ makesomethingdo B. alter;transform

3._____ makepeace C. plan;putthingsinorder

4._____ maketrouble D. journey;travel

5._____ makenoise E. declareatruce

6._____ makeadeal F. produceafavorableeffect

7._____ makeroom G. createunpleasantsounds

8._____ makeplansforatrip H. pretend

9._____ makearrangements I. createproblems

10._____ makebelieve J. tomatter;influence

11._____ makeover K. provideextraspace

12._____ makecertain L. agreeaboutsomething

13._____ makeagoodimpression M. eliminateadoubt

14._____ makefunof N. manage

EXERCISE58Match the expression at the left with the definition at the right. Eachanswercanbeusedonlyonce.

1.

_____dohomework A. relatedto

2.

_____dothelaundry B. performataskwell

3.

_____havetodowith C. notallowsomeoneelsetodothejob

4.

_____doagoodjob D. washclothes

5.

_____doityourself E. makeamistake;breakthelaw

6.

_____dothewrongthing F. completeassignments

7.

_____makeabed G.

straightensheetandpillowswhereone

sleeps

8.

_____makeprogress H. work

9.

_____makeone’sliving I. understand;decipher

10._____ makefriends J. becomeacquaintedwith

11._____ makeamistake K. commitanerror

12._____ makeaspeech L. moveforward

13._____ makeastop M. tobecomerich

14._____ makeout N. tointerruptajourney

15._____makeupone’s

mindO. addressanaudience

16._____makealotof

moneyP. decideonacourseofaction

EXERCISE59Supply thecorrect formofdoormake ineachof thesesentences.Makesuretousethecorrecttense.

Let’sMakePlansfortheWeekend

TONI: Beth,whatareyouplanningto(1) do thisweekend?

BETH:Ihaven’t(2) made upmymindyet.Wehadhopedto(3)

make atriptothestateparkandgocamping.

TONI: Haveyou(4)_________anyarrangementsyet?

BETH:No,wehavetocallaheadandreserveaspace,butIcan’t(5)_________

outthephonenumberhere.

TONI: Letmesee.It’s255-9476.

BETH: Whatareyougoingto(6)_________withthedogwhileyouaregone?

TONI:Myneighborssaidtheywould(7)_________meafavorandkeephim

forus.

BETH:Ifwegetallofthearrangements(8)_________,wouldyouandSteve

liketojoinus?

TONI:Sure,butbeforeI(9)_________anyplans,Ihaveto(10)_________the

beds,(11)_________thedishes,andgetmyhair(12)_________.

BETH:Whileyouare(13)_________allthat,Iwill(14)_________astopat

Gene’sofficetoseewhatheplansto(15)_________.

TONI:

YouandIcan(16)_________thecookingand(17)_________the

laundry,andwewilllettheboys(18)_________agoodjobofcatching

andcleaningthefish.

BETH: Areyousuretheycan(19)withoutthetelevisionforthatlongatime?

TONI:

Wewillhaveto(20)_________adealwiththemto(21)_________

theirbestatthecampgrounds.Let’snot(22)_________anytroublefor

themandatleastbringaradioalong.

BETH:

Okay,Toni,let’s(23)_______certainthatthisisanenjoyabletripforus,

too.Whateverentertainmentweplanwilldefinitely(24)_______a

differenceontheoutcomeofourweekend.

TONI:Callmewhenyouhave(25)_______allthearrangementsandwewill

talkaboutthem.Seeyoulater.

EXERCISE60:WRITINGAfteryouhavelookeduptheseexpressionsinthedictionaryandaresureof theirmeaning, write an original sentencewith each of the following,varyingyoursubjectsthroughout.

1.doone’sbestIalwaystrytodomybest.

2.dothecooking_________________

3.doawaywith___________________

4.dowithout_____________________

5.dothelaundry_________________

6.doagoodjob__________________

7.makeadifference______________

9.makeadeal____________________

10.makebelieve_________________

11.makecertain_________________

12.makeagoodimpression_______

13.makeprogress________________

14.makeamistake_______________

15.makeout_____________________

EXERCISE61:WRITINGWritea100-wordparagraphdescribingatypicaldayinyourlife.Usefivedoandfivemakeexpressions.

AFFIRMATIVEANDNEGATIVECOMMANDS

TheImperativeMood(commonlyknownascommands)isusedwhenyouordersomeonetodoornottodosomething.Thedirectcommandsareaddressedtoyou singular and plural. In each of the following, you is understood as thesubject,thepersontowhomthecommandisaddressed.Affirmativecommandsusethesimplestformoftheverb——thatis,theinfinitivewithoutto.Herearesomeexamples:

togo toeat todance torun

Forthenegative,eachoftheseaddsDon’tinfrontofthecommand.

SpeakEnglishinthisclass.Don’tspeakSpanish.

Behereatoneo’clock.Don’tbehereateleveno’clock.

If the speaker plans to include him/herself in the command, then he/sheusesLet’sfortheaffirmativeandLet’snotforthenegative.

Let’sgotothemoviestonight.Let’snotwalkinthepark.

Let’stalktotheprofessornow.Let’snotwaituntillater.

EXERCISE62:WRITINGImagine that you were the king, queen, or president for one day.Whatwouldyoucommandeveryonetodoornottodo?Usetheverbsbelowtowritecommands,orcreateyourown.

Ex:PayyourtaxesbeforeApril15.

Don’tsmokeinsidethelibrary.

NEGATIVECOMMANDS

These are commands that instruct a specific person not to perform anaction.Noticethatthenegativefollowstheauxiliarydo.

Dennis,don’twriteyouressayinpencil.

Pleasedon’tlitterthestreetswithpaper.

Don’tletyourgastankrunlow,Rita.

Indirectcommands involve instructionsgiven tosomeone,butnotat theparticular moment of speaking. These forms use the word not before theinfinitive.

Themanageraskedtheemployeesnottoarrivelateforwork.

Ourteacheralwaystellsusnottowastetime.

Pleasetellyourfriendsnottoparktheircarsbehindmine.

Theparkrangersorderedthevisitorsnottofeedthebears.

EXERCISE63Changetheaffirmativecommandstonegativeones.

1.Ifyougettothegrocerystore,buyicecream.(Don’tbuyicecream.)

2.Cookthespaghettiforonly10minutes.(Don’tcookitfor20minutes.)

3.WealwaystellourfriendstogototheHunanrestaurantforgoodChinesefood.

4.Mymotheralwaysasksmetowalkslowly.

5.Telluswhatyourproblemis.

6.Rideyourbicyclesinthestreet.

7.Sendyourlettertotheoffice.

8.Askthemtosendthecheckinthemail.

9.Ifyoucannotsolvetheequation,askTed.

10.Theinsurancecompanyorderedtheclienttomakepaymentonthebill.

EXERCISE64Kim is a new student on campus and is somewhat confused aboutinformation. Straighten her out by telling herwhatnot to do.Use directcommands.

1.ProfessorGoodingtoldustostudythenewvocabularyinChapter3.

2.Thesecretaryintheregistrar’sofficetoldthemtopayfeesafterJune20.

3.Thepolicemansaystoparkinthebluezone.

4.ProfessorHarrissaidtoarrivebefore8:15.

5.ThelibrarianaskedmetoreturnthebooksafterJune30.

6.Thesigninthecafeteriasaidtoeatinthefacultydiningarea.

7.Myfriendaskedmetorideonthesidewalkoncampus.

8.Ourteacherrequestedustobringabilingualdictionarytoclass.

9.InthedormitorywewereaskedtodoourlaundryonFriday.

10.ThesigninthefinanceofficesaidtowriteourSocialSecuritynumberonthebackofallchecks.

EXERCISE65JudgeJudyisarealjudgewhohasherowntelevisionshowandmeetsallkindsofpeopleeveryweek.She is extremely frankanddemandingwith

people.Whatmightbesomeofhercommandstothefollowingpeoplewhohaveappearedonhershowrecently?Usedifferentverbsthroughout.Useaffirmativeandnegativecommands.

Example:John,yourbeardisamess.Shaveyourbeard.Getashave.

1.Marsha,youarrivelateforclasseveryday.

2.Preston,yourex-wifecan’tbuythechildren’smedicineonhersalary.

3.Marco,you’retoobossy.

4.Ms.Tamuko,yourneighborsarecomplainingaboutyouryardfilledwithjunk.

5.Ms.Davis,yourcreditorshavebeenpatientlongenough.

6.Raymond,Iwon’tputupwithyouroutburstsinmycourtroom.

7.Mrs.Kaley,yourchildrenaretoonoisy.

8.Vincent,you’realazybum.

9.Mandy,youreadtoomanytrashynovels.

10.Flo,you’retoofatfromeatingsomuchjunkfood.

11.Dennis,youspendmoremoneyeverymonththanyouearn.

12.Bobby,it’samajorcrimetostealcars.

13.Ms.Jackson,yourfoodtastesterrible.

14.Dr.Taylor,yourpatientscan’taffordsuchoutrageousprices.

15.Mrs.Riordan,yourson’sanalcoholicat15.

16.Mario,yourgradesforacollegestudentarepathetic.

17.Sandy,youareverynastytoyourbrothersandsisters.

18.Mark,yourtypingisterrible.

19.Dr.Daniels,yourstudentscannotunderstandyouwhenyoulectureinclass.

20.Sue,youneedtogetalife.

USEDTO•BEUSEDTO•GETUSEDTO

1.usedto+verbindicatesanaction(repeatedorhabitual)inthepast,butonethatdoesnottakeplacenow.

Jimusedtoridehisbiketoclass,butnowhedrives.

WeusedtoliveinOregon,butnowweliveinOrlando.

2. be used to + [V + ing] indicates an action that has been a commonpracticeforalongtime.

Glenlovestogocamping.Heisusedtosleepingontheground.

Judyisanurse.Sheisusedtoworkinginahospital.

3.getusedto+[V+ing] indicatesanaction thatdidnotpreviously takeplace,butonetowhichthespeakerhasaccustomedhim/herselfatalaterdate.

Although Toshio never spoke English in Japan, he’s getting used tospeakingithere.

Iwasverymuchafraidof thewater,butnowIamused toswimming inthepool.

EXERCISE66Selectthecorrectformforeachsentence.

1.Marinaisfinallygettingusedto(cook,cooking)inanAmericankitchen.

2.WethoughtPerrywouldnevergetusedto(speak,speaking)beforealargegroup.

3.Thetowelsusedto(be,being)inthehallcloset,butnowthey’reinthebathroomcloset.

4.Louandtheboysareusedto(swim,swimming)intheocean.

5.Scottusedto(go,going)toCapitalUniversity,buthehasgraduatedandisworkinginalawfirm.

6.Theboysarefinallygettingusedto(attend,attending)early-morningclasses.

7.Dollyhadtogetusedto(wear,wearing)heavyclothingagainaftershemovedtotheNorth.

8.Indiausedto(belong,belonging)totheUnitedKingdom,butitisnowanindependentcountry.

9.NewYorkusedto(be,being)calledNewAmsterdam.

10.Thetennisplayersareusedto(practice,practicing)inveryhotweather.

11.Billisusedto(get,getting)toworkearlyeverymorning.

12.Iamfinallygettingusedto(drive,driving)mynewcar.

13.Theballerinausedto(dance,dancing)sixhoursaday.

14.Myneighborsusedto(live,living)inCanada.

15.Dr.Nicholswillbeusedto(work,working)intheclinicinacoupleofmonths.

16.TheChineseareusedto(eat,eating)withchopsticks.

17.Sherrihopesthatshewillgetusedto(type,typing)onhernewelectricmachinesoon.

18.Elaineisusedto(sew,sewing)sixdressesaday.

19.GuyLombardogotusedto(direct,directing)theorchestrawhenhewasveryyoung.

20.AfterPhilippe’saccident,hehadtogetusedto(ski,skiing)morecarefully.

’sAND’dCONTRACTIONS

Distinguishingbetweenthepairsofconfusingcontractionscanceasetobeaproblemwhenyoufollowthesesimplerules:

The’sruleappliesonlytoformsofhe,she,it,andotherthird-personformsinthesingular.

’s+[V+ing]=is

Mary’srunningnow.Maryisrunning.

Who’scookingdinner?Whoiscookingdinner?

’s+pastparticiple=has

Vince’searnedhisraise.Vincehasearnedhisraise.

Theteacher’sgradedthepapers.Theteacherhasgraded....

NOTEDonotconfusethecontractionforthird-personsubject+verbwiththepossessives.Althoughtheymaylookthesame,theirmeaningsare

different.

person+’s+noun=possessive

Ann’sdressisveryelegant.(ThedressbelongingtoAnn)

Mymother’scarneedsgas.(Thecarbelongingtomymother)

The’druleappliestoallformsregardlessofthesubject.

’d+pastparticiple=had

Allofourfriendssaidthatthey’dgonecampingthisweekend.

Allofourfriendssaidthattheyhadgonecampingthisweekend.

’d+better=had

You’dbetternoteatallofthecookiesbeforesupper.

Youhadbetternoteatallofthecookiesbeforesupper.

’d+simpleformoftheverb=would

She’dvisitEuropeifshehadthemoney.

ShewouldvisitEuropeifshehadthemoney.

’d+rather+verb=wouldrather

He’dratherexcavateruinsthantakeatriptoLasVegas.

Hewouldratherexcavateruinsthan...

NOTEForthefollowingexpressions,alwaysusebeastheauxiliary.

accustomedto supposedto usedto

Mel’saccustomedtolivingalone.=Melisaccustomedto...

Sam’ssupposedtoturninhisphotographstomorrow.=Samissupposedto...

He’susedtodrivingasmallcar.=Heisusedto...

EXERCISE67Decidewhichofthetwoformsinparenthesesisthecorrectauxiliaryverb.

1.We’dalreadydecidednottogoonthefieldtrip.(had,would)

2.Everyone’splanningonattendingthelecturetonight.(is,has)

3.He’sbeenwonderingaboutthatmatterforalongtime.(is,has)

4.They’dprefersteaktochicken.(had,would)

5.She’dboughtthevacuumcleanerbeforeitwasonsale.(had,would)

6.Nothing’smoreunpleasantthantohaveitrainonapicnic.(is,has)

7.Lisa’splayingherguitarforherfriends.(is,has)

8.I’dwantedtovisitPerufor15years.(had,would)

9.He’dbetterpayhisfeesbeforeclosingtimetomorrow.(had,would)

10.Theteacher’ssupposedtoshowussomeslidesthisafternoon.(is,has)

11.Johnsaysthatit’ssnowingsohardthatthetrafficisnotmoving.(is,has)

12.Nancy’dliketoridethroughthescenicarea.(had,would)

13.They’dletusborrowtheportableelectrictypewriter,buttherearenobatteriesforit.(had,would)

14.“Something’srotteninDenmark,”saidHamlet.(is,has)

15.It’dbeeasiertocorrectthatpaperifyouwroteitonthecomputer.(had,would)

16.We’dappreciateyourresponseassoonaspossible.(had,would)

17.Betty’susedtodrivingalongwaytoworkeveryday.(is,has)

18.How’stheteamsupposedtogethere?(is,has)

19.You’dalreadyorderedthepizzabeforewearrived.(had,would)

20.She’sacceptedthejobthatoffersmorebenefits.(is,has)

EXERCISE68Rewritethesentences,usingcontractions.

1.JoanhasalreadybeentoGrandCanyon,butnotherbrothers.Joan’salreadybeen...

2.Whowouldliketovolunteertobethespokespersonfortherally?Who’dliketo...

3.Whatishappeningwiththepriceofoillately?

4.Melhasbeenworkingveryhardlatelyandhopestobeabletorelaxnextmonth.

5.Youwouldbebetterofftakingthebackroadstoavoidtherush-hourtraffic.

6.Chrissaidhehadriddenhisbicycleabout20milesbeforeitbegantostorm.

7.Sonyaishavingherhairdoneatthenewbeautyshoptoday.

8.Markissurfinginthebigcontestthisafternoon.

9.Brettsaidthathehadalreadywonatrophyintheslalom.

10.Iwouldcertainlyhaveconsideredthatofferiftheyhadmadeittome.

11.Whatisinthebiggreenboxonthetable?

12.Whenisourplaneduetoarrive?

13.IthasbeensuchalongtimesinceIhavegonenorthtovisitmyrelatives.

14.Wehadnosoonerreturnedfromourvacationthanthephonerang.

15.WhenBillyarrived,Suehadalreadyleftforhome.

16.Berniehadalreadyacceptedthemoneybeforeherealizedwhyithadbeengiventohim.

17.Youwouldwanttoreadthebookifyouknewhowinterestingitwas.

18.Kurtisplayingballthisevening.

19.YouwouldbesurprisedhowmanytouristsvisitMountRushmoreeveryyear.

20.Mrs.HarthastaughtatOakHallSchoolformanyyears.

EXERCISE69Ineachsentence,circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.

1.Itwassnowingsohardlastnightthatwecanhardlyseetheroadasweweredriving.A.soB.thatC.canD.weredriving

2.Thenoviceplayermustoftrieddozensoftimestogettheballthrough

thehoop.A.mustofB.oftimesC.getD.through

3.BecausePaulishavingtroublewiththeexam,hefinishedlaterthananyoneelse.A.BecauseB.havingC.finishedD.else

4.TheDeclarationofIndependenceisproclaimingthatweareendowedwithcertaininalienablerights.A.isproclaimingB.weC.withD.inalienable

5.ProfessorBakerwassowrappedupinhispresentationthathewasdeviatedfromreadinghispreparedspeech.A.wrappedupB.thatC.wasdeviatedD.reading

6.IaskedhimwhoitwaswhocalledsolatelastnightandthenhangedupjustwhenIansweredthetelephone.A.whoitwasB.solateC.hangedD.answered

7.Dr.Johnsonwastaughtanthropologyandsociologyattheuniversityfortenyearsbeforeretiring.A.wastaughtB.andC.forD.retiring

8.Rosa’sweddingwasscheduledforAugust5,butsomeunforeseencircumstancesforceshertochangeherplans.A.wasscheduledB.August5C.forcesD.tochange

9.Sheroseherheadfromthepillowwhensheheardthestrangenoise.A.roseB.fromC.whenD.heard

10.Icouldn’tsleeplastnight,soIjustlaidtherethinkingabouttomorrow’smeeting.A.couldn’tB.laidC.thinkingD.tomorrow’s

11.Ifyouhadthoughtaboutitlongenough,youwillhavefindasolutiontotheproblem.A.thoughtB.longenoughC.willhaveD.tothe

12.IfMelaniehadpreparedamuchbetterspeech,thechairmanwouldbeimpressed.A.aB.betterC.wouldbeD.impressed

13.AlltheexhibitswesawrepresentstheColonialperiodinhistory.A.AllB.representsC.periodD.inhistory

14.Readingmanybooksduringthesummerarethegoalofmanyyoungstudents.A.ReadingB.duringC.areD.many

15.Thestudents,accompaniedbytheiradviser,haslabmeetingseveryWednesday.A.TheB.byC.hasD.meetings

16.Acombinationofmusicalinstrumentsproduceanenjoyableandmemorablesound.A.AB.musicalC.produceD.memorable

EXERCISE70

EXERCISE70Fillinthechart,usingthecorrecttenses.Thefirsttwohavebeendone.

EXERCISE71Fillinthechart,usingthecorrecttenses.Thefirsttwohavebeendone.

EXERCISE72Findtheerrorineachsentence,andcirclethecorrespondingletter.

1.Agoodpresentationofmerchandisewillmakeaclientfeelinterestinginwhatisondisplay.A.AB.willmakeC.interestingD.what

2.Myfirstandsecondjobsdifferedinthreemajoraspects:wages,workingcondition,andbenefits.A.secondB.inC.aspectsD.workingcondition

3.Onceastudentisacceptedindentalschool,heisneedingthreemoreyearsofstudybeforehecangraduate.A.acceptedB.isneedingC.ofstudyD.cangraduate

4.Thereisnotmanycommunicationamongneighborslivinginhousesasthereisamongthoselivinginapartments.A.manyB.livingC.amongD.asthereis

5.Theplayerstrytomakeasfewcontactaspossiblewiththeopposingteamtoavoidpenalties.A.tomakeB.fewC.opposingD.penalties

6.GermanshepherdsandDobermansmakeanexcellentpets,protectors,orguidesfortheblind.A.DobermansB.anC.pets

D.fortheblind

7.Infootballtheplayersarepushingandshovingonbothsides,butinbaseballthereishardlysomecontact.A.areB.bothC.thereisD.some

8.ManypeopleareaccustomedtocometoFloridaforvacationbecauseofthelargenumberoftouristattractionsfoundthereandthewarmsunshineatthebeaches.A.tocomeB.becauseofC.numberD.thewarm

9.Drivingthespeedlimitonournation’shighwayshelpsavelives,avoidaccidents,andreducegasconsumption.A.DrivingB.helpC.accidentsD.reduce

10.UsskierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextFridayassoonasclassletsoutandwearriveatthestation.A.UsB.willbeleavingC.assoonasD.wearrive

11.Myfriendsaredisappointedinmenottryinghardertofinishtheprojectbeforetheassigneddeadline.A.disappointed

B.meC.tofinishD.assigned

12.Acowisasweetandgentle-lookingsoul;however,theycanbequitestubbornanddangerouswhenupset.A.gentle-lookingB.theyC.quiteD.when

13.Marijuanawasonceconsideredlessharmfulthancigarettes,butscientistshavenowprovedotherwise.A.onceB.consideredC.thanD.otherwise

14.He’ssupposetoarriveattheairportby2:15,butIheardsomeonesaythattheplanehadanother45-minutedelay.A.supposeB.arriveC.sayD.another

15.She’susedtorideherbicycletoclasseveryday,butshehadaflattireandhadtotakethebus.A.usedB.rideC.toD.totake

16.Ithasbeendifficulttointegrateallthegroupstooursocietyduetotheirdifferentsocialvaluesandtraditions.

A.tointegrateB.toC.dueD.different

17.Thechildrenwerehavingtoogoodatimeplayingwiththeirnewtoysthattheyforgottowalkthedog.A.wereB.toogoodatimeC.withD.towalk

18.Petertoldusthathefinishedhisprojectbeforeleavingthehouseyesterdaymorning.A.usB.finishedC.leavingD.thehouse

19.Wewouldalreadyboughtandusedthewashingmachinebeforethebigsale.A.wouldB.usedC.beforeD.bigsale

20.Sy’sdoctorsuggestedthathetakeshismedicinewithwater30minutesbeforeeating.A.suggestedB.takesC.withD.eating

PARTIIESL

AdvancedGrammar

AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER7Pronouns

Chapter7

PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS

Possessivepronounsshowownership(belongingtosomeone).Noticethatthereisnoapostrophe(’)withtheseforms:

mine oursyours yourshis,hers theirs

Thisbookishis.Thatoneismine.

Wehaveourbooks,andtheyhavetheirs.

EXERCISE73Change these possessive adjectives andnouns to pronouns.Then rewritethewholesentence.

Example:Mybookisveryinteresting.Mineisveryinteresting.

1.HissistersliveinKansas.

2.PhilandQuan’sstoreisdowntown.

3.Theirhousehasapatio.

4.Weboughtourtickets.

5.Youneedyourpassportstamped.

6.Canheeathisdessertnow?

7.Wehaveourpassports.DoesSallyhaveherpassport?

8.Whenwillyoureceiveyourcheck?

9.Ourgrouptooktheexamslastweek.Whendidyoutakeyourexams?

10.Ourbillishigherthanyourbill.

EXERCISE74Look at the following questions and answer them, using the possessivepronouns.

Example:WheredidRosaputherbooks?Sheputhersonthedesk.How often do you visit your family? I visit mine everySunday.

1.Dotheyhavetheirticketsandmyticket?

2.Whenwillyourshoesbereadyattheshoerepair?

3.Didshepassallherfinalexams?

4.Wheredohisparentslive?

5.ArethoseSara’sscissors?

6.CanJamesidentifyhiscarintheparkinglot?

7.Didyoubuymyticketsfortheballet?

8.Haveyouwrittenyourtermpaperyet?

9.Wereyouranswerscorrect?

10.Whenwillyourchecksarrive?

TRANSFORMATIONOFDIRECTANDINDIRECTOBJECTS

There are two ways to write the direct object and the indirect objecttogetherinasentencewithoutchangingthemeaning.

1.Thedirectobjectcomesfirstandisfollowedbytoorforandtheindirectobject.

S+V+ direct(person/thing)+to/for+ (person/animal)

2.Theindirectobjectwithnoprepositioncancomebeforethedirectobject.

subject+verb+indirectobject+directobject

Thereisnodifferenceinthemeaningbetweenthetwoplacements.Notallverbscan follow this transformationpattern,buthere isa listof those thatdo.Someof theseverbscanuseboth toand for,whileothersmayuseoneor theother.

Ifyouareusingpronouns,youcanchangeboththeindirectobjectandthedirectobjecttothepronounform.

Tellthestorytome. Tellittome.

Bringtheflowersforthegirls. Bringthemforthem.

If two pronouns are used, follow the first pattern, not the second. In thesecondone, it sounds repetitiveusing the samepronouns. If youdonotknowwhattheyrefertointhefirstsentence,youwillneverunderstandthemeaningofthesentence.

Itisincorrecttoplacetheprepositionalphrasebeforethedirectobject.

INCORRECT:Thebosssenttothemtheletters.

CORRECT: Thebosssentthemtheletters.

Keep in mind that in the transformation when you are using theprepositionalphrase,theindirectobjectdirectlyfollowsthedirectobject,anditisnotplacedafterotherpartsofthesentence.

Givemethebook. Givethebooktome.

Nellyfoundussometickets. Nellyfoundsometicketsforus.

EXERCISE75Rewriteeachsentencesothat theindirectobject immediatelyfollowstheverb,thuseliminatingthepreposition.

Example:Tellthestorytous.Tellusthestory.

1.Getsomecoffeeforme.

2.Theteacherreadthestorytothestudents.

3.Timleftthisgiftforyou.

4.Theartistdrewaportraitforme.

5.Mysonfeedsthefoodtohisdogeveryday.

6.Thecompanywillbuildahouseforusverysoon.

7.Sally,showyourdolltome.

8.Mr.DixonofferedthejobtoTracy.

9.Pleasefindmysweaterforme.

10.Ipromisedtogetabirdforhim.

EXERCISE76Rewritethedirectobjectimmediatelyaftertheverb,anduseaprepositionwiththeindirectobject.Makesurethatyoukeepthewholedirectobjecttogether.

Example:Lendus$20. Lend$20tousMrs.Jonestaughtthemmath. Mrs.Jonestaughtmathtothem.

1.Peterowesyoumanyfavors.

2.Annetteshowedhermotherthenewdress.

3.Aliceismakinghersisteranafghan.

4.Cutthemsomecakebeforeitdisappears.

5.I’llsendyouthephotosassoonastheyarrive.

6.Bringmethatcart.

7.Janet’sgrandmotherleftheraspecialring.

8.Soniapaidtheticketagentthemoney.

9.Myfatherreadmethenoticeinthepaper.

10.Nobodyboughtusanythingtoeat.

RECIPROCALPRONOUNS

Thesepronouns—eachotherandoneanother—areusedonlywithpluralconceptstoshowthattwoormorepeopleperformtheactiononeachother(twopeople).Useoneanotherwhenmorethantwopeopleareinvolved.

RomeoandJulietlovedeachother.[Helovedherandshelovedhim.]

Wecalleachother everyday. [I callhim (her, them), andhe (she, they)callme.]

Theywriteeachotherfrequently.

Wevisiteachothereverymonth.

TheGreeksandthePersiansfoughteachotheroften.

Theancientcivilizationscopiedoneanotherinmanyways.

Dressdesignersareconstantlytryingtooutdooneanother.

Aftertheirdivorce,HarveyandLacyhatedeachother somuch that theyalmostkilledeachother.

The children will chase one another around the yard until they areexhausted.

Athletescompeteagainstoneanotherallthetime.

EXERCISE77Write sentences that show reciprocal action. Add prepositions and anynecessarywordstocompletethesentences.

Example:Actor/actress/kiss/passionately/during/lovescene.

Theactorandactresskissedeachotherpassionatelyduring the lovescene.

1.Mr./Mrs.Smith/sing/often.

2.Chris/Rachel/see/weekends.

3.We/find/inworld/great/technologicaladvances.

4.Henry/Joan/lookfor/incrowd.

5.Marty/hissister/tease/about/pronunciation.

6.Stan/Nancy/theirfriends/buy/Christmasgifts.

7.Mysister/I/give/moralsupport.

8.Thesoldier/hiswife/hold/tightly/after/return/Iraq.

9.Tom/Sally/know/foryears/before/gettingmarried.

10.Tony/hismother/meet/Thursdays/lunch.

11.Nancy/mother/speak/telephone/everyday.

12.Romeo/Juliet/love/verymuch.

13.John/Paul/nottake/seriously.

14.Judy/Christine/tell/secrets.

WHO,WHOM,WHOEVER,ANDWHOMEVER

Because it isoftendifficult todecideon thecorrect formofwho, whom,whoever,orwhomever,keepthesehintsinmind:

• Block out the rest of the sentence and focus on only the relativeclause. In that clause, how does the word function—as subject orobject?

• Underlineall subjects andverbs in thecomplete sentence.Donotforgettoincludetheyouunderstoodforthecommands.Ifyouhaveaneven number (matched pairs of subjects and verbs), then themissingformwillbewhom.

Itoldthemtoinvite(whoever,whomever)theywanted.

S+V S+V

(Because there are two pairs here, the missing form is the object,whomever.)

If there are not an equal number ofmatching pairs, then use the subjectwho.

Givethebooksto(whoever,whomever)answersthedoor.

(you)give=S+V V

Here there is one pair and a verbwith no subject, so the correct form iswhoever.Itisthesubjectoftheclausewhoeveranswersthedoor.

S + V + D.O.

Who/whoever and whom/whomever are not interchangeable. Whoeverreferstowhateverperson,anyoneatall,whilewhoreferstosomeonespecific.

The girl who is wearing the red dress is my cousin. (This refers to aspecificgirl.)

Whoever(anypersonatall)needsthemoneyshouldhaveit.

Fortheobject,usewhomevertomakeitthereceiveroftheactioninitsownclause.Theremayormaynotbeapreposition.

Invitewhomever(anypersonatall)youchoose.

Givethepackagestowhoeveranswersthedoor.

Noticethat inthesecondone, theformis thesubject,becauseitperformstheactionoftheclause“whoeveranswersthedoor.”Don’talwaysassumethatbecauseyouhavetheprepositioninfrontofthepronoun,itreferstotheobject.Itreferstotheobjectonlyifitisreceivingtheaction.

Iknowtheboytowhomyouarespeaking.

Whomistheobjectinthefirstclauseaswellasinthesecondclause(youarespeakingtowhom).Whomreceivestheactioninbothclauses.

Giveittowhomeveryouseeatthemuseum.

Whomeveristheobjectoftheverbgive(commandform)inthefirstclauseaswellasinthesecondclause(youseewhomeveratthemuseum).Whomeverreceivestheactioninbothclauses.

Writethelettertowhoeveristhechairmanofthecommittee.

Whoeveristhesubjectofthesecondclause.

Givethemoneytothemanwhoisstandingbehindthedesk.

Whoisthesubjectoftheclausewhoisstandingbehindthedesk.

EXERCISE78Supply thecorrect formofwho,whom,whoever,andwhomever in eachsentence.

Example:Marioknowswhomthecommitteehaschosenforpresident.

1.ItwasTerrySchmidt_________receivedthegolftrophy.

2.Thegirl_________thereporterinterviewedwasthevictimoftheaccident.

3.Asecretary_________hasnogoodcommunicationskillsisnotanassettothecompany.

4.Appoint_________youchoosetofilltheposition.

5.Thescholarshipwillbegivento_________hasthehighestgrades.

6.To_________didyouwishtospeak,sir?

7.Ican’tdecideon_________toinvitetothedinnerparty.

8.Natalie’smother,_________youmetlastnight,worksinthevicepresident’soffice.

9._________designedthatbuildingcertainlyknewhowtoconservespace.

10.Can’tyourememberthepersonfrom_________youacceptedthemoney?

11.Givetheinformationto_________answersthetelephone.

12.Mr.Hyle,_________hasbeenourdirectorfor20years,isretiringinJuly.

13.Canyouguess_________iscomingtovisitustomorrow?

14.Thepersonabout_________youspokesohighlyhasbeenofferedthejobasdirector.

15.NancyWilson,_________haslivedherefor25years,decidedtogotothemountains.

16.Ican’timagine_________woulddosuchaterriblething!

17.Yoursuccessorwillbe_________youdesignate.

18.From_________didyourequestthecopies?

19._________selectedthosecolorshasnogoodtaste.

20._________hasallsixnumberswillwinthelottery.

PRONOUNREFERENCE

Pronounreferenceshowstherelationshipamongpronounsinasentenceorthose pronouns that replace nouns previously mentioned. One of the major

pronounerrorsisfoundintherelationshipofsingularnounslaterreferredtobypluralpronouns.

INCORRECT:

Everyone (singular) has to write their (plural) own summary beforeleaving.

Eachstudentneedstohavepermissionfortheirtripnextweek.

Guncontrollegislaturewillneverbesuccessfuluntiltheyareoutlawed.

OneshouldbeverycarefulbeforeyouacceptdateswithpeopleyoumeetontheInternet.

Ineachofthesesentences,thewriterhasshiftedfromsingulartoplural,orfromthirdpersonalsingular(one)toasecondpersonpronoun(you).

NOTEEventhoughexpressionslikeeachperson,everyteacher,and

everybodyimplyapluralquantity,thesealltakeasingularverbandasingularpronoun.

EXERCISE79Makeallnecessarychangesineachsentencetoreflectpronounagreement.

Example: Every instructor teaches their class differently. Everyinstructorteacheshis/herclassdifferently.

1.AccordingtotheConstitution,eachpersonisfreetodowhatevertheywantaslongastheydon’tinfringeontherightsofothers.

2.Atthebeginningoftheday,everystaffmemberworetheiruniform.

3.EveryGirlScoutshouldcarrytheircup,nametag,andflashlightinaspecialbag.

4.Eachpersonisconvincedthatpeaceisnecessaryforsurvival,andthey

mustformagovernmentthatwillworkforthebenefitofall.

5.WhenIarrivedatthehoteleveryonewascarryingtheirownsuitcases.

6.Nobodycangetallthethingsthattheywantinthislife.

7.Asheisgrowingup,eachchildneedsalotofunderstanding,orelsetheywillhaveproblemsandtheywillnotbegoodcitizens.

8.EachbookinthelibraryhastheirowncalllettersbasedontheDeweyDecimalSystem.

9.BoyScoutshavetheresponsibilityofcaringforhimselfandcooperatingwithcampcounselorsandotherScouts.

10.Allofthefemaleteacherscreateheractivitiesandhelpstudentsworktogether.

11.Wehadtotaketwosummerclasses,andourteacherstoldusaboutit.

12.Weneededpackingboxes,sowewenttothegrocerystoretogetit.

13.Beforemoving,IusedtogotothemovieseverySaturday,andnowImissitverymuch.

14.Ifapersonreallycaresaboutanother,theycanfindmanywaystoshowtheirfeelings.

15.Wealltraveledtodifferentpartsofthecountryanddecidedtowriteaboutit.

16.Eachoftheteamshastheirownprojecttofinishbeforetheendofthesemester.

17.Ahospitalstaffmemberneedstobefriendly,becausetheyarethefirstpeoplewhocomeincontactwithpatients.

18.Manytimesduringyourlifewecanhaveanunusualexperience.

19.Eachhouseintheneighborhoodhastheirownuniquedesignandappeal.

20.Everyweekendoneofmyfriendsinvitesmetotheirhouse.

EXERCISE80Readthefollowing,andcirclethecorrectanswer.

DayswithMyGrandmother

HowIrememberthedaysIspentwithmygrandmother!Shewasakindandgenerouswomanwhoalwaysseemedtohavetimeandenergyformanythings.HerhouselookedlikealltheotherlargehousesinoneofCleveland’soldestsections.However,myfondestmemoriesareofherworkinginthekitchen.ShelookedsohappyandcomfortableinhercrispwhiteapronasshekneadedthedoughforherbakingpowderbiscuitsandmoldedthepiecrustinthePyrexdishes.Sheneverseemedtogrowtiredofhermyriaddailychores.Nomatterwhatsheprepared,italwaystastedwonderful.ItoftensmelledsogoodthatI’druninfromplayandask,“Isitreadyyet?HowsoonbeforeIcansampleit?”

EventhoughIwasonlyaten-year-oldgirl,shemademefeelimportant.Wewouldsitontheporchafterlunchandtalkandsiphomemadelemonade.Sheaddedthatextratouchofsomethingspecialthatmadeittastesogood.

Weoftenwentdowntownontheoldstreetcars.Thisprovedtobearealadventureaswewalkedtwolongblockstoboardthecarsandthensatthereastheyrockedbackandforthonthetracksontheseven-miletriptotown.Theconductorsoundedthebellwhenwereachedtheendoftheline.WewalkedupanddownEuclidAvenue,shoppingandstoppingtoeatinaspecialrestaurant.

Threeyearslater,mygrandfatherdied,andsheappearedsadanddistant.Shebecamequiet,andI,too,feltherpain.Igrewupveryquicklythatyear,butIhaveneverforgottenthejoyfuldaysthatwespentinheroldhousewiththelargekitchenfilledwiththearomaofherwonderfulcooking,herkindsmile,andouranimatedconversations.

1.Theadjectiveherinsentence3,paragraph1,specificallyreferstoA.somewomanB.grandmotherC.houseD.Cleveland

2.Inparagraph1,Itoftensmelledsogood,referstoA.biscuitsB.kitchenpreparedC.doughD.whatshe

3.Inparagraph2,thelastsentence,itreferstoA.lunchB.extratouchC.porchD.lemonade

4.Inparagraph3,sentence2,thewordtheyreferstoA.blocksB.streetcarsC.tracksD.neighbors

5.Inparagraph4,sentence1,shereferstoA.grandfatherB.conductorC.girlD.grandmother

6.Inparagraph4,thelastsentence,thepronounwereferstoA.girlandgrandmotherB.girlandgrandfather

C.girlandconductorD.girlandI

EXERCISE81Readthefollowing,andanswerthequestions.

Channeling

Channelingisnotthetuningfromonetelevisionstationtoanother.ItisaformofspiritualismorcommunicationbetweenGuidesoftheSpirit,theastrophysicalworldandtheearthlyplane.ItisadialoguecommunicationofaGuidespeakingthroughamediumorpsychicwhohasputhimselforherselfinahypnoticstate.TheGuide,inspeakingexpresses,hisorherthoughtsandnotthoseofthepsychic.

TheGuidesarevariousspiritentities,whohadsupposedlybeenphysicalbeingsatonetime,butnowtheyexistinaworldorplanecommonlycalledthe“astralworld.”SomeoftheseGuidesclaimtobethousandsofyearsoldandhaveanancestrywaybeyondourunderstanding.Guideshaveasomberandcalmwayofexpressingthemselvesandalwaysappeartohaveapleasantandunderstandingpersonality.Somewell-knownGuidesareRamtha,Seth,andRaj.Manymediumsclaimtohaveregularcontactswiththem.

WhileitisclaimedthatanybodycancontactaGuide,itappearsthatonlythosewithaso-calledpsychicpowerhavetheabilitytosucceed.Thechannelingusuallybeginswhenthemediumgoesintomeditationandthenlapsesintoaself-inducedhypnoticstate.Bysome“supernaturalmeans”theGuideiscontactedandbeginsthedialogue.Guidescanbeeithermaleorfemale.Besidesageneraldialogue,Guideswillsometimesanswerquestionsandgiveadvice.Also,duringthedialogue,thepsychichasnocontroloverthewordsoftheGuide,andheorshespeaksinadifferentvoiceotherthanthatofthepsychic.

Generally,theGuideendsthedialogueandthepsychicquicklyreturnstoanormalstate.Channelingisanalogoustospacealiens...somebelieve...somedonot.

1.Whatischanneling?A.SailingthroughwaterchannelsaroundtheworldB.CommunicationbetweentwoGuidesC.ContactingaliensinouterspaceD.Travelingthousandsofyearsbackintime

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaboutGuides?A.Theyareonlymales.B.Theywereoncehumans.C.Theyexpresstheirthoughtsandnotthoseofthepsychics.D.Theyarecontactedbysupernaturalmeans.

3.WhatareGuides?A.SpacealienswhocommunicatewithEarthB.HumanswhohavecontactwiththespiritworldC.FemalepsychicswhocommunicatewithaliensD.Spiritbeingslivingintheastralworld

4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutchanneling?A.It’sameansofcommunicationwithaliens.B.Itprovidesanswerstosupernaturalmysteries.C.It’sawayofputtingoneselfintoahypnoticstate.D.It’sawayofcommunicatingwiththedead.

5.WhathappenswhenGuidesfinishtheircommunicationwithpsychics?A.Thepsychicsputthemselvesinahypnoticstate.B.Psychicsmovetoanastrophysicalworld.C.PsychicsconversewithRamtha,Seth,andRaj.D.Psychicsleavetheirhypnoticstateandreturntoanormalstate.

6.Howlonghavesomeofthemostwell-knownGuidesbeenaround?A.AfewyearsC.Hundredsofyears

B.ManyyearsD.Thousandsofyears

7.WhocanmostsuccessfullycontactGuides?A.ThosewhospeakinanothervoiceC.OnlythosewhohavediedB.ThosewithpsychicpowersD.OnlyRamtha,Seth,andRaj

8.Thepronounitinparagraph1referstoA.spiritB.channelingC.communicationD.Guide

9.Thepronounwhoinparagraph1referstoA.SpiritB.psychicC.himselfD.Guide

10.ThewordentitiesmeansmostnearlythesameasA.entertainersB.entrailsC.illusionsD.beings

11.Thepronountheyinparagraph2referstoA.beingsB.GuidesC.thoughtsD.years

12.Thepronounthemattheendofparagraph2referstoA.mediumsB.entitiesC.contactsD.Ramtha,Seth,andRaj

13.Thepronounheinparagraph3referstoA.GuideB.psychicC.anybodyD.male

14.ThewordclaimedmeansmostnearlythesameasA.repudiatedB.disavowedC.maintainedD.clarified

OTHERANDITSFORMS

Theformsofothercanbedividedintopronounsandadjectives,dependingonhowtheyareusedinthesentence.

Pronouns Adjectives

others other

theother theother

theothers another

another anyother

Pronounswillreplacetheadjectiveformsandthenounsthatfollowthem.While these are all similar, in that they represent a choice between or amongelements, they cannot be used interchangeably. The other equals a choicebetweentwospecificallymentionedelements.

Ihavetwogifts.Oneisforyou,theotherisforAlice.(theothergift)

Therearetwocarsinthegarage.Oneismysister’s,andtheotherismine.(theothercar)

Iftherearemorethantwoelements,theexpressiontheothersisused.

Iboughtfourcakesatthebakery.Oneisforus;theothersareforthepartytonight.(theothercakes)

Ben found only one pair of his socks, but the others must be lost. (theotherpairsofsocks)

Other and others are rather general terms, not specifically referring toanythinginparticular.

JennybelievesinUFOs.Otherpeople,however,finditdifficulttoacceptthattheseobjectsexist.

Afterhissurgery,Paulhadsomegooddays,butotherdayswerepainful.

Inbothofthesesentencesotherandthenouncouldhavebeenreplacedbyothers,anon-specificgroup.Bothrefertosomethinginthepluralform.

Anothercanbebothapronounandanadjective,anditmeansanyother.Whichever element someone chooses will be acceptable. There are only twoelementsinvolved.

Adjective:Doctor,Ican’tmakemyappointmentonFriday.Canwemakeitanotherday?(anyotherday—Monday,Tuesday,etc.)

Pronoun:Thispendoesn’twrite.Pleasegivemeanother.(anyotherpen)

Theotherday refers to a specific day, butanother daymeans any otherday,somenon-specifiedday.

EXERCISE82Usingthewordsfromthelist,writethecorrectforminthespaces.

Example: Because his counselor was absent, Mark had to speak toanotheradvisor.

1.Paulismoreathleticthan___________boyinhisclass.

2.Therearen’tenoughbookstofillthisbox.Pleasegetme___________fromontopofthetable.

3.___________daywehadvisitorsfromCleveland.

4.Somestudentswrotecompositionsonfamouspeople;___________wroteontheirownpersonalexperiences.

5.Ourteacheraskedusiftherewere___________questionsbeforewebegantheexperiment.

6and7.Ihadtomake___________dressforthepartybecauseIgave___________onetomysister.

8.Hereis___________exampleoffineChineseart.

9.Louiemadetwooutofthefourgoalsscoredinthegame;Chrismade

10.Sincewedon’thavetimetotalktoday,wewilldoit___________day.

11.Wedon’tacceptthattheory.___________peopleconsideritaveryimportantconcept.

12.Yourexperimentsareincomplete.Spend___________dayinthelabandfinishthem.

13.Someofthegirlswanttowearlongdressestotheparty;___________prefershorterones.

14.OnMondays,Wednesdays,andFridayswehaveliteratureclass,buton___________dayswehavescienceclass.

15.Somecountriesareworldfamousfortheirwines;___________arenotsorenowned.

16.Ican’tgiveyouanappointmentfor___________time,becausethedoctorwillbeonvacationfortwoweeks.

EXERCISE83Ineachsentence,decidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisincorrect.

1.Oneshouldneverlendhiscartoarecklessdriveriftheywantitreturnedingoodcondition.A.neverB.hisC.theywantD.returned

2.Talktoanyactorandtheywilltellyouthattheshowcannotgoonwithouthim.A.anyB.theyC.youD.goon

3.Manypeoplebecomestressedoutwhenfinancialproblemsarise,becauseitcanleadtodepression.emotionalchanges.andarguments.A.stressedoutB.ariseC.itD.to

4.Silencereignedinthecourtroomasthejuryreturnedtogivetheirlongdeliberatedverdict.A.SilenceB.asthejuryC.theirD.deliberated

5.BecausetheblousethatNancyhadboughtwastoobig,sheexchangeditforotherone.A.BecauseB.boughtC.toobigD.otherone

EXERCISE84Selectthebestword(s)tocompletethesesentences.

1.Eachchildneedsaparentalconsentformsignedby______parents.A.one’sB.theirC.hisD.our

2.Mybrotherboughtanewcar.______isthemostbeautifulthingI’veeverseen.

A.OneB.ItC.HeD.She

3.______dayasIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Isawanaccident.A.AnotherB.OtherC.TheotherD.Someother

4.ThedentistsaidthatJoelhadtwocavitiesandthatheneeded______appointment.A.otherB.anotherC.theotherD.some

5.I’mfreeforlunchonThursday.Canwemeetthen?No,______daywillbejustfine,butnotThursday.A.anyotherB.otherC.theotherD.some

EXERCISE85Selectthecorrectformofthepronoun.

1.Haveyouseen(any,some)ofTomCruise’smovieslately?

2.Ican’tmakeanappointmentfortomorrow,but(another,theother)day

willbefine.

3.Eachofthestudentsmustturninanexamwith(his,their)nameonit.

4.Somepeoplearehappywiththenewpresident;(others,anyothers)arenot.

5.Terrydoesn’tbelieveinUFOs.(Other,Another)people,however,stronglybelieveinthem.

6.Everybookonhisdeskhas(its,their)ownspecialreferencenumber.

7.Philfoundtwoinlaidboxesandasword.(They,It)wereinanantiquestore.

8.Bringthedocumentsto(him,he)onyourwaytotheofficethismorning.

9.Thecommitteesent(us,we)theletters,butwehaven’tansweredyet.

10.Eachofthefigurinescomeswith(its,their)owncertificateofauthenticity.

AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER8Adjectives

Chapter8

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVESENDINGIN-ly

Most words that end in -ly are adverbs and show the manner in whichsomething is done. However, those that have noun roots are adjectives.Mostadjectiveswithanounrootaddytoformtheadjective.

*Doublethefinalconsonantbeforeaddingy.

Othernounsaddlytoformtheadjective.Theseincludethefollowing:

Observe the following sentences. The underlined words cannot be madeintoadverbs.Youmustfindanotherwordorphrasetoformtheadverb.Ifthe-lywordprecedesanoun,thenitisanadjective.Ifthe-lywordprecedesaverboranadjective,thenitisanadverb.

Adjective:HerqueenlyattiremadeElizabethIstandoutfromalltheother

womenpresent.

Adverb: Themagnificentlydressedqueenstoodoutfromalltheothers.

EXERCISE86

Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthesesentenceswithasynonymfromthelist below. Look up any new vocabulary before you begin the exercise.Thenrewritethewholesentence,usingthesynonym.

1.John’sghostlyappearancetoldeveryonethathewasasickman.

2.DespiteLou’spowerfulstrength,hewouldnotrenderbodilyharmtoanyone.

3.Inmanysciencefictionstories,earthlybeingslandonotherplanets.

4.Scientistsaretryingtofigureouthowheavenlybodieskeepfromcolliding.

5.FatherPeyton’spriestlyrobeshelpedhimgainadmissiontomanyrestrictedareas.

6.Del’sscholarlyappearancehelpedhimobtainthepartinthenewdocumentary.

7.Theraccoon’snightlyraidsofthegarbagecansangeredtheneighbors.

8.Sue’stimelyentrancesavedmanyofusfromenduringalonglecture.

9.Mike’syearlyincomehasalreadysurpassed$50,000.

10.Mr.Corrigan’sfatherlyadviceenabledhissontobecomeabetterstudent.

EXERCISE87Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthesesentenceswithasynonymfromthelist below. Look up any new vocabulary before you begin the exercise.Thenrewritethewholesentence,usingthesynonym.

1.Mona’slovelysilkdresswasruinedwhenshespilledchocolatesyruponit.

2.Pam’sfriendlymanneropenedmanydoorsforher.

3.Mr.Stevenson’sorderlypresentationenabledhisstudentstolearnmorequickly.

4.MotherTheresaofCalcuttawasaverysaintlyandunpretentiouswoman.

5.Thesoldier’scowardlybehaviorcausedhimtobecourt-martialedandbarredfromthemilitary.

6.HenryVIII’sworldlywaysappalledtheclergyoftheMiddleAges.

7.Thecostlyconstructionprojectattheuniversityreceivedthedisapprovaloftheboardofdirectors.

8.JoggingisanintegralpartofDr.Erbes’sdailyroutine.

9.FatherDamian’sbrotherlyloveledhimtoworkinalepercolonyuntilhe,too,diedofleprosy.

10.Mrs.Coleman’smotherlyaffectioncausedhertobelovedbyallthechildrenintheneighborhood.

NOUNSASADJECTIVES

ManynounsinEnglishcanfunctionasadjectives.However,thedictionarywill list them only as nouns. Sometimes these “adjective-nouns” are alsoaccompanied by a number.Always use the singular form of the noun when itmodifiesanothernoun.

NOTE

NOTEAlwaysuseahypheninthenumber-nouncombination.

Followthisformulaforwriting“adjective-nouns”:number-singularnounasadjective+noun

Jerry’snewten-speedbicyclehelpshimmovequicklythroughtraffic.

Mymotherhasjustboughta50-piecesetofchina.

EXERCISE88Rewriteeachsentence,usingnumbersand“adjective-nouns.”Eliminateallunnecessarywords.

Example: Adam needs to buy six stamps worth twenty-five cents.Adamneedstobuysixtwenty-five-centstamps.(nottwenty-five-cents)

1.Ivanhasjustboughtastationwagonthathasfivedoors.

2.Mycousinlikesthatlovelygraypursewithfourcompartments.

3.Ournewcomputerhasaharddriveof9.6gigabytes.

4.Thereisanewtelevisioninthelobbythathasascreenthatis30incheswide.

5.Sherrylikeshernewstereowithitsfourspeakers.

6.Whenwewentonvacation,wetookacoolerthathadacapacityof80quarts.

7.TheEmpireStateBuildingisastructurewith92stories.

8.Canyouchangethisbillworth$20?

9.InourEnglishclasslastweek,wehadtowriteacompositionof250words.

10.WetookatripacrossAmericathatlastedtenweeks.

11.TogettoGastoniafromhere,youneedtodriveforsixhours.

12.Angelawasveryupsetbecauseshehadspilledacanthatcontainedfivegallonsofoliveoil.

13.Forherdress,Susieneedsthreeyardsofmaterialthatis60incheswide.

14.Tomhasjustboughtabedroomsetthathasfivepieces.

15.Evalivesinahousethathasagaragefortwocars.

16.Barbaramadeanewwintercoatwithfivebuttons.

17.Paul’snewbicyclehasfivespeeds.

18.Montyrepairscars,soheboughtatoolsetthatcontains125pieces.

19.Weneedanextensioncordthatisninefeetlong.

20.Mynewcamplightneedsabatterythathasninevolts.

EXERCISE89Rewrite each sentence, using the [number + noun as adjective]combination.

Example:Tony’sbicyclehastenspeeds.Tonyhasaten-speedbicycle.

1.Thebatteryheneedsforhisradioisfourvolts.

2.Ourjourneythroughthemountainstooksixdays.

3.Ihaveonlytendollars.Canyouchangethisbill?

4.Mycousinhasjustboughtahouseonthreelevels.

5.Nancyjustboughtabathingsuitwhichcomesintwopieces.

6.Marcella’sapartmenthastenrooms.

7.Theteachersaidthateachmarginusedonthecompositionhadtobethreeinches.

8.TheManleys’colortelevisionis19incheswide.

9.Harryjustboughtatoolsetthatcontains40tools.

10.Myfatherhasagascanthatholdsfivegallons.

11.Thatnewmodeltypewriterhas44keys.

12.Theflagkitcomeswithapolethatis17feetlong.

13.Mandyalwaysusestheplatterwiththethreetierswhensheentertains.

14.Thesalesmantriedtosellusadiningroomsetoffivepieces.

15.Mynewmicrowavehasatimerfor25minutes.

16.Susan’sjustboughtanewcoatmadeofminkwithtwogoldbuttons.

17.Petealwaysusesfilmthathasaspeedof800.

18.TheNelsonsnewcarhasfourdoors.

19.Whenthepresidentpassed,thesoldiersgavehimasaluteof21guns.

20.Veronicareceivedanewteasetthathas15pieces.

Sometimesthenumbersareeliminatedandjustthesingularnounisusedasanadjectivetomodifyanothernoun.

singularnounasadjective+noun

Ihaveadressmadeofsilk.

Ihaveasilkdress.

EXERCISE90Changethesesentencestofollowthe[noun+noun]pattern.Eliminateallprepositionalphrases.

Example:Kevinlikesgolfclubsmadeoftitanium.Kevinlikestitaniumgolfclubs.

1.Ruthhasalotofjewelrymadeofgold.

2.Ilikeclothesofwoolforwinterbecausetheyarewarm.

3.Forpicnicswealwaysuseforksmadeofplastic.

4.Mymotherwantsacoatofminkforherbirthday.

5.Janeneverlikedflowersmadeofsilk.

6.Beverlyhasasetofchimesofbrass.

7.TheJapanesemakebeautifulflowersoutofpaper.

8.Nancyjustsewedaskirtoutoftaffeta.

9.TheJohnsonsliveinahousemadeofbricks.

10.Thehostessservedherelegantdinneronplatesofchina.

11.Cindylikeshernewredshoesmadeofeelskin.

12.Billy’snewartkithaslotsofcrayons.

13.Bernadettejustreceivedabriefcasemadeofleatherforherbirthday.

14.Bethisbuildingbookcasesmadeofwood.

15.Jeffneedsaframemadeofcopper.

16.Michelletriedonalovelydressmadeofsilk.

17.Pamprefersclothesmadeofrayon.

18.Thechildrenlovetoplayinahouseinthetree.

19.TheGilbertfamilyjustbuiltapatiomadeofstone.

20.Cherylgotaringofdiamondsforherbirthday.

EXERCISE91:WRITINGChange thefollowing to fit the [nounasadjective+noun]pattern.Writeonegoodsentencewitheach.

1.creamforcoffee

2.soupofvegetables

3.saladoffruit

4.watchforthewrist

5.lampforadesk

6.cameratotakemovies

7.coversforyourbooks

8.factorythatmakesdresses

9.glovesmadeofleather

10.ashirtmadeofcotton

11.atreeforChristmas

12.bagforshopping

13.analbumofphotos

14.labforchemistryexperiments

15.vacationinthesummer

16.windowofstainedglass

17.ticketforthetrain

18.stationforbuses

19.platesmadeofpaper

20.creamforthehands

PARTICIPLESASADJECTIVES

Participles,whetherpresentorpast,canfunctionasadjectivesinasentence.Itisoftendifficultfornon-nativespeakerstodecidewhethertousethe[verb+-ing]formorthe[verb+-ed]formwhentheyarewritingorspeaking.

Asageneral rule, use the [V+ -ing] formwhen the nounperformsor isresponsiblefortheactiondescribedbytheadjective.

Thecryingbabywasquietedbyhermother.(Thebabywascrying.)

Thetiringjourneythroughthemountainsseemedendless.(Thejourneywastiringthosewhoweretraveling.)

LastFridaynightweattendedanexcitingplay.(Theplayexcitedus.)

Ontheotherhand,whenthenounmodifiedbytheadjectiveisthereceiverofthataction,usethepastparticiple.

The irritated passengers complained to the captain. (Something orsomeonecaused thepassengers tobe irritated.Theydidnotcause theaction.)

Afterwinningthegrandprize,theshockedcontestantjuststoodthere,notknowingwhattosayordo.(Winningshockedthecontestant.)

Afterdevouringitsprey,thesatisfiedlionlayunderashadytreetotakeanap.(Eatingsatisfiedthelion.)

Theboringteacherlefttheroom.(Theteacherisresponsibleforboringthestudents.)

Thebored teacherleft theroom.(Someoneorsomethingwasresponsibleforherleaving.)

EXERCISE92Circlethecorrectformoftheparticiple(pastorpresent)foreachsentence.

1.Aftertheonslaught,the(raided,raiding)villagetriedtocleanupthedebris.

2.Despitealongdelay,our(requested,requesting)materialsfinallyarrived.

3.Thekindergartenteacherreadan(interested,interesting)storytoherstudents.

4.Oncethecolonistswere(settled,settling),theybegantoorganizeanewgovernment.

5.Thenewly(explored,exploring)territorywasnamed“Louisiana”inhonorofKingLouisofFrance.

6.The(paid,paying)billwasfiledaway.

7.Unfortunately,itisuptothe(worked,working)classtosupportthepoor.

8.Afteracarefulinvestigation,the(stolen,stealing)propertywasreturnedtoitsowners.

9.Thedayofthe(dreaded,dreading)examhadfinallyarrived,causingmuchanxiety.

10.The(escaped,escaping)refugeesmanagedtoreachsafetybeforetheyhadbeenmissed.

11.The(hated,hating)emperorwasviolentlyattackedbythepeasants.

12.Maria’s(missed,missing)locketwasfinallyfoundinhersister’sdrawer.

13.The(planned,planning)committeehasunanimouslyapprovedthecompany’sproposal.

14.The(postponed,postponing)concertwasrescheduledforthefollowingweek.

15.Allofthe(wandered,wandering)hikerswerefoundingoodhealth,nottoofarfromtheirwreckedplane.

16.Carlos’s(fought,fighting)spirithasenabledhimtosurviveinthisuncaringsociety.

17.SenatorHawthorneaddressedthecollege(graduated,graduating)class.

18.The(frozen,freezing)temperaturesduringtheholidayswipedoutthecitruscrop.

19.BecauseNellhadnokeys,itwasimpossibleforustogetthroughthe(locked,locking)doors.

20.Thepoliceaskedallthe(invited,inviting)gueststoremainseateduntiltheinvestigationhadbeencompleted.

EXERCISE93Selectthecorrectparticipleineachsentence.

1.Dane’s(admiring,admired)glancesreassuredNathaliethatshewasdoingagoodjob.

2.Thepoliceofficertriedtoresolvetheproblemscreatedbythewitnesses’(conflicting,conflicted)reports.

3.Theoddly(shaping,shaped)brightballintheskycausedgreatconcernamongthetownspeople.

4.The(warping,warped)doorwasdifficulttopryopen.

5.Therewasalovely(climbing,climbed)rosebushoutsidemybedroomwindow.

6.Thesudden(rising,risen)temperaturesmadeeveryoneattheballgameveryuncomfortable.

7.Theteacher’s(questioning,questioned)lookletChuckknowthatshedidnotbelievehisexcuseforbeinglate.

8.Aneatly(lettering,lettered)signwasplacedinthewindowofthedrugstore.

9.The(simmering,simmered)stewsentapleasantaromathroughoutthehouse.

10.MonaLisa’s(smiling,smiled)faceisknownthroughouttheworld.

11.A(speeding,sped)truckoverturnedontheturnpike,causingamonumentaltrafficjam.

12.The(enveloping,enveloped)fogalongthecoastpreventedtheaircraftfromlanding.

13.NewYork’s(littering,littered)streetsappearunsightlytoourforeignvisitors.

14.Tonychasedthe(bouncing,bounced)balldownthestreet.

15.The(crushing,crushed)flowerfelllimplytothefloor.

16.Allofthegymnastsrelaxedforanhourafterparticipatinginthe(exhausting,exhausted)exercises.

17.The(opening,opened)envelopelayonthetable.

18.Monica’s(whining,whined)childwasupsettingeveryonewhowaswaitinginthedoctor'soffice.

19.The(returning,returned)letterdidnotbearenoughpostage.

20.Cleveland’s(polluting,polluted)riverhasbeenthesourceofconcernamongitscitizensformanyyears.

COMPARISONSOFADJECTIVES

DoubleComparisonsThere are severalways of expressing double comparisons.With this type

thereisacomparisonforminthemainclauseaswellasinthedependentclause.Themainclausealwayscomesfirst inthesentence.Bothclausesusethewordthe,acomparison,asubject,andaverb.

THE+comparative+S+V,+thecomparative+S+V

Theolderyouget,thesloweryoumove.

Thelongerwewait,themoretiredIget.

ThefasterIread,themoreinterestedIbecome.

EXERCISE94

EXERCISE94Finishthedoublecomparisons.

1.Thefasteryoudrive,the______________________________.

2.Thehardertheplayerhittheball,the________________.

3.Thehigherthesunrose,the___________________________.

4.Thesooneryoufinishyourjob,the____________________.

5.ThelongerRayleftthephotopaperinthedeveloper,the______________________________.

6.Thelargerthecarengine,the__________________________.

7.Thehigherthetemperature,the_________________________.

8.Thedarkertheskybecame,the__________________________.

9.Thenearerwecametomymother-in-law’shouse,the______________________________.

10.Thefartheryoulivefromme,the______________________.

Otherdoublecomparisonsalwaysuse themore as thecomparative in themainclause.

THEMORE+S+V+[THE+comparative]+S+V

Themoretoysthechildrensee,themoretheywant.

Themoreyouwaterthegrass,thetalleritwillgrow.

Themorethatdogeats,thefatteritgets.

NOTETherearealsosomeshorteridiomaticexpressionsthatusethedouble

comparatives.

Themore,themerrier.Thesooner,thebetter.

MultipleComparisonsComparisonscanalsobeexpressedinmultiplestoindicateamuchgreater

orlesseramountofdifference.Thesecanincludefractionsandwholenumbers(one-half,one-third,one-tenth).

MexicoCityhasapproximatelythreetimesasmanypeopleasTokyo.

In the French classes there are one-quarter asmany students as in theSpanishclasses.

TheDavidsonsearnfourtimesasmuchmoneyastheDuricas.

Otherratingsorfractionscanbecalculatedasthefollowing:

100percentmoreorless

two-thirdsmoreorless

fourtimesasmuch/manyas

muchmore/lessthan

one-thirdasmuch/manyas

twiceasmuch/manyas

double,tripletheamount

EXERCISE95How good is your math? Look at the information in each sentence andwriteanappropriatecomparison.

1.StudentsinCostaRicastudy40hoursperweek.StudentsintheUnitedStatesstudy30hours.

2.Itis90degreesinPhoenixand45degreesinButte.

3.Nevadawasaterritoryforonly3yearswhenitwasadmittedtotheUnitedStatesasastate.Washingtonstatewasaterritoryfor36years.

4.Peruhas20nationalpublicholidays.TheUnitedStateshasabout10.

5.EnglandandWalesproduceabout56majorproducts,whiletheFalklandIslandsproduceabout7.

6.Ontheforeignmarket,theexchangerateis12,570TurkishpoundsperAmericandollar.InIndonesiaitis2,095rupiahsperdollar.

7.ThecontinentofAfricahasanareaofabout11,850,000squaremiles.Icelandhasabout39,709.

8.Thediameteroftheearthisabout7,927miles.Thatofthemoonis2,160.

9.TheNileRiverisapproximately4,149mileslong.TheSnakeRiverinIdahois1,038mileslong.

10.TheAnapuruaMountains,inNepal,are26,492feetabovesealevel.MountMitchellinNorthCarolinaisat6,684feet.

IdiomaticExpressionswithComparisonsInEnglishtherearemanycommonexpressionsthatusecomparisons.Tell

whether the following are equal or unequal comparisons. Because most areidiomatic expressions, look up their meaning in the dictionary.Most are alsoclichés (overworked expressions), and you should avoid using them in formalwriting.

lightasafeather dumbasanox

neatasapin oldasthehills(dirt)

theweathertookaturnfortheworse skinnyasarail

higherthanakite(slang) smoothassilk

nuttierthanafruitcake(slang) toughasnails(person)

wiseasanowl toughasshoeleather(food)

EXERCISE96Usingadictionary,completethecomparisons.

1.Crazyasa_______________

2.Hungryasa______________

3.Nosoonersaidthan______

4.Prettyasa______________

5.Hardasa________________

6.Thenoisieryouare,___________itisformetohearyou.

7.Wildasthe______________

8.Betterlatethan_________

9.Asplainas______________

10.Asquickasa__________

11.Bettersafethan_______

12.thesooner_____________

13.thebigger_____________

14.asstubbornasa_______

15.aswhiteasa__________

16.asredasa____________

17.assharpasa__________

18.asbusyasa___________

19.wiseasan_____________

20.asstrongasan________

IllogicalComparisonsComparisons need to focus on the same elements. When they focus on

different elements, they are illogical.Often these illogical comparisons can becorrectedbyusingapossessiveformortheexpressionthatoforthoseof.

INCORRECT: Linda’sweddingdressismoreelegantthanJanet.(comparisonofadressandJanet)

CORRECT: Linda’sweddingdressismoreelegantthanJanet’s.(thanthatofJanet)(comparisonoftwodresses)

INCORRECT: Badr’scarismoreexpensivethanhiswife.(comparisonofacarandawife)

CORRECT: Badr’scarismoreexpensivethanhiswife’s.(thanthatofhiswife)(comparisonoftwocars)

Ifyoumentallyextendthecomparison—Janet’sdress,thatofhiswife(hiswife’s)—youwillseetheneedforthepossessiveorthethat/thoseofforms.

EXERCISE97Correcttheillogicalcomparisonineachsentence.

Example:Thedirector’ssalaryishigherthanhissecretary.The director’s salary is higher than his secretary’s(secretary’ssalary).

1.Pharmacists’jobsaredifferentfromelectricians.

2.Chicago’stemperaturesarelowerthanFlorida.

3.Susana’scoatisprettierthanRosa.

4.Chestnut’ssuppliesaremoreexpensivethanKmart.

5.Eric’ssportscarisfasterthanDavid.

6.Connie’sexamwasmoredifficultthanhersister.

7.Ralph’snewCorvettecostmorethanhisuncle.

8.Painters’livesaremorediversifiedthanteachers.

9.Musicians’practicesessionsarelongerthandancers.

10.Theuniversity’sfacultyismoreexperiencedthanthecollege.

OtherComparisonsandExpressionsOthercomparisonshavedifferentforms.Youmustlearnthemassuch.

Wordsdealingwithsocialclasses

high-class=veryelegant,relatedtothehighestlevelofsociety

low-class=insomecases,notacceptabletaste

upper-class,middle-class,lower-class

Miscellaneousexpressions

upperdivision,lowerdivision

uppertorso,lowertorso

uppermanagement,midlevelmanagement

high-payingjob

high-water,low-water

abovewater,underwater

abovesealevel,belowsealevel

high-rent,low-rentdistrict

highlythoughtof(renown)

high-rankinggovernmentofficial

overall

overrated,underrated

overcoat,underwear

Ratingsofachievementinschooloratwork

aboveaverage,average,belowaverage

overachiever,underachiever

SEQUENCEOFADJECTIVESASNOUNMODIFIERS

ManyadjectivesinEnglishprecedethewordsthattheymodify.Theyalsomayfollowthenouns,butthentheyareusuallysetoffbycommas.

Thepinetree,twistedandknotty,wasbendinginthebreeze.

Thetwistedandknottypinetreewasbendinginthebreeze.

Our dogwoods, delicate and attractive, added a touch of elegance to oursurroundings.

Our delicate and attractive dogwoods added a touch of elegance to oursurroundings.

When two adjectives precede a noun and can be interchanged withoutalteringthemeaning,orthewordandcanbeinsertedbetweenthem,thefirstissetoffbyacomma.

Thearid,hotdesertclimatemadeiteasytodryourlaundry.

Thearidandhotdesertclimatemadeiteasytodryourlaundry.

Noticethedifferenceinthesesentences:

Millie’sdarkgreensuitaccentuatedherlovely,longhair.

Mynewwintercoathaslong,narrowbuttonholes.

Itwouldbewrongtotrytosaydarkandgreenandnewandwinterinthesentences.

Adjectives fit into two basic categories: limiting and descriptive. Theformer consists of articles, possessives, quantities, and numbers. The latterincludes all other adjectives, such as those dealing with size, shape, color,material,quality,andtexture.

Whenyouuseaseriesofadjectivestodescribethesamenoun,thereisasetpatternforwhichadjectivecomesfirstandwhichfollowsthat,andwhatcomesnext.Hereareseveralexamplesthatarecategorizedinthechartonthefollowingpage:

abig,brightbluecircularaluminumobject

thesmallpicturesquefarmingvillage

aprivatelyownedJapanesetapestrymuseumSEQUENCEOFADJECTIVESASNOUNMODIFIERS

InEnglish,whenaseriesofadjectivesareusedtodescribethesamenoun,theyareplacedinasetpatternforwhichadjectivecomesfirst,which

followsthat,andwhatcomesnext.ThedescriptivepropertiesinthistableareplacedintheorderinwhichtheynormallyappearinEnglish.Youcanusethischarttodecidebycategorywhatthewordordershouldbeina

sentence.

EXERCISE98Categorizeeachword.

Example:Methodist> religion octagonal> form deep >intensity

1.false

2.satin

3.purple

4.narrow

5.copper

6.their

7.twenty

8.oval

9.spiral

10.pine

11.young

12.horseshoe

13.convex

14.rough

15.happy

16.fuzzy

17.tangerine

18.vast

19.our

20.wide

21.dwarfish

22.oblong

23.curved

24.interior

25.shallow

26.antiquated

27.billowy

28.turquoise

29.imaginative

30.responsible

31.mechanical

EXERCISE99:WritingCombine threeor fourof the following, and add a subject and averb tocompletethesentence.Writethreesentences.

Example:Iboughtalargeopaqueporcelainvase.Harveylovestomakecarvedminiaturestatues.

EXERCISE100Unscramblethewordgroupssothattheadjectivesfollowthesequencesetupontheprecedingpages.Thenountobedescribedisthefirstword.

1.Dress:elegantthesatinlongred

2.Ball:bigtheroundboy’sbeach

3.Ring:smallovalbrightadiamond

4.Car:bluesleeksportsnewRita’s

5.Nights:wintercoldmanyDecember’slong

6.Bears:littlefatkoalafifteenfurry

7.Feathers:ostrichbigwhitetwo

8.Tomatoes:fiveredriperound

9.Chair:largecomfortableaoldsoft

10.Handle:ruby-encrusteddelicatelongthe

EXERCISE101Ineachsentence,decidewhichunderlineditemisincorrect.

1.ThespynovelIamreadingismuchmoreexcitingthanmysister.A.TheB.amreadingC.muchmoreD.mysister

2.Theproductyouboughtatthelowerpriceisthemoreinferiortotheonewesellataslightlyhigherprice.A.boughtB.themoreC.theoneD.slightly

3.Thecarpenterismakingacabinetofwoodthatwilltakesixweeksormoretocomplete.A.ismakingB.cabinetofwoodC.takeD.more

4.Lucaswonascholarshipforathleticsthatwillpayforfouryearsofstudyaswellashistuition.

A.ascholarshipforathleticsB.willC.yearsD.aswellas

5.Manyshiveredsoldiersstoodinlinewaitingforsomehotfoodtoeat.A.shiveredB.inC.waitingD.toeat

6.ThenewlydevelopingplanwouldbepresentedtothecommitteebeforetheendofJune.A.newlyB.developingC.wouldD.before

7.AthoroughbredracehorseisusuallyexpensiverthanaEuropeansportscar.A.raceB.usuallyC.expensiverD.sports

8.Thesooneryoufinishyourassignment,morequicklywe’llbeabletoleavetown.A.ThesoonerB.yourC.morequicklyD.toleave

9.Markwonthegrantbecausehisgradesarehigherthanaverageinhis

academicfield.A.wonB.becauseC.higherthanaverageD.academic

10.Marcy’snewshoescosthertwicemorethanminecostme.A.newB.herC.morethanD.mine

EXERCISE102BeloweachsentenceyouwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Selecttheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.

1.Inthepast,tennisusedtobethesportofthe_____class,butthatischanging.A.higherB.superiorC.upperD.midupper

2.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.A.morebeautifulB.themorebeautifulC.mostbeautifulD.themostbeautiful

3.Theteamplayed_____gameofhockeythatthecoachwaspleased.A.betterB.muchbetter

C.sogoodD.suchagood

4.Allofyourgradesare_____average.I’mproudofyou.A.aboveB.overC.superDontopof

5.Becausethefreezingtemperaturesdestroyedmuchofthecitruscrop,thepricesare_____.A.doubleB.twotimesmoreC.uptwotimesD.twicemore

6._____peopleinAmericaliketoobserveaswellasparticipateinsports.A.AlmostB.MostC.MuchD.Toomuch

AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER9Conjunctions

Chapter9

CONJUNCTIONS

Correlativeconjunctionsusuallycomeinpairsandjoinlikeelements.Besure that they are placed directly before the words representing the two likeelements.

both—and notonly—butalso

either—or whether—or

neither—nor

Larryisagiftedmusicianwhoplaysboththepianoandthesaxophone.

ManymoviestarshavehousesnotonlyinCaliforniabutalsoinNewYork.

Whetheryougotothepartyoryoustayhomeisyourdecision.

NOTEBecarefultoplacetheseconjunctionsdirectlybeforethetwolike

elements.

Whiletheconjunctionaswellasisnotpartofapair,itdoesjointwolikeelements. Notice that it does not influence the verb in terms of singular andplural.

Nancy,aswellasherfamily,supportsthenewproposal.

Teachers,aswellasstudents,plantovisittheDaliMuseum

If,however,youusedtheconjunctionandinsteadofaswellas,eachwouldhaveapluralverb.

Nancyandherfamilysupportthenewproposal.

TeachersandstudentsplantovisittheDaliMuseum.

Rememberthatwhateversubjectfollowsorornorwilldeterminewhethertheverbissingularorplural.

EitherSandyorherbrothersdrivetoschoolinthemorning.

NeithertheJohnsonsnortheirsonhasaccesstothetrust.

However,thesubjectfollowingaswellasandincludingdoesnotdeterminetheverb. It is the subject that comesbefore the conjunctions that does. If youcovertheclauseandworkwithwhateverisleftofthesentence,thenyouwon’thaveanyproblemswithsubject/verbagreement.

Thepriceofthefurniture,includingthetelevisionandsofa,is$500.

Thecollegepresident,aswellasthedeans,isaccountabletotheboardoftrustees.

Relative conjunctions introduce clauses that relate to something orsomeone previously mentioned. These will be studied more in detail in thesection“Clauses.”Thefollowingarerelativeconjunctions.

that which whichever

who whoever

whom whomever whose

EXERCISE103Correct each sentence so that the correlative conjunction is in the rightplaceorsothatthesubjectandverbagree.

Example:Bennotonlyplaystheguitarbutalsotheflute.Ben plays not only the guitar but also the flute. (twoinstruments)

Example:Eitherthesoldiersorthecaptainpreparetomarchagainsttheenemy.Either thesoldiersor thecaptainprepares tomarchagainsttheenemy.(agreeswiththesubjectclosertotheverb)

1.BothAnnikaandTaraiscousins.

2.Neithertheboysnortheirsisterareplanningacareerinmedicine.

3.Thebandmembers,aswellasthedirector,goesontournextmonth.

4.Wenotonlyhavecardsforbaseballbutalsoforfootballplayers.

5.EitherFriday’sconcertorSaturday’sarefinewithme.

6.WeareplanningnotonlytogotoSwitzerland,butalsotoAustria.

7.John,aswellashisfriends,hopetobeprofessionalwriterssomeday.

8.Neitherfatsnorsweetsispartofagood,healthydiet.

9.Thebride’selegantbouquetnotonlywasfilledwithgardenias,butalsolilies.

10.Theguests,includingthepresident,payscomplimentstothehostess.

11.Ibothwanttobuythestereoandthecabinet.

12.Neitherthehousenorthedoorshastobepainted.

13.Theflowers,aswellastheoaktree,isgrowingwellafterthestorm.

14.Thegovernmentbothhasthepowerandtheauthoritytoraisetaxes.

15.Boththeplaneandthepilotislandingsafely.

AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER10Verbs

Chapter10

VERBS

PERFECTTENSES

Toindicatetheperfecttenses,usehave,has,orhadandthepastparticiple.Thesetensespast,present,andfutureshowthecompletion(ornon-completion)of an action in relation to another action or in relation to a time period ordeadline. When you use the present perfect, you deal with now (up to thismoment)asthedeadlineandtheactionhasorhasnotalreadytakenplace.

Thepresentperfectisusedforthefollowing:

1.Anactionthattookplaceatsomeindefinitetimeinthepast:

We have already seen that movie. (Sometime in the past inrelationtonow,thatactiontookplace.)

Hehaswashedhishandsandisreadytoeat.(Thehandwashingtookplaceatatimebeforenow.)

2.Anactionthathappenedmorethanonceinthepast:

IhavevisitedMexicosixtimes.

Nancyhaswrittendozensofletters.

3. An action that began sometime in the past and continues up to thismoment:

Danielhasstudiedheresince1992.(Hestillstudieshere.)

Alanhas lived in that apartment forsixmonths. (He still livesthere.)

Usethefollowingwordorderwiththepresentperfecttense:

EXERCISE104Eachofthefollowinghastakenplaceatsomeindefinitetime.Asyoulookatthesentences,relatethemtonow.Answereachintheaffirmativeandinthenegative.

1.Hasthechilddrunkhismilk?

Yes,________________________________________________.

No,________________________________________________.

2.HasMarysoldherhouse?

Yes,________________________________________________.

No,________________________________________________.

3.Havethedirectorsthoughtaboutasolutiontotheproblem?

Yes,_______________________________________________.

No,________________________________________________.

4.Haveallofyouspokentotheteacher?

Yes,_______________________________________________.

No,________________________________________________.

5.Charles,haveyouwornyournewshirt?

Yes,_______________________________________________.

No,________________________________________________.

6.HaveIdoneagoodjobonthepresentation?

Yes,_______________________________________________.

No,________________________________________________.

EXERCISE105Finisheachsentence,usingthesameverbasinthefirstpart.Assumethatthe events follow a normal, habitual pattern and you are relating theseeventstotodayandwhathas(not)takenplaceuptothismoment.

Example:Sallydoesherhomeworkatnight.It’s3:00p.m.andshehasnotdoneityet.Matttakestwovitaminseverymorning.TodayisWednesday(afternoon), and he has taken eight vitamins so far thisweek.(numberofvitamins)

1.Ieatbreakfastat9:00everyday.It’snow8:00andI___________________yet.

2.ItsnowsalotinFebruary.It’sMay10andit___________________since___________________.

3.Markworksfrom8:00to5:00,MondaythroughFriday.Itis2:00onThursday,andMark___________________already___________________hours.(includethenumberofhours)

4.Peggytypes20letterseveryday,MondaytoFriday,8:00to5:00.Itis5:00Friday,andPeggy___________________letters.(numberofletters)

5.Mrs.Jonesgivesherstudentsmanytests.Thissemestershe___________________already___________________twelvetests.

6.Mybillsaredueonthe28thofthemonth,andIpaythemonthedueday.Todayisthe20th,andI___________________yet.

7.PhilvisitsMexicoonceeveryyear.Inthepastfiveyearshe___________________fivetimes.

8.Ireceivefivelettersfrommyfamilyandfriendseveryweek.ThisweekI___________________letters.(numberoflettersalso)

EXERCISE106Answerthefollowingquestions,usingcompletesentences.

1.HaveyouevertraveledtotheGrandCanyon?

2.Hasyourfamilyevereatensushi?

3.HaveyourfriendsbeentoanAmericanbaseballgame?

4.HaveyourfriendsvisitedtheVanGoghexhibitatthemuseum?

5.Hastheplanearrivedattheairportyet?

6.Hasyourbestfriendeverplayedatrickonyou?

7.HaveyourteachershelpedyouwithyourproblemswithEnglish?

8.Howmanyexamshaveyoutakenthisweek?

9.WhatnewfoodshaveyoureatenhereinAmerica?

10.HaveyoutoldyourparentsaboutyouradventuresinAmerica?

PASTANDPRESENTPERFECT

Since1985,IhavereadmanybooksontheAztecs.

SIMPLEPASTANDPRESENTPERFECT

Singlepastdefinitetime Iparkedinthefacultylotyesterdaymorning.

Indefinite,morethanonce

Ihaveparkedinthefacultylotonlyfourtimesthismonth.

Singlepastdefinitetime ItsnowedalotinClevelandinFebruary.

Indefinite,morethanonce

IthassnowedfifteentimessinceFebruary.

Periodinthepast Ihatedsnowasachild!

Actionbeguninpast Ihavehatedsnowfortwentyyears!

Onedefinitetime Raysangintheshowerlastnight.

Repeatedindefiniteaction Rayhassungthatsamesongoverandoveragain.

Comparethefollowingsetsofsentences.

♦ TheDavisfamilylivedinOrlandoforsixyears,andthentheymovedtoSt.Augustine.(TheynolongerliveinOrlando.)

TheDavis familyhas lived inSt.Augustineforsixyears. (Thefamilystilllivesthere.)

♦ Martywrotefiveletterslastweek.(onedefinitetime,finishedaction)

Sofar thisweek,Martyhaswritten ten letters. (Hemaywritemorebeforetheendoftheweek.)

♦ Itrainedhardlastnight.(onecompletedpastevent)

Ithasrainedhardfivenightsthisweek.(Itmayrainagainthisweek.)

♦ WeworkedlateFridaynight.(onecompletedaction)

Wehaveworked lateeverynightthisweek.(Wemaycontinuetoworklateeverynight.)

♦ Ipaid$25forlastSaturday’sconcertticket.Thatwastoomuchmoney!(oneevent)

Ihavepaid$25forallmyconcerttickets.(Istillampaying$25perticket.)EXERCISE107

EXERCISE107Writethecorrectformoftheverb.

1.He(wrote,havewritten)theexercisemanytimesbeforeturningitin.

2.Mark(wore,hasworn)hisnewsuittothepartylastnight.

3.Noone(thought,hasthought)itwouldrainyesterday.

4.Larry(read,hasread)eachoftheHarryPotterbooksthisyear.

5.Paul(quit,hasquit)smokingsincehisheartattack.

6.WhileNealwascuttingthebread,he(hurt,hashurt)hisfinger.

7.Lastsummerwe(took,havetaken)atriptotheGreatSmokyMountains.

8.We(waited,havewaited)since2000tovisitmyfamilyinChina.

9.Thesun(set,hasset)earliereverynightthissummer.

10.Noone(saw,hasseen)thenewMelGibsonmovieyet.

11.Luis(finallyreceived,hasfinallyreceived)histaxrefundlastTuesday.

12.Afterherdeath,MotherTheresa(left,hasleft)usawonderfullegacy.

13.José(danced,hasdanced)verywell.Didyouseehimglideacrossthe

room?

14.Hugo(ran,hasrun)fivemileseverymorninglastsummer.

15.Thewind(blew,hasblown)sohardlastnightthatourawningcameoff.

16.Bart(sang,hassung)inconcerttentimesthismonth.

17.Thechildren(ate,haveeaten)theapplesontheirwaytothecafeteria.

18.We(heard,haveheard)thegoodnewsandaregladthatyoureceivedtheaward.

19.MarkSpitz(swam,hasswum)inmanyinternationalcompetitions.

20.Thebaseballplayer(caught,hascaught)thehighflyballafterleapingintotheair.

EXERCISE108:WRITINGMakealistof10thingsthatyouandyourfamilydidlastsummer.Changethesubjectstouseallformsoftheverbs.Use10differentverbs.Contrastthisbymakinganotherlistofwhatyouandyourfriendshavedonesofarthis semester. Again, use 10 different verbs, and change the subjects.Noticethedifferenceintheverbforms.

Example:Lastsummermyfamilywenttothebeach.Wewalkedalongtheshore.This semester my family has visited me at school threetimes. My friends and I havewalked in the park manyafternoons.

EXERCISE109:WRITING

EXERCISE109:WRITINGGetapartnerandinterviewhim/her,usingquestionwords:who,what,

why,when,where,andhow.Askyourpartnereightquestionsabouthis/herlife since he or she came to theUnitedStates.Whenyou have finished,rewritetheanswersinparagraphform,andbepreparedtointroduceyourpartnertotheclass,tellingeveryonewhatyouhavelearnedabouthim/her.

Example:Adamhaslivedhereforeightmonths.Hehasstudiedattheuniversityfortwosemesters....

PASTANDPASTPERFECT

Withthepastperfect (sometimescalled thepluperfect),usehadand thepastparticiple.Inrelationtoapasttimeoraction,thisactionhadalreadytakenplace.Theverbusinghadand thepastparticiple isalways thefirstof the twoactions.

Rememberthefollowingformula:

BEFORE+timepast(verbinsimplepasttense)AFTER+HAD+pastparticiple

Beforeshecame(secondaction)tothisschool,Moniquehadnotstudied(firstaction)English.

Wehadbought(firstaction)anewcarbeforemywifegot(secondaction)hernewjob.

After the student had sat down (first action), the teacher distributed(secondaction)theexams.

Elvis Presleyhad not been discovered (non-existent first action) before1950(pasttime).

EXERCISE110Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.

1.Before1990Anthu(visited,hadvisited)herfriendsinHolland.

2.AfterI(arrived,hadarrived)attheparty,everyonebegantosinganddance.

3.I(read,hadread)theletterafterthemailmanhaddeliveredit.

4.Saul(told,hadtold)methathisfamilyhadgoneonvacation.

5.Sandy(prepared,hadprepared)awonderfulpartybeforeherfriendsmovedtoArizona.

6.Jose(improved,hadimproved)hisgradesafterhisteacherhadsenthimawarning.

7.Afterthecommitteehadmadeitsdecision,thechairman(made,hadmade)anannouncement.

8.MypackagearrivedshortlyafterI(ordered,hadordered)it

9.Terry(waited,hadwaited)forthreehoursbeforeheleft.

10.IrememberedthatI(promised,hadpromised)tosendthegifttoRita.

11.Beforethepartyended,Burt(danced,haddanced)withallthegirls.

12.AfterI(mailed,hadmailed)thepackage,Irememberedthecorrectaddress.

13.Ourteacher(gave,hadgiven)usthetestresultsaftershehadgradedthem.

14.Noone(understood,hadunderstood)thelessonbeforeProfessorSobieskiexplainedit.

15.Beforehe(went,hadgone)toGreece,DanadidnotspeakawordofGreek.

EXERCISE111Decidewhethereachsentencerequiresthesimplepastorthepastperfecttense,andwritethecorrectform.

Examples: The landlord raised (raise) the rent after he had sent us anotice.ThepapersblewoffthetableafterMaryhadopened(open)thewindow.

1.JaniceLawson________(win)thelotterybeforesheboughthernewcar.

2.Veratoldherfriendsthatshe________(return)fromvacationonlyafewdaysago.

3.Themechanic________(repair)Dane’scarafterhehaddamagedthemotor.

4.We________(remain)inSeattleaftertheconferencehadended.

5.Dave________(drive)40milesoutofthewaybeforeherealizedhismistake.

6.Allofthestudents________(pay)theirtuitionbeforeJuly.

7.Thefishermanhadremovedtheirequipmentbeforetheboat________(sink).

8.I________(go)toKansasbeforethetornadostruck.

9.Thepipes________(negativeoffreeze)beforeweturnedoffthewater.

10.I________(ring)thebellafterIhadseenthesign.

11.Thecarpenters________(build)thehouseafterthecrewhadpouredthefoundation.

12.Thepolice________(catch)thethiefafterhehadescaped.

13.Marcy________(negativeoftake)themedicinebeforeshereadthe

label.

14.Theairplane________(land)afterthepilothadspokenwiththecontroltower.

15.Margaret________(negativeofbuy)thehousebeforeshemarriedJim.

16.Beforethebankmanagerclosedthesafe,he________(put)inthesacksofmoney.

17.BeforeJennieleftforschool,she________(negativeofeat)anything.

18.Notmanypeople________(fly)withthatairlinebefore1988.

PRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE

It isalsopossibletousetheprogressivetoexpressanactionbeguninthepastthatstillcontinuesatthismoment.Usethefollowingformula:

S+ BEEN+[V+ING]+FOR+periodoftime

Ihavebeenlivinghereforthreeyears.(ThreeyearsagoIcameheretoliveandcontinuetolivehere.)

FrankhasbeenstudyingEnglishsince1989.(Frankstartedin1989andstillcontinuestostudyEnglish.)

HOWLONG+ +SBEEN+[V+ING]+complement

HowlonghaveyoubeenworkingattheAcmeTextileCompany?

Ihavebeenworkingtherefor10years.

HowlonghasJodybeensingingopera?

Jodyhasbeensingingoperafor10months.

EXERCISE112Using the following situations, indicate how long this activity has beentakingplace.

Example:IcametoFloridain1978,andIamstillherein2005.(live)IhavebeenlivinginFloridafor27years.

1.Luisstartedhisclassesattheuniversitythreesemestersago.(study)

2.Mandystartedskiingat9:00a.m.It’snow3:00p.m.

3.Philstartedhisfinalexamat11:00a.m.andit’snow2:30p.m.(take)

4.TheconferencebeganonMondayandwearestillhereonSaturday.(attend)

5.HarryandIbegandancingtogetheronFebruary1.TodayisMay1.

6.Theystartedtoeatat7:30andit’snow9:30.

7.IstartedtospeakSpanishsixsemestersago.

8.NoelPhelpsstartedtowritenovelswhenhewas25.He’snow46.

9.Jackstartedtodriveatruckwhenhewas30.He’snow44.

10.PaulandDorothystarttobuildtheirhouseonApril1.It’snowSeptember30.

11.Kentstartedtoplaybaseballin1989.It’snow2003.

12.MyfavoritetelevisionprogramstartedinDecember.It’snowApril.(watch)

13.YoustartedtoplaytheroleofKingArthurin2000.It’snow2005.

14.IstartedtakingmysummervacationsinEuropein1979.It’snow1987.

EXERCISE113:WRITINGAnswerthesequestionsbasedonyourpersonalexperiences.

1.HowlonghaveyoubeenstudyingEnglish?

2.Howlonghaveyoubeenlivinginyourapartment(house)?

3.Howlonghasyourfamilybeenwritingletterstoyou?

4.Howlonghasyourbestfriendbeenworkingathis/herjob?

5.Howlonghaveyourclassmatesbeenstudyinginthelibrary?

6.Howlonghaveyouandyourfriendsbeeneatinginthecafeteria?

PASTANDPASTPROGRESSIVE

Whilebothofthesetensesindicateatimebeforenow,theycannotbeusedinterchangeably.Pasttenseindicatesasimplecompletedactionwithnorelationtoanyotheractionbeforeorafterit.

Irantothestoreforsomemilk.

Westudiedforthreehourslastnight.

Itrainedyesterdayafternoon.

However,whenthepastactionwasinprogressatagiventimeorprior toanothersuddensingleaction,theverbisinthepastprogressive.

IwasrunningtothestorewhenImetBob.

Wewerestudyingfortheexamwhenthelightswentout.

ItwasrainingyesterdaywhenIleftthelibrary.

Eachoftheabovesentencesshowsapastactioninprogressbeforeanothertookplace.Lookattheideainthischart:

Comparethefollowingsetsofsentences.

♦ Myfatherdrovetoworkat8:00yesterday.(onetime)

Myfatherwasdriving toworkat8:00thismorningwhenhegotaflattire.(actioninprogress)

♦ Wetalkedaboutourplansforthepartybeforetheclass.(onetime)

Weweretalkingwhentheteacherarrived.(actioninprogress)

♦ TerryandMonicaplayedtennislastnight.(onetime)

Terry and Monicawere playing tennis when it started to rain. (action inprogress)

♦ Iswaminthepoolthismorning.(onetime)

Iwasswimmingat10:00whenMaritzaarrived.(actioninprogress)

♦ Pattyreadabooklastnight.(onetime)

PattywasreadingabookbythefirewhenIwalkedintotheroom.(actioninprogress)

Look for thesekeywords to helpyoudecidewhether to usepast or pastprogressive.

Past PastProgressive

once always

never everyday(night,week,etc.)

immediately manytimes

suddenly often

atonce frequently

unexpectedly mentalactionverbs

finally while/when(twosimultaneousactions=atthesametime)

EXERCISE114Readthefollowingparagraphandwritethecorrectformofthepastorpastprogressiveforeachverb.

ThismorningI(1) waswalking (walk)tothebusstop

whenthebussuddenly(2) pulled (pull)away.I(3)

__________(look)atmywatchand(4)__________(see)thatitwasnot

late.Howstrange!I(5)__________(wait)whenmyfriendJung(6)

__________(appear).She(7)__________(carry)alotofbooks,soI(8)

__________(move)oversothatshecouldsitdown.We(9)__________

(talk)whenthenextbus(10)__________(arrive)about15minuteslater.

Onthebusshe(11)__________(read)herbookwhileI(12)__________

(write)somenotesandwe(13)__________(negativeofpay)attention.

Suddenly,I(14)__________(realize)thatwehadmissedourstop.When

we(15)__________(get)offthebus,it(16)__________(begin)torain

andneitherofus(17)__________(have)anumbrella.We(18)

__________(be)verywetwhenwe(19)__________(enter)thelibrary.

ThisFridaythe13th,(20)__________(be)terrible!NextFridaythe13thI

willstayhomeallday.

EXERCISE115Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.

LastweekI(1)(went,wasgoing)shoppingasIdoeveryFriday.

WhenI(2)(arrived,wasarriving)attheparkinglot,I(3)(found,was

finding)noplacetopark.Suddenly,IsawthatablueToyota(4)(left,was

leaving)aspotclosetotheentrance.I(5)(parked,wasparking)mycar

whensomeonesuddenly(6)(jumped,wasjumping)infrontofme.He(7)

(didn’tpay,wasn’tpaying)attentionandIalmost(8)(hit,washitting)him.

Ifinally(9)(got,wasgetting)intothestoreand(10)(started,wasstarting)

myshopping.I(11)(looked,waslooking)forsomefruitswhentheproduce

personsuddenly(12)(brought,wasbringing)outsomefreshgrapesand

bananas.He(13)(said,wassaying)thattheyhadjustbeendelivered.I(14)

(picked,waspicking)outafewand(15)(put,wasputting)theminmycart.

Inthemeatdepartmentthebutcher(16)(cut,wascutting)somelamb

chops,soI(17)(decided,wasdeciding)towaitafewminutesforhimto

puttheminthedisplaycase.Ihadfoundmostofmygroceriesand(18)

(pushed,waspushing)thecarttothecheckoutwhensuddenlyoneofthe

wheels(19)(fell,wasfalling)off.Themanager(20)(helped,washelping)

meunloadthecart,pay,andgetoutofthestore.Whatashopping

nightmare!

EXERCISE116Fillinthecorrectformofthesimplepastorpastprogressive.

1.He wastraveling inEuropewhenhemetSally.(travel)

2.I wrote sixletterstoday.(write)

3.She_________herhairwhentheycalled.(brush)

4.Marta_________herdressandcouldn’tanswerthetelephone.(change)

5.Theboys_________abookcaseyesterday.(make)

6.She_________dinnerwhenJohnarrived.(cook)

7.Paul_________hismotherlastnight.(call)

8.Theyalways_________toworkinthemorning.(walk)

9.They_________aboutJameswhenhecamein.(talk)

10.Peoplealways_________nicethingsabouthim.(say)

11.Thegirl_________thebuttertothetableimmediately.(bring)

12.He_________toFrancewhenhisfatherdied.(go)

13.Ian_________hisbagsandwentaway.(pack)

14.Theaudience_________alotofquestionsafterthespeechlastnight.(ask)

15.JustasI_________thestore,someonetriedtowalkin.(close)

16.Asthewaitress_________thewater,someonebumpedintoher.(pour)

17.Jim_________footballyesterdaywhenhehurthisknee.(play)

18.I_________asmuchasIcouldbutImissedthebus.(hurry)

19.Mike_________aletterwhenyoucalled.(type)

20.WhileMary_________thecar,herboyfriendwaseating.(wash)

VERBSFOLLOWEDBYINFINITIVES

Instead of using a noun as a complement, certain verbs use an infinitive.Thefollowingverbsalwaysrequiretheinfinitive(to+baseformofverb)ifthecomplementisaverb.

Thedirectoragreedtoraisehisemployees’salaries.

Mysonwilllearntoswimthissummer.

Kahndeservestoreceivetheawardforhishardwork.

VERBSFOLLOWEDBYGERUNDS

Anothergroup,however,requiresagerund(V+ing)asacomplement.Thefollowingfitthispattern:

Thethiefadmittedtakingthejewelry.

Thestudentscontinuedwritingtheexamdespitethepowerfailure.

Imissseeingyoueveryday.Pleasehurryhome.

Thefollowingexpressionsrequirethegerund.InEnglishthegerundusuallyfollowsapreposition.

Idon’tapproveofyourwalkinglateatnight.

Thomasisfondofdrivinginthemountains.

Wejustfeellikesittinghomethisweekend.

Manuelsucceededinpassingallofhistests.

Therearecertainverbs thatcanbefollowedbyeither the infinitiveor thegerundwithout changing themeaningof the sentence.Here is a partial list ofthoseverbs:

Tomcontinuestostudydespitehisjob. Tomcontinuesstudyingdespitehisjob.

Iprefertotravelinthesummer. Iprefertravelinginthesummer.

Analoveshatestostudymath. Anahatesstudyingmath.

EXERCISE117Circlethecorrectformforeach.

1.Thepoliticiansagreed(debating,todebate)onpublictelevision.

2.Weintend(going,togo)tothemountainsonourvacation.

3.Theweatherseems(being,tobe)bettertoday.

4.Manypeoplereported(seeing,tosee)unidentifiedflyingobjectsoverthelake.

5.Thedoctorwillpostpone(performing,toperform)surgeryuntilthepatientfeelsstronger.

6.Thedissidentsrefused(obeying,toobey)thepolice.

7.Ifyouleavenow,youwillavoid(driving,todrive)throughrush-hour

traffic.

8.Ourmotherrefuses(allowing,toallow)ustoseethatmovie.

9.Wehope(buying,tobuy)anewtelevisionthisweek.

10.Ritadreads(going,togo)tothedentist’soffice.

11.Eniddecided(repairing,torepair)hercarherself.

12.Thepolicemansaidthatthedriverhadfailed(yielding,toyield)therightofway.

13.Ipromisenot(eating,toeat)anymorechocolate.

14.Ruthresisted(spending,tospend)allofhermoneyinthesamestore.

15.Thepaintersplan(painting,topaint)thehouseearlythismorning.

16.Whydon’tyouconsider(going,togo)tothebeachwithus.

17.Theyenjoy(singing,tosing)intheshower.

18.Thebridehopes(having,tohave)beautifulweatheronherweddingday.

19.Weexpect(entertaining,toentertain)manyfamilymembers.

20.Mycousinpractices(playing,toplay)thepianoeveryday.

TROUBLESOMEVERBS

Because of their similarities, three sets of verbs—rise/raise, sit/set, andlie/lay—create problems even for native speakers. If you can remember thissimplediagramandonesentence foreachexample,youwillhavenoproblemwiththeseverbs.

Transitiveverbstakeadirectobject

Intransitiveverbstakenodirectobject

raise riselay lieset sit

You can raise your test score by studying harder. (score is the directobject)

Thegovernmenthasraisedtaxesagain.(taxesistheD.O.)

Paulalaidhernewdressonthebed.(dressistheD.O.)

After laying the bricks for the patio, the workers took a long break.(bricksistheD.O.)

Setthepackageonthetable.(packageistheD.O.)

Thedoctorwillhave toset thatbrokenbone so that it healsproperly.(boneistheD.O.)

NOTEThesubjectoftheverbsrise,lie,andsitperformstheactiononitself,

neveronanyoneoranythingelse.

Hotairrisesfasterthancold.(noD.O.)

Thetemperaturerosequicklyintheauditorium.(noD.O.)

Theabandonedtownliesinthemiddleofthedesert.(noD.O.)

Thesunbatherslayonthebeachallday.(noD.O.)

Althoughwesatnearthewindow,westillcouldnotfeelthebreeze.(noD.O.)

Ourdoglovestositundertheoldoaktree.(noD.O.)

NOTETheverbslayandsetcantakeadirectobjectthatisathingandcanalsotakeanobjectthatisapersonwhenanotherpersonperformsan

actiononthesecondperson.

Thedoctor laid the trembling child inbed so that he could examineher.(Thechildislyingonthebed.)

Mrs. Lucas set her child in the high chair at dinnertime. (The child issittinginthechair.)

*Noticethespellingchangetoavoidwritingthreevowels(iei)together.

Herearesomeidiomaticexpressionswithtroublesomeverbs:

layanegg setabout

layaway setaside

laydownthelaw setback

layinto setout

layoff setabrokenbone

layout setgelatin

tobelaidup setthetable

takeitlyingdown settheclock

allset

hair-raisingexperience

raiseyourvoice sitstill

raisecain sitin

sitin on

giveriseto sitthrough

earlyriser sittight

situp

EXERCISE118Usethecorrectformofriseorraiseinthesesentences.

Example:Studentsneedtoraisetheirhandsinclass.

1.Whilethemovers_________thedesk,oneofthedrawersfellout.

2.Yesterdaymorningthesun_________at6:12.

3.Mymotherhas_________earlyeverymorningforthepast15years.

4.Ceciliaaskedusnotto_________ourvoicesbecausethebabywassleeping.

5.Theofficemanagerhappily_________thesalariesofhisemployeeslastJune.

6.Whenthejudgeentersthecourtroom,thebailiffsays,“Willeveryoneplease_________.”

7.Nooneknowswhenthegovernment_________taxes,butitwillbesoon.

8.Theheavyovernightrainsforcedtheriverlevelto_________.

EXERCISE119Usethecorrectformoflie/lay.

Example:Thepatientlayonthebedforthreehoursafterhissurgery.

1.Mydog_________inthesuneverymorning.

2.Thoseoldbookshave_________inthecornerforyears.

3.Jane,please_________youressayonmydesk.

4.Ican’tfindmykeys;IknowI_________themonthetablejustafewminutesago.

5.AfterI_________downforanap,Ialwaysfeelbetter.

6.BecauseSheila_________onthebeachalldayinthehotsun,shehadaterriblesunburn.

7.Thehenhas_________fiveeggsthisweek.

8.Thehospitalorderlies_________thepatientinbedafterhissurgery.

EXERCISE120Usethecorrectformofsit/set.

Example:NooneknewwhyHarrywassitting in the back of churchafterthewedding.

1.EveryweekChris_________asidesomemoneytobuyastereonextChristmas.

2.Millie_________herhairthismorningsothatitwouldlookniceforthepartytonight.

3.Whenthefirebellrang,thechemistrystudents_________downtheirtesttubesandsilentlyleftthelab.

4.Karen,please_________thetablefordinner.

5.Whilewewere_________aroundwatchingtelevisionlastnight,myauntcametovisitus.

6.Secretariesmust_________alldayattheirdesks.

7.Sinceyouareonadiet,Ihave_________somegelatinfordessert.

8.Marvin_________patientlyinthelobbyandwaitedfornewsonhisbrother’scondition.

9.Mrs.Daletoldherchildrento_________upstraightandtolistentothespeaker.

CONDITIONALTENSES

Inthistypeofconstruction,whichcontainstheword if, thecompletionofoneactionisdependentonanother.Iftheexistenceorperformanceofanactionishypothetical(notreal)orcannotbefulfilled,thenthatconditionissaidtobeunreal.

Iftheteamlostthegame,thememberswouldbeunhappy.(Theteamwillwinthegame;therefore,thememberswillbehappy.)

Ifthestorewereopennow,Iwouldbuysomegroceries.(Thestoreisclosed;therefore,Icannotbuythegroceriesnow.)

The if clauseprovidedanunreal situation,one that couldnotmaterialize,becauseitwascontrarytofactorhypothetical.Therefore,theresultclauseideacould not occur either. The situation could have taken place in the past, thepresent,orthefutureifthestipulatedconditionhadbeenmet.Unrealconditionscanbepresentorpast.

Toexpresspresentunrealconditions,followthisformula:

IF+verbinpast+ +verb

IfIsawTimonmywaytoclassnow,Iwouldstoptotalk.(Iwon’tseehimbecausehedoesn’thaveclassestoday.)

Ifitsnowedveryhard,wecouldgoskiinginthemountains.(It’stoowarmtosnow;therefore,wecan’tgoskiing.)

Eachofthesesentencespresentsanunrealconditioninthepresent.

NOTEWhenusingtheverbbeinunrealclauses,rememberthatonlywereis

thecorrectformwithpresentconditions.

IftodaywereSaturday,wecouldsleeplater.

(Today’sWednesdayandwehavetogetupearly.)

IfIwereyou,Iwouldstudyharder.(I’mnotyou.)

However, ifwe lookathowpast situationscouldhavebeen different,wewouldusethefollowingformulatoexpresspastunrealconditions:

IF+HAD+pastparticiple+ +HAVE+past

participle

If Ihadremembered tobringmycheckbook thismorning, Icould havedoneallmygroceryshopping.(Ileftthecheckbookathomeanddidn’thaveenoughmoneytoshop.)

NOTENeverusewouldintheifclause.

INCORRECT: Ifwewouldhaveknownhowtoswim,wecouldhavelearnedtosurf.

CORRECT: Ifwehadknownhowtoswim,wecouldhavelearnedtosurf.

Anotherformofthepastconditionalexpressesthesameideabutomitstheiffromthesentence.Followthisrule:

HAD+subject+pastparticiple+ +HAVE+

pastparticiple

Hadweplayedagainstyouropponent,wecouldhavewoneasily.

Had theyknown youwere in town, Curt andDianawould have visited

you.

Nowthatwehaveseenhowtheunrealworks, let’s takealookat therealconditionals, those that will almost certainly materialize. At the time ofspeaking, there is nothing hypothetical or contrary to fact. These conditionalsfallintotwocategories:thehabitualandthefactual.Theformerrepresentsthatwhichalwaysoccurswhenacertainconditionispresent.

Toexpresshabitualconditions,followthisformula:

IF+verbinpresent,+present

IfSusiecomestotown,wealwayshaveaparty.

IfAndrewgoesdancing,healwayshasagoodtime.

The if in these sentences has the meaning of when. When one thinghappens,anotheriscertaintohappenalso.

Toexpressfactualconditions,followthisformula:

IF+present+ +verb

Iftheweatherstaysnice,wecantakeatrip.

IfPamhasalltheingredients,shewillbakeusachocolatecake.

Wecanalsousethesefactualconditionswithcommandformsintheresultclause.Thesubjectoftheresultclausecanonlybeyou.

Ifyoudoanysewingtoday,pleasemendmybluecorduroys.

Ifyougettothedrugstore,havemyprescriptionrefilled.

Although the if clause usually comes first in the sentence, you do not

changethemeaningbyplacingtheresultclausefirstandfollowingitbythe ifclause.

Notice,however,thatthecommaiseliminatedwhentheifclausedoesnotappearfirstinthesentence.

Ifwemissthebus,wewillhavetowalk.

Wewillhavetowalkifwemissthebus.

IfSelenahas anymoreproblemswithher registration, shewill drop thecourse.

Selena will drop the course if she has any more problems with herregistration.

EXERCISE121Writethecorrectformoftheconditionalandwishing.

1.IfIhadknownyouwerearrivingtoday,I_________(go)totheairporttomeetyou.

2.NoonewouldhavecomplainedifJoe_________(do)agoodjob.

3.Marywouldhavevisitedherfriendinthehospitalifshe_________(negativeforleave)worksolate.

4.Ifyougettothelibrary,please_________(pick)upthatbookthatIneed.

5.Wewillnotbeabletohearyouifyou_________(speak)sosoftly.

6.IfI_________(take)thistestnow,Iwouldnotbewellprepared.

7.IfSherry_________(see)him,shewouldhavegivenhimthebook.

8.Ifyoutakethiscoursethissemester,you_________(graduate)inJune.

9.IfSid_________(have)enoughfilm,hewouldhavetakenmorepictures.

10.We_________(attend)thepartyifwehadfoundaride.

11.Wewishthatwe_________(go)tothemountainswithyoutomorrow.

12.Shewishesthatshe_________(negativeforeat)somuchfordinner.

13.Theywishthatthey_________(have)timetogotothelecture.

14.Sarahwishesthatshe_________(study)harderlastnightfortoday’stest.

15.Paulwishesthathe_________(catch)abigfishnextweek.

16.Billwishesthathisgolfscore_________(negativeforbe)sobad.

17.Allofuswishthattherain_________(stop).

18.Shewishesthatshe_________(win)theprizeinyesterday’slottery.

19.Andywishesthathe_________(lose)moreweightbeforeJune.

20.Iwishmyfriend_________(be)hererightnow.EXERCISE122

EXERCISE122Readeachsituationand,usingtheconditional,tellwhatyouwoulddo.

1.Youhavejustwonthemillion-dollarlottery.

2.Youhavefinallygraduatedafterlongyearsofstudy.

3.Youhadmadeplansforapicnicoroutdoorevent,butit’srainingandwillcontinuetorainallday.

4.Classeshavebeencanceledforoneweek.

5.Somerelativesofwhomyouarenottoofondareplanningtovisityourtownforoneweekandwouldliketospendseveraldayswithyou.

6.It’srainingveryhard,andit’scold.Youarenotinthemoodtogetoutofbedandgotoclass.

7.Youhavejustseensomeonestealsomemerchandisefromastorewhereyouareshopping.

8.Youarewalkingdownthestreetandfind$80onthesidewalk.

9.Youhaveanimportanttesttomorrowforwhichyouarenotwellprepared.Amovieyouhavebeenwantingtoseeisontelevisionin45minutes.

10.Yourgirlfriend(boyfriend)wantstogotothebeachthisweekend,butyouneedtofinishyourtermpaperfora9:00classonMonday.

11.Yourbestfriendhasboughtyouasweaterthatfitsperfectly,butyouhatethecolorsanddesign.

12.Yourparentsoffertotakeyoushopping,buttheywanttoselectallyourpurchases.

13.Youareattendingapartywithallofyourfriendswhoaredrinking.They

trytopersuadeyoutodrinkalso,butyouknowthatyouhavetodriveandthatyouneedtogetupearlythenextmorningtogotowork.

14.Youhaveajobthatyoudonotlikethatpays$40,000ayear.Youhaveanofferofamuchmoreenjoyableonethatpaysonly$25,000.

15.Thedoctortellsyouthatyouneedtolose25poundsifyouwanttofeelbetterandhavemoreenergy.Youhatedieting,butyoureallydonotfeelgoodasyouare.

EXERCISE123:WRITINGRead the following story about a shopping trip, and then complete thesentences,usingtheconditionalperfectformoftheverb.Allsentencesarepastunrealconditions.

Carlos’sBargainHuntingintheSupermarket

LastFridayCarlos,aSpanisharchitecturestudent,wentgroceryshoppingasusual.Onlythistime,hewasnotwithhisAmericanfriend.Hewantedtoprovethathecouldmanageonhisown.Heevenwrotealistsothathewouldnotforgetanything.Hestartedwiththeproducesectionandputlettuce,carrots,onions,bigbananas,grapes,andapplesinhiscart.Thenhefoundtheaislewithallthecannedgoods.Hewasexcitedtofindtunaatfourcansforonedollar,soheputeightcansinhiscart.Healsoboughtsomecannedpeasandgreenbeansandapackageofrice.

Inthemeatsection,heselectedsmallpackagesofsausageandhamburger.Finally,inthediarysection,hepickedupabottleofmilkandfoundaloafofbreadnearby.

Proudofhisaccomplishmentandgreatsavings,Carlosleftforhometopreparedinner.Becausehehadaclassanddidn’thavemuchtimetomakesupper,hedecidedtoeatatunasandwich.Hethoughtthetunahada“different”taste,buthewasinahurryandpaidnoattentiontothatsmalldetail.

ThenextnightCarlospreparedsomevegetablesoupandcutthelettuce,carrots,andonionsandputtheminapottoboil.Fiveminuteslaterhe

lookedathissoupandrealizedthathehadverysoggylettuceandnotcabbage!!Anotherstrangemeal!!Thenextmorning,hecutabananainhisdishofcornflakes,onlytofindthatthebananawasaplantain,andithadtobecookedbeforeeating!!

Hewasinahurryonceagainatlunchtime,soheateanothertunasandwich,againwiththestrangetaste.Finally,aftereatingsevenofthesesandwiches,Carloslookedcloselyatthelabelandrealizedthathehadbeeneatingcatfoodforoneweek!!

Carlos’ssoloshoppingventurehadturnedintoadisaster,andhedecidedthatheneededtoshopwithhisAmericanfriendafewmoretimesbeforegoingsoloagain.

1.IfCarloshadnotgoneshoppingalone,hewouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes.

2.IfCarloshadnotwrittenalist,he___________________.

3.IfCarloshadlookedcloselyatthebananas,___________________.

4.IfCarloshadgoneshoppingearlier,___________________.

5.IfCarloshadnotbeeninahurryatsuppertime,___________________.

6.IfCarloshadreadthelabelsonthecans,___________________.

7.IfCarloshadlookedcloselyatthelettuce,___________________.

8.IfCarloshadeatentheplantain,___________________.

9.IfCarloshadtakenhistimetofixlunch,___________________.

10.IfCarlos’sfriendhadgonewithhim,theshoppingventure___________________.

UNLESS

The conjunction unless functions the same as if . . . not in conditionalsentences.

Lookattheconstructionofthesesentences:

♦ Unlesswefinishtheprojectsoon,ourclientswillbeangry.

Ifwedon’tfinishtheprojectsoon,ourclientswillbeangry.

♦ UnlessBillhadalltheingredients,hewouldn’ttrytherecipe.

IfBilldidn’thavealltheingredients,hewouldn’ttrytherecipe.

Whateverformscorrespondtorealandunrealconditionswillalsobeusedhere.Unlessisusuallyfollowedbyanaffirmativeclause,notanegativeclause.Avoidusingnegativeclausessuchasthis:

We’llhavethepartyhere,unlessyoudon’tapprove.

Saythefollowinginstead:

We’llhavethepartyhere,unlessthereisaproblem.

INCORRECT: UnlessIdon’tpaythebill,theelectriccompanywillturnoffmylights.

CORRECT: Unless I pay the bill, the electric company will turn off mylights.

EXERCISE124Supplythecorrectformoftheverbineachsentence.

1.Unlesswepaytherentsoon,thelandlord willevict (evict)us.

2.We_______(attend)thelectureunlessitiscanceled.

3.Noonewillbelieveyouunlessyou_______(show)himtheevidence.

4.Hewouldn’thaveofferedtohelpunlesshe_______(have)thetime.

5.Unlessmyfriendlearnstobudgethismoney,he_______(be)indebt.

6.UnlessSam_______(get)thecontractsigned,hecan’tprovidetheservices.

7.UnlessMr.Sanders_______(find)anassistantsoon,hewillnotfinishhisreport.

8.Youwillhavetopayafareincreaseunlessyou_______(purchase)yourticketbeforeMonday.

9.Myteacher_______(negativeforread)thispaperunlessItypeit.

10.Unlesstheelectrician_______(arrive)soon,wewillhavetositinthedarktonight.

11.Unlessyou_______(try)onthepants,Iwillnotbeabletohemthem.

12.UnlessI_______(prepare)suppersoon,wewillnoteatuntilverylate.

13.Unlessyou_______(answer)thephone,thecallerwillthinkthatwearenothome.

14.Unlessyouaremorecareful,thecompany_______(negativeforinsure)youinthefuture.

15.Youwillnot_______(receive)yourcheckunlessyoufilloutatimecard.

16.Unlesswe_______(leave)soon,wewillarrivetoolateforthefirstact.

17.Unlesstheyhurry,they_______(miss)thetrain.

18.Unlessastranger_______(try)toenterthehouse,mydogwillnotbarkloudly.

19.Unlessyou_______(put)thetrashnearthecurb,thecitywon’tcollectit.

20.UnlessSandy_______(ask)Terry,shewillneverknowwhytheybrokeup.

POSSIBILITYANDPROBABILITY

Possibility

May andmight are usually interchangeable, butmay seems to be stronger orshowsmoreemphasis.Mightisordinarilyusedforafuturetimeinanounclauseafterapast-tenseverb.

Forpresentorfuturetime +simpleform

Shemaychangehermindbeforesheleaves.

Shemaybeabletogolater.

Andreathoughtthatshemighttransfertoanotheruniversitythisfall.

HesaidhemighthavetomovetoChicagonextyear.

Mayandmightarecombinedwithtobeabletoandhavetobutneverwithcanormust.

Wemighthavetopostponethepicnicbecauseoftherain.

Gingermaybeabletospeakatourluncheonthisweek.

Forpasttime +pastparticiple

Theboysmayhavetriedtocallyouyesterday.

Imighthaveleftmykeysathome.

Maynotandmightnotexpresslackofpossibilityorprobability.

Imaynotgotothepartyafterall.

Theymightnotbeabletovisitusthisyear.

May andmight are not ordinarily used in questions unlessmay asks forpermissiontodosomething.

MayIseethatphotograph?(askspermission)

Hemaybehereat5:00.Ishelikelytobehereat5:00?

Canhepossiblybehereat5:00?

Probability

Probability representswhatwe guesswill happen because of a certain set ofcircumstances,butwearenotsureoftheoutcome:

Johnhasn’teatenfor24hours.Oneoftheideasthatwemightguessisthathemustbeveryhungry.ThisprobabilityinthepresentisexpressedbyMUSTBE+adjective.Wecanalsousemustbe+[verb+ing].

Hemustbelookingforarestaurant.

Ritahasspentthewholedayinthesun.Shemustbesunburned.

Stuartisdrinkinghisthirdglassofwater.Hemustbethirsty.

Lookhowdarkitisoutside.Itmustberaining.

Terry’slaughingalot.Hemustbehavingagoodtime.

Lookatthefollowingsentencesandattheprobableactionthatwouldresultfromthissetofcircumstances.

Mehrdadhasn’tsleptinthreedays.Hemustbeverytired.

Kimhasbeenintherainallnight.Shemustbeallwet.

Johntravels25milestoworkeveryday.Hemusthaveacar.

Maryhaswon$100.Shemustbehappy.

Theyhaveboughtanexpensivehouse.Theymustberich.

Shouldandoughttoexpressstrongpossibilitythatapproachesexpectationequalsprobability:

Forpresentorfuture +simpleform

Youshould(oughtto)receivethepackagebyWednesday.

Thecommitteeshould(oughtto)beannouncingthedecisionbytomorrow.

Henryshould(oughtto)havearrivedonthe8:00train,buthedidn’t.

Youshould(oughtto)haveboughtthecarwhenitwasonsale.

EXERCISE125Read these sentences andmake logical conclusions, using the present orthefutureofprobability.

1.TomswamtheEnglishChannellastweek.

2.Johnhasfailedhisexams.

3.Halhaslost$500.

4.Nobodywantstohelphimwithhishomework.

5.Johnhasaslightfever.

6.Therearemanydarkcloudsinthesky.It’s80degreesoutside.

7.Therearemanydarkcloudsinthesky.It’s30degreesoutside.

8.XianandMaihavebeengoingtogetherforfiveyears.

9.Heislaughingveryhard.

10.Tomisveryfat.

11.Theyspendalotofmoneyatthebutcher’s.

12.TheSimpsonsownabigcar.

13.ItisveryhotandJennyandherfriendsareatthebeach.

14.Joseisverysad.

15.It’s8:00andtheplaybeginsat8:15.Wehavefartodrive.

16.Melworksveryhard.Heneedsmoremoney.

17.TheyleftNewYorkforMadridlastnight.They_________bynow.

18.ThedirectorhasjustofferedJamesabetterjob.

19.TodayisMary’sbirthday.She_________old.

20.Jakeisgivingaspeechthisafternooninclass.

Past probability guesses at a logical conclusion about a situation in thepast,butitdoesnotrelatetoactionsinthepresent.

Ican’tfindmywallet.Imusthaveleftitathome.

Peterreceiveda65percentonhistest.Hemustnothavestudied.

Mrs.Thomaspaid$1.29apound forchickenonMonday.Today it costs$1.59apound.Theymusthaveraisedtheprice.

Peterdidn’tattendthemeetinglastnight.Hewasprobablybusy.

It’s been10days sinceyouwrote the check. Ithasprobably cleared bynow.

EXERCISE126:WRITINGMakelogicalconclusionstothesesituationsinthepast.

1.Mrs.Kenleywastalkingwithaverydistinguishedgentlemenatthepartylastnight.He musthavebeensomeoneveryimportant (Hewasprobablysomeoneimportant.).

2.Whattimewasitwhenhearrived?It_________________________.

3.TheDuricaswonthelotterylastyear.They_________________________.

4.Tommyswamtheraceinrecordtime.He_________________________.

5.Jamesfailedallofhisfinalexams.He_________________________.

6.BobwenttoNewMexicolastweek.He_________________________.

7.Theyboughtayachtlastmonth.They_________________________.

8.Nancyleftthepartyearlylastnight.She_________________________.

9.Tedandhisbrotherweren’tinclassyesterday.They_________________________.

10.LastweekGarysawamoviestarringhisfavoriteactor_________________________.

11.Therewasalargepuddleintheyardthismorning.It_________________________.

12.Paulstudiedveryhardforallofhistestsandheknewthematerialwell.He_________________________.

13.Valwalked12milesafterhercarhadbrokendown.She_________________________.

14.Idepositedyourcheckinthebanklastweek.Thecashierdidn’tsayanythingtometoday.Yourcheck_________________________.

15.Whattimedidyouarrivelastnight?It_________________________.

16.HowmanypeopleattendedthelectureonTuesday?There_________________________.

17.WheredidCindyandLeogoontheirhoneymoon?They_________________________.

18.HowmanytimesdidLouieseethatmovie?He_________________________.

19.Howoldwereyouwhenthatpicturewastaken?I_________________________.

20.Whendidtheyannouncethewinners?They_________________________.

SUBJECT/VERBAGREEMENT

One of the biggest problems in writing correctly is that of getting thesubjectandverbtoagree.

Singularsubjectstakesingularverbs:

Thecatchasesthemouse.

Nobodywantstolistentothatsonganymore.

Pluralsubjects takepluralverbs.Nounsendinginavoweloraconsonantexceptch,sh,s,andxadd-stoformtheplural:

Thosegirlssinganddanceverywell.

Rosesarered;violetsareblue.

Nounsendinginch,sh,s,andxadd-es:

Theseprettydishesweremygrandmother’s.

Ourtaxesaregoingupagain.

Not all words ending in -s are plural. The following words are alwayssingularandhavenopluralform:

News can become a countable noun only by using the words stories oritems, i.e.news stories or news items.Measles can become plural by sayingcasesofmeasles.

IRREGULARPLURALS

Somewordsformtheirpluralswithoutadding-s.Theseirregularwordsarethefollowing:

*A louse is an insect that gets in your hair andmakes you scratch yourhead.Younevergetonlyone.

Mytoothhurts.Myteethhurt.

Alouseisaparasite.Liceareparasites.

NOTECompoundwords,suchasfootballandtoothbrush,formtheirplurals

accordingtotherules.Add-sand-es.

Allfivetoothbrusheshavethesameshape.

Theteamhadtobuynewfootballs.

Thefollowingwords,however,alwaysindicateapluralconceptandrequireapluralverb:

scissors glasses(eye)

pants both

many people

several

However, ifapairofprecedesscissors,pants,andglasses,useasingularverb.

Every andany and their forms (everyone, everything, etc.) and each arealwayssingularandtakeasingularverbandsingularpossessiveadjectives.

PROBLEMSWITHPREPOSITIONALPHRASES

Prepositionalphrasesarenotsubjects,sowhenyouhaveawordgroupthatincludes a prepositional phrase other than thosementioned below, look at thenounbeforethephrasetodeterminewhethertheverbwillbesingularorplural.

When no prepositional phrase follows some, then theword is plural andrequiresapluralverb.

However, when a prepositional phrase follows the word some, it is theobjectofthepreposition;thenumberoftheobjectdetermineswhethertheverbissingularorplural.

Whethereitherandneitheraresingularorpluraldependsonhowtheyareusedinthesentence.Wheneither...orandneither...norareusedtogether,whateverfollowsorandnordeterminesthenumberoftheverb.

NOTEWhenaprepositionalphrasefollowseitherorneither,theverbisalwayssingular.Rememberthatprepositionalphrasescannotbe

subjects.

Expressionslikealongwith,accompaniedby,togetherwith,andaswellasshouldbetreatedasiftheywereprepositionalphrases.

Althoughobjects of prepositions cannot be subjects, in a fewexceptionalcases they can determine whether the verb will be singular or plural. Thefollowingphrasescanbesingularorpluraldependingonthewordthatfollowsthem:

Theexpressionanumberofisalwaysfollowedbyapluralverb.

However,theexpressionthenumberofrequiresasingularverb.

Whenusing the -ing formof theverb (gerund)as thesubject,alwaysusethesingularformoftheverb.

Subjectsof theexpressionsusing [thereorhere+a formof theverbbe]always follow theverb.Find the subject first, and thendeterminewhether theverbshouldbesingularorplural.

Thewordonealwaysrequiresasingularverb.

EXERCISE127Inthisexercise,circlethecorrectformoftheverbforeachsentence.

FeedingtheBirds

Manypeople[pass(1)passes]throughMemorialParkeveryday.

Everybody[talk(2)talks]toMr.Parsons,anoldmanwho[sit(3)sits]ona

parkbenchand[feed(4)feeds]thebirds.They[fly(5)flies]nearand[peck

(6)pecks]atthebreadthathe[throw(7)throws]tothem.Themajorityof

thepeoplewho[come(8)comes]here[know(9)knows]Mr.Parsons.

Todayapairofbeautifulbluejays[approach(10)approaches]andhe[give

(11)gives]themsomewild-birdseedfromhishand.Alocaljournalist[see

(12)sees]thekindoldmanand[decide(13)decides]totalkwithhim.He

says,“Thenews[is(14)are]notalwaysgood,butsome[has(15)have]

moreappealthanothers.”Neitherthemannorthejournalist[speak(16)

speaks]forawhile.Alittleboy,accompaniedbyhissisters,[ride(17)

rides]byand[say(18)says]hello.Thenumberofpeoplepassingbytotalk

withMr.Parsons[is(19)are]increasing,sothejournalist[take(20)takes]

hisnotebooktointerviewsomeoneelse.

EXERCISE128Circlethecorrectformofeachofverb.

1.Thecolorofthosepants(clash,clashes)withthatofyourblouse.

2.Arthritis(is,are)aseriousdisease.

3.Everypersoninthisroom(has,have)aticketforthedoorprize.

4.NeitherChristienorhersistersever(walk,walks)toschool.

5.Someoftheflowers(is,are)wilted.

6.Thestudents,accompaniedbytheirparents,(is,are)leavingforafieldtrip.

7.Anumberofsimilartypesofplant(grow,grows)wellinthisclimate.

8.Manyofthegraduatesalready(has,have)summerjobs.

9.Eitherthemanagerorhissecretary(distribute,distributes)theemployees’paychecks.

10.Thisdictionary,aswellasthosetravelbooks,(is,are)onsalethisweek.

11.Alotofnewstudents(come,comes)toclassexpectingagreatdealofhomework.

12.Sixtypercentofthefoodsthatweeat(contain,contains)preservatives.

13.Thenumberofdaysinthebillingperiod(is,are)only20.

14.Two-thirdsofthecorncrop(was,were)savedafterthedrought.

15.(Was,Were)eitherofyouinthebuildingatthetimethatthealarmsounded?

16.Nobody(look,looks)atbacteriawiththenakedeye.

17.Neithertheinvestigatorsnorthescientist(offer,offers)asatisfactoryexplanationforthatoccurrence.

18.Themajorityofthenewsreports(say,says)thatthecrashwasdueto

enginefailure.

19.Oneofthemachines(break,breaks)downatleastonceamonth.

20.Neitherprofessionalsnoramateurs(photograph,photographs)withoutcheckingthelensfirst.

EXERCISE129Fillineachblankwiththecorrectformoftheverb.

1.Neithertheboysnortheircoach has (have)seenthecaptainoftheteam.

2.Alargenumberoffish________(be)swimmingdowntheriver.

3.Noone________(like)towritesuchlongassignments.

4.Eitherofthem________(be)aworthycandidatefortheaward.

5.Thesescissors________(need)tobesharpened.

6.There________(be)severalbooksonthedesk.

7.Theplanningcommittee________(want)toadoptthenewmeasuresverysoon.

8.Readinghorrorstories________(frighten)manypeople.

9.TheNavy________(train)manynewsailorseveryyear.

10.Everyathlete________(excel)inonesportoranother.

11.Mathematics________(require)alotoftimeandpractice.

12.Myteeth________(hurt)sinceIhadsurgery.

13.Everyday________(seem)likeaneternitysinceyouwenttoAtlanta.

14.Manypeople________(spend)toomuchmoneyonjunkfoods.

15.Apairofnewglasses________(cost)about$80.

16.Eachofthegifts________(represent)asymbolofmylove.

17.Someofthemoney________(go)forlivingexpenses.

18.Manyoftheproblems________(solve)themselvesafteryoulearnmoreaboutcomputers.

19.NeitherSandynorherbrothers________(drive)toschool.

20.Fortypercentofallaccidents________(occur)closetohome.

ACTIVEANDPASSIVEVOICE

VerbsinEnglishcanbeineithertheactiveorthepassivevoice,dependingonhowthewriterchoosestopresenttheaction.Intheactivevoice,thesubjectperforms the action, whether it is past, present, or future. The followingsentencesshowavarietyoftenses.

Thesunisshining.

Thechildranaftertheball.

WewillbevisitingourrelativesinOhio.

HasJoelreceivedhispackageyet?

Ifwehurry,wecanseetheparade.

Inalloftheabove,thesubjectperformedtheaction.Hereitwasimportanttoknowwhowasresponsiblefortheaction.

However,inthepassivevoice,thesubjectdoesnotperformtheactionbutratherreceivesit.Basically,thepassiveemphasizestheactionitself,ratherthantheperformerofthataction.Inmostcasestheperformer,knownastheagent,iseitherunimportantorunknown.

ThemagnificentTajMahalwasbuiltin1646A.D.

Doweknowwhothearchitectwas?No.Doesitmatter?No.

Active:subject+verb+directobject

ShakespearewroteRomeoandJuliet.

Passive:subject+verb+BY+agent(BE+pastparticiple)

RomeoandJulietwaswrittenbyShakespeare.

Noticehowthesubjectoftheactivevoicebecametheagentofthepassivevoice, andhow thedirect object of the activevoicebecame the subject of thepassivevoice.Inchangingfromactivetopassive,followthesamepattern.Oftenwe are interested in only the year and the purpose and not in the personwhoperformedtheaction.Thefollowingarecommonconstructionsusingthepassivevoice.

Utopiawaswrittenin1516.

LaPrimaverawaspaintedbyBotticelliin1478.

TheAmericanRedCrosswasfoundedin1881.

GeorgeW.Bushwaselectedpresident in2000andwasre-elected in2004.

Theprintingpresswasinventedin1450.

Noticetheelementsnecessaryforthiskindofconstruction.

subject+BE+pastparticiple+(BY+agent)

Thelastelementisinparenthesesbecausetheremaynotalwaysbeanagent(theoneresponsiblefortheaction)expressed.

Americawasdiscoveredin1492.(noagentindicated)

AmericawasdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbusin1492.(Heretheagentismentioned.)

Onlytransitiveverbscanbeusedwiththepassivevoice.Aformoftheverb(be+thepastparticiple)mustaccompanyeachverb,regardlessofthetense.

Yourapplicationisbeingprocessedrightnow.

TheflagisraisedovertheCapitoleverymorning.

OurnewgovernorwillbeinauguratednextMonday.

Thecommitteehasbeenappointedbythechairman.

Amy’shousehadbeenbuiltbeforetheoilcrisis.

When the auxiliariesmust, can, andmay are used, the passive voice isformedwithbeplusthepastparticipleofthemainverb.

Thelettermustbetypedthisafternoon.

Yourloancanbeapprovedquicklyifyouhaveagoodcreditrating.

Wemaybeinvitedtoaweddingnextmonth.

Lookathowtheactiveandpassivevoicearecontrasted.Bothofthemsaybasicallythesamething,butgrammaticallytheyaredifferent.

ActiveVoice PassiveVoice

Theteacherringsthebell. Thebellisrungbytheteacher.

Theteacherisringingthebell.

Thebellisbeingrungbytheteacher.

Theteacherrangthebell. Thebellwasrungbytheteacher.

Theteacherhadrungthebell.

Thebellhadbeenrungbytheteacher.

Theteacherwillringthebell.

Thebellwillberungbytheteacher.

EXERCISE130Changeeachsentencefromtheactivevoicetothepassive.Ifthesubjectisinparentheses,eliminateitinthepassive.

Example:Theteacherrangthebell.Thebellwasrungbytheteacher.

(Thedirector)calledthemeetingtoorder.Themeetingwascalledtoorderbythedirector.

1.(ArthurMiller)wroteDeathofaSalesmanin1949.

2.Theattackingtroopscapturedthefort.

3.ThomasJeffersondesignedMonticello.

4.(Manypeople)signedtheDeclarationofIndependenceinPhiladelphia.

5.(Theweatherman)ispredictingrainfortomorrow.

6.Theforestfiredestroyedmostoftheprairie.

7.Thelumberjackswillcutdownmanytreesinordertobuild12newhouses.

8.Thealtarserverlitthecandlesbeforetheceremonyhadbegun.

9.(Everyone)sangsongsafterthediscussion.

10.Thousandsofviewerswatchedthefinalepisodeoftheprogram.

11.(Noone)knowstheauthor’sname.

12.MelGibsondirectedPassion.

13.(Thegovernment)signedthetreatyin1863.

14.(Thepolice)issued500speedingticketsyesterday.

15.(They)willclosetheStockMarketonJuly4.

16.Channel5willfeatureaprogramonSpainonWednesday.

17.Thecommitteehasmadeplansforacelebration.

18.(Thegroup)hadtorndowntheoldchurchbefore1875.

EXERCISE131Changeeach sentence frompassive to activevoice. Ifnoagent isgiven,theninventsomeoneresponsiblefortheaction.

Examples:Abillrequiringeveryonetouseseatbeltswillbesignedbythegovernor.Thegovernorwillsignabillrequiringeveryonetouseseatbelts.

Themedicationwasprescribedbythedoctor.Thedoctorprescribedthemedication.Federalemployeeswereevacuatedfromthebuildingsduringtheriots.

Thepoliceevacuated federalemployees from thebuildingsduringtheriots.

1.Anewcarwasorderedbythesalesman.

2.Thewaterwasanalyzedbythetechniciantoseewhetheritwaspolluted.

3.Yourpackageisbeingsentairfreight.

4.Thenationalanthemwillbesungbeforethesoccermatch.

5.Frank’shouseisbeingpaintedthisweek.

6.Thefisharebeingcaughtinlargenumbers.

7.MuchtreasurefromthesunkenshipTheAtochahasbeendiscoveredbyMelFisher.

8.Myfavoritesongwasplayedbytheorchestra.

9.St.AugustinewasoccupiedbytheFrenchatonetime.

10.Nancy’sdresshadbeenboughtinAtlantatwoweeksbeforethewedding.

EXERCISE132:WRITINGBecause the agent or person responsible for each of these actions ismentioned, itwouldhavebeenbetter towrite thewholeparagraphin theactivevoice.Rewritethissothatalltheverbsareintheactivevoice.

BeautifulHawaii

TheplaneloadoftouristswasflownoutofLosAngelestowardHawaiibythepilot.Awonderfulmealwasservedonboardbytheflightcrew.Thebeautifulsceneryenroutetotheislandparadisewasenjoyedbythepassengers.Uponarrival,thetouristsweregreetedbynativewomenwearinggrassskirts.TheywereswayingtoHawaiianmelodiesofthetraditionalmusicthatwasplayedonukulelesbylocalmusicians.Thesemusicalinstrumentsareconsideredbymanytobenativetotheislands.Eachofthetouristswasgivenacolorfulleioftinyorchidsbyoneofthelovelywomen.Thevisitorswerewarmlyreceivedbythecitizensofthis

Pacificisland.

EXERCISE133:WRITINGReadthefollowingparagraphandchangethesentencesfrompassivevoicetoactivevoice.Rewritethewholeparagraph.

Stonehenge

Stonehenge,amegalithicstructurelocatedinEngland,wasbuiltbyanagriculturaltribeofsunworshipersin2750B.C.AnumberoftheoriesaboutthepurposeofsuchastructurehavebeenproposedaboutthemysteryofStonehenge.Themostacceptedtheoryregardingitssignificancewasdevisedin1963byaBritishastronomer,GeraldS.Hawkins.ItwasbelievedthatStonehengewasagiantstonecalendarandobservatory.Thepointatwhichthesunroseduringthemidsummersolsticewasmarkedby“heelstones”inthecenterofthecomplex.Accordingtoanthropologists,religiousritesdatingbacktothetimeofAtlantiswereperformedbyareligioussectcalledDruids.Itwasdiscoveredbyscientists,however,thathistoricallyandchronologicallytheDruidsandStonehengewerefromdifferenteras.

Mostwritingwillbeintheactivevoiceratherthaninthepassive.However,if you arewriting a lot about historical events or scientific accounts, youwillfindthatthepassiveispreferred,mainlybecausethoseresponsiblefortheactionare unknown or else unimportant. These written accounts are usually lessforcefulthanthosedescribedintheactivevoice.

SUBJUNCTIVE

InEnglishtherearethreemoodsorwaystoexpresstheactionoftheverbs,awriterorspeakeruses.Theyareindicative(allofthetensesalreadystudiedinthisunit)whichindicatestherealworld,thatwhichishappening,hashappened,or will happen. The imperative or commands in which the speaker orderssomeone todoornot todosomething.Thesubjunctive represents theunreal,contrary to fact, or form whereby the speaker wants someone else to dosomething. The subjunctive is not used as often as the other two moods in

English.Sentencesusingthesubjunctivealwayscontaintwoclauses,onemainandonedependent,twodifferentsubjects,andtheconjunctionthat.

S1+V1+THAT+S2+V2(subjunctive)

(mainclause) (dependentclause)

The verb in the subjunctive is always the simple form, one thatdoesnotshowtimeoragreement.Thereisnosequenceoftensesbetweenthemainclauseandthedependentclause.

ThedoctorsuggeststhatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)ThedoctorsuggestedthatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)ThedoctorwillsuggestthatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)

Themainclauseisalwaysthefirstofthetwoandmustcontainoneofthefollowingverbs:

Thegeneralcommandedthathistroopsstandatattention.

Motherwillinsistthatwenotgocampingthisweekend.

Thenutritionistprefers thatAbduldrink eight glasses ofwater eachday.

Rather than use the subjunctive, many people prefer to eliminate theconjunction that and use an indirect object and the infinitive. It is understoodthat the indirect object will be responsible for performing the action of theinfinitive.

subject+verb+indirectobject+infinitive

Theuniversityrequiresustotakefourmathcourses.

Thepoliceorderedthedemonstratorstoleaveatonce.

Thedirectorwillrequestallmusicianstoarriveearly.

Iurgethemtostayanotherweekortwo.

Anumberof impersonalexpressions (it+be+adjective) canbeused inthemainclausewith the subjunctive in thedependent clause.Again, themainverb(be)canbeinanytenseandthereisnosequenceoftenses.

IT+verbBE+adjective+THAT+S2+V2(subjunctive)

Thefollowingadjectivescanbeusedintheimpersonalexpressions:

Itwasadvisedthatallresidentsleavethestormarea.

It is better that the professor notdiscuss his controversial theory inclass.

Itwillbepreferablethattouristsnotdrivethroughthejungle.

ItisobligatorythatMartapayherfeesatonce.

Iftheitphraseisreplacedbyapersonresponsiblefortheaction, thentheinfinitiveisusedwiththeseadjectives:

Thisisthenewsentencepattern:

S(person)+verbBE+adjective+infinitive

Youwereadvisedtoregisterimmediately.

Wearerequiredtowearashirtandshoesinthere.

Estherwillbeurgedtostudyeconomicsthisyear.

Anotherwaytogetaroundusingthesubjunctiveistoeliminatethechangeofsubjectandtheconjunctionthatandusetheinfinitive.

IT+verbBE+adjective+infinitive

Itwillbeimperativetostudyeverynight.

Itisobligatorytopaytaxeseveryyear.

Itwasurgenttodiscussyourmedicalproblemimmediately.

Itisbettertowaitforalowerinterestrate.

EXERCISE134Writeeitherthesubjunctiveortheinfinitiveformoftheverb.

1.Anissaaskedherbrothersnot_________(tease)hersomuch.

2.Thedeanrequeststhatyou_________(see)himthisafternoon.

3.Idemandthatthey_________(apologize)immediately.

4.Theteacherwillrecommendthatwe_________(take)theexamonFriday.

5.Itwasnecessary_________(write)totheadmissionsoffice.

6.ItisimperativethatSaud_________(drive)toclass.

7.Itisbetter_________(eat)threegoodmealseveryday.

8.Weurgedthem_________(visit)themuseumthisweek.

9.MyparentsinsistedthatI_________(live)closetocampus.

10.Youarerequested_________(appear)atgraduationceremonies.

11.Danawasadvised_________(be)cautiousonhertripabroad.

12.Youwillbeurged_________(accept)thenewposition.

13.ItwillbedesirablethattheMurphyfamily_________(move)toalargerhouse.

14.Iwasadvised_________(give)upsmokingformyhealth.

15.Mandyrequiredus_________(arrive)nolaterthan8p.m.

16.Itispreferable_________(study)inthelibraryratherthaninthecafeteria.

17.Itwillbeimportant_________(pay)thisbillontime.

18.Theoldmanorderedthereporters_________(get)offhispropertybeforehecalledthepolice.

19.Rowenainsistedthatherboyfriend_________(dance)onlywithher.

20.Peterpreferredthathisfriends_________(swim)inthepool,notinthelake.

Another example of using the subjunctive relates to unreal situations andhastheverbwish in themainclause. If thesituationwerereal,youwouldnotwishforachange.TheconjunctionthatisoftenomittedinspokenEnglish.Thesubjunctivehere looks like thepast tense thatyoustudiedbefore. It really isaformofthesubjunctive.Theonlyformoftheverbbeforpresentwishesiswere.Thepatternforthisuseofthesubjunctiveandawishinthepresentisasfollows:

S1+WISH+THAT+S2+pasttense

TimisinCalifornia.Iwishthathewerehere.

TodayisThursday.ThechildrenwishthatitwereSaturday.

Idon’thavetime.IwishthatIhadtime.

Wecan’tgosurfing.Wewishthatwecouldgosurfing.

Itispossibletohavethesamesubjectforboththemainandthedependentclauses.

Awish in the past requires sequence of tenses. It also looks at an unrealsituationrelatedeithertonowortothepast.Followthispattern:

S+WISH{present/past}+THAT+HAD+pastparticiple

Presentwishesrelatedtopastactions:

Ourfriendsdecidednottovisitthisweek.

Wewish(now)thattheyhadvisitedus.

Theweatherwashotanddryalllastweek.

Iwish(now)thatithadrainedalittle.

Theboyswenttocamplastsummer.

Theirmotherwishes(now)thattheyhadn’tgonetocamp.

Pastwishesrelatedtopastactions:

Joandidn’tstudySpanishincollege.

After Sally hadmoved toMexico, shewished that she had studiedSpanish.

In1982mysonboughtaconvertible.

Laterhewishedhehadboughtapracticalcar.

TheJohnsonswantedalovelyhouseinthevalley.

Theywishedthatithadn’tbeensoexpensive.

EXERCISE135Changeeachofthefollowingwishesfromthepresenttopast.Useapastexpression,andthenrewritethewholesentence.

Example:Wewishyouhadmoretimetovisit.Wewishyouhadhadmoretimelastweek.

1.IwishthatIweregoingtoSwitzerland.

2.Thestudentswishthattheyhadmoretimetostudy.

3.Nancywishesthatshecouldcooklikehergrandmother.

4.WewishTimwereherefortheparty.

5.Theywishthattheydidn’thavetotakesomanymathclasses.

6.Youwishthatwecouldgettogethermoreoften.

7.Iwishitweren’tsnowingsohard.

8.Wewishthatthisbusdriverdidn’thavetomakesomanystops.

9.Margiewishesthatshecouldtypefaster.

10.Myparentswishthatsomeonewouldbuytheirhouse.

EXERCISE136:WRITINGImaginethatyouhavejustfoundanoldoillamp.Asyouruboffsomeofthedust,agenieappearsandtellsyouthathewillgrant10wishesthatyoucan make for your friends. Using 10 different verbs, wish somethingdifferent(pastorpresent)foreachofyourfriends.

EXERCISE137Fillinthecorrectformoftheverb,usingtheclues.

1.IwishthatI_________(buy)thecoatwhenitwasonsale.

2.Davewishesthathe_________(negativefordrive)sofast,becausehegotaticket.

3.Harryarrivedlatefortheinterviewandwishedthathe_________(got)upearlier.

4.Thetrafficisterriblerightnow,andwewishthatwe_________(take)anotherroute.

5.Johnwishesthathe_________(have)themoneyforsomelotteryticketsbecausethejackpotis$20million.

6.IwishI_________(know)howtorepaircarsbecausemineisalwayshavingproblems.

7.Jakewishesthathe_________(negativefordrink)somuchatthepartylastnight,becausehehasahangoverthismorning.

8.Mymotherwishesthatthebreeze_________(dry)herclothesinahurrysothatshecouldgettheminbeforeitrains.

9.Elizabethwishesshe_________(negativeforbe)sicklastweekbecauseshehassomuchworktodonowtocatchup.

10.IwishthatI_________(read)asfastasyousothatIcouldfinishthisnoveltonight.

EXERCISE138:WRITINGMelanieandherroommatewenttoaspecialbirthdaypartylastnight,buteverythingseemedtogowrongforthem.Rewritetheparagraph,retellingwhattheywishhadorhadnothappened.

Solangehadtoworklate.Ihadtowaitforhertoshoweranddress.Wearrivedlateatthepartyandmissedalotofthefun.JohnnyDurango,ahotnewlocalsinger,sangacoupleofsongs,butwedidn’thearhim.Therehadbeenalotofgreatfood,butweateonlytheleftovers.PeteSinclair,ahandsomeguyinmybiologyclass,wouldn’tdancewithme.Iwastooshytoaskhimtodance.Solangedranktoomuch,andshegotsickattheparty.Shelostherkeys,soTomofferedtodriveushome.He’ssuchabore!Solangewenttobedat11,andIwatchedtelevision.Ishouldhavestayedhomethatnight!

SAYANDTELL

Althoughbothsayand tellmeanbasically thesame thing, theycannotbeusedinterchangeably.

Sayisusedwhenthewordthatintroducesasubordinateclause.

subject+SAY+THAT+subject+verb+complement(subordinateclause)

Thenewpresidentsaidthathewouldnotraisetaxes.

PaulsaidthathehadvisitedCanadaeverysummerfortenyears.

Sayisusedwithdirectspeech—thatis,whenthewordsofthespeakerarerepeatedexactlyashesaidthem.

subject+SAY,+“subject+verb+complement”

Tedsaid,“Ihavefinishedmywork,andI’mgoinghome.”

Ourguestspeakerwillsay,“Nowisthetimeforaction.”

Sayisneverfollowedbytoandanindirectobject.

Tonysaysthathewilltakeageologycoursenextsemester.

Fredsaidthathehadtalkedwithhisbossabouttheraise.

Tellisusuallyfollowedbyanindirectobject(thepersontowhomthewordsarespoken),that,andthesubordinateclause.

subject+TELL+indirectobject+THAT+subject+verb+complement(subordinateclause)

Sandra told her sisters (indirect object) that the party was to be asurprise.

Bettytoldus(indirectobject)thattheclasshadbeencanceled.

Tellisneverusedwithdirectquotations.

Tellisusedwithcertainwordsandphrasesinidiomaticexpressions.

Someonetoldthesecret,andnoweveryoneknows.

Childrenusuallylearntotelltimeinthesecondgrade.

Thejudgetoldthewitnesstotellthetruth.

Theboystoldalieaftertheyhadbrokenthewindow.

Whencomedianstellajoke,everyoneusuallylaughs.

Mrs.Rosmantoldherkindergartenclassafunnystory.

Tomwassoangrythathetoldhisbossoff.

SEQUENCEOFTENSES

Thetimerelationshipthatexistsbetweentwoverbsinasentenceiscalledsequence of tenses. The verbs say and tell most commonly deal with thisrelationship, because they concern themselves with relating past, present, andfutureevents.Observethefollowingrulesforselectingthecorrectverbtenses:

Say Tell

Joesaysthatheplaystenniseveryday. Joetellsusthatheplaystenniseveryday.

Joesaysthatheisplayingtennisnow. Joetellsusthatheisplayingtennisnow.

Joesaysthathehasplayedinanumberoftournaments.

Joetellsusthathehasplayedinmanytournaments.

JoesaysthathewillplayatWimbledonnextyear.

JoetellsusthathewillplayatWimbledonnextyear.

Phyllissaidthatshedrankacupofcoffeeforluncheveryday.

Phyllistoldhimthatshedrankacupofcoffeeforluncheveryday.

Phyllissaidthatshewasdrinkingacupofcoffeewhenthedoorbellrang.

Phyllistoldhimthatshewasdrinkingcupofcoffeewhenthedoorbellrang.

Phyllissaidthatshehaddrunksomecoffeeinthecafeteriabeforecomingtoclass.

Phyllistoldhimthatshehaddrunksomecoffeeinthecafeteriabeforecomingtoclass.

Phyllissaidthatshewoulddrinkalotofcoffeewhilestudyingforherexams.

Phyllistoldhimthatshewoulddrinklotofcoffeewhilestudyingforherexams.

EXERCISE139

EXERCISE139Circlethecorrectform.

1.Todd(said,told)usthathewasplanningahuntingtrip.

2.“Supperisready,”(said,told)thehostess.

3.Barry(says,tells)thatthereisagoodmovieontelevisiontonight.

4.Whendidthephotographer(say,tell)youthatthephotographswouldbeready?

5.Lecturersusually(say,tell)astorybeforetheybegintospeak.

6.Thewitnesshas(said,told)thetruthabouttheaccident.

7.“Don’tpointyourfingeratme,”(said,told)Helen.

8.Cananyone(say,tell)mewhathappenedlastnight?

9.Mrs.Mullensis(saying,telling)hergrandsonaboutherlifeasachild.

10.Nobodyhas(said,told)anyonethedetailsoftheproposedtrip.

EXERCISE140Decidewhethereachsentencerequiressayortell.Makeyourverbchoiceagreewiththetenseoftheotherverbsused.

1.Thechildreninthefirstgradewerelearning_________time.

2.Tonyalways_________thathewillarriveontime,butheneverdoes.

3.NothingSheilaever_________madeanysenseuntilrecently.

4.LastweekDick_________hisstudentsthattheywouldhavetowriteatermpaperthissemester.

5.Andy_________,“Itiscertainlyalovelydayforapicnic.”

6.Thegovernmentwon’t_________usanythingmoreabouttheproject.

7.Howlongwillitbebeforetheinterviewer_________ustheresults?

8.DidCarl_________youthathewasgoingtobuyaboat?

9.Ed_________thatheplanstogofishingthisweekend.

10.Thegirls_________thattheirexhibitisbetterthantheboys’.

In going from direct to indirect speech, many changes take place. Thequotationmarksareeliminated.Thewordthatisused.Theverbinthequotationusuallychangestensetoagreewith theverbin themainclause.Pronounsalsochangeintheindirectspeech.Observethesepronounchanges:

Thebosssays,“Iwanteveryonehereat8:00sharp.”

Thebosssaysthathewantseveryonehereat8:00sharp.

Mymothersaid,“Youneedtowearyourcoat.”

MymothersaidthatIneededtowearmycoat.

Ourmothersaid,“Youneedtowearyourcoats.”

Ourmothersaidthatweneededtowearourcoats.

Theverbinthesubordinateclause,too,willdifferaccordingtowhethertheverbisinaquotationorinindirectspeech.

The examples below demonstrate how using indirect speech affects thetense of the subordinate verb. The first three pairs use present-tensemain (orspeaking) verbs, and the rest use past-tense main verbs. (The words inparentheses are the names of the tenses of the subordinate verbs, which areunderscored.)

Olgaalwayssays,“Ihavetostudyinthelibrary.”(present)Olgaalwayssaysthatshehastostudyinthelibrary.(present)

Pedrosays,“Iwillbehomelatetonight.”(future)Pedrosaysthathewillbehomelatetonight.(future)

Diosaystotheclass,“Studytheirregularverbs.”(command)Diotellstheclasstostudytheirregularverbs.(infinitive)

Beverlysaid,“Iamlearningtoplaytheguitar.”(presentprogressive)Beverlysaidthatshewaslearningtoplaytheguitar.(pastprogressive)

Dollysaid,“Iwillbakeacakefortheparty.”(future)Dollysaidthatshewouldbakeacakefortheparty.(conditional)

Silvano said, “We have investigated the matter thoroughly.” (presentperfect)Silvanosaidthattheyhadinvestigatedthematterthoroughly.(pastperfect)

Pavelsaid,“Youowemetwentyfivedollarsforthepainting.”(present)PavelsaidthatIowedhim$25forthepainting.(past)

The doctor said to the patient, “You can play tennis again if you arecareful.”(present)Thedoctortoldhispatientthatshecouldplaytennisagainifshewasmorecareful.(conditional)

Marvinsaid,“Wehaveachemistrytesttoday.”(present)Marvinsaidthatwehadachemistrytesttoday.(past)

Eleanorasaid,“Ireadthatbooklastyear.”(past)Eleanorasaidthatshehadreadthatbooklastyear.(pastperfect)

Janesaid,“Writeyournameonyourtimesheetandturnitin.”(command)Janesaidtowritemynameonthetimesheetandhanditin.(infinitive)

NOTEWhenyouuseverbsrequestinginformation(ask,inquire),thepatternforindirectspeechusuallyuseswhetherorifinsteadofthat.The

yes/noquestionsnowbecomeembeddedinthesentence.Donotuseaquestionmarkunlessthewholesentenceisaquestion.Thewordorder

fortheembeddedquestionalsochanges.

Directspeech:

Normalquestion:auxiliary+S+V

Weasked,“Willtherebeenoughsnowonthemountainsforskiing?”

Ponce is asking the travel agent, “Will we make a stopover inMadeira?”

Indirectspeech:

Embeddedquestion:WHETHER/IF+S+V

Weaskedwhether(if)therewouldbeenoughsnowonthemountainsforskiing.

Ponceisaskingthetravelagentif(whether)wewillmakeastopoverinMadeira.

The following sentences are questions and require the use of a questionmark.Noticetheembeddedquestion.

AreyousurethatDaddywillaskmewhatIwantformybirthday?

DidhesaywhenGlenwouldarrive?

Hasanyonetoldyouwherethepartywillbe?

Didn’twetellhimhowhehadtodressfortheinterview?

NOTEOfteninspokenEnglishandsometimesinwrittenform,thatis

omittedwithsayconstructions.

Shesays(that)heishere.Icanfeelhispresence.

Henrysaid(that)youwouldbehappytoseeus.

Whenyouseetwoclauseslikethesejoinedwithoutaconjunction,mentallyinsertthatforindirectspeech.

EXERCISE141:WRITINGRewrite these sentences, changing fromdirect speech to indirect speech.Refertothetableonpage280ifyouarehavingproblemsdecidingonthecorrectform.Makeanynecessarychangesaswell.

Example:Hanksaid,“IwillseeyouonFriday.”HanksaidthathewouldseemeonFriday.

1.Helenasked,“Whereishegoingatthishour?”

2.Theprojectdirectorsaid,“Wewillraiseenoughmoneytofinishconstructionofthenewrecreationcenter.”

3.Dr.Jansensaid,“Yourcaseisunusual.”

4.Noonemovedwhenthepresidentsaid,“Iamresigningmyoffice.”

5.Yolandainquired,“Whatkindofjobisit?”

6.Columbosaid,“Iwonderwherethemurderweaponis.”

7.Intomorrow’sspeech,theambassadorwillsay,“Weneedtonegotiatethistreaty.”

8.Dannyaskedhisteacher,“Whenwilltheexambe?”

9.MarkAntonysaid,“IhavecometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.”

10.“DoesHarlanknowhowtofillinthesetaxforms?”askedSaundra.

11.“Whatcanwedotoimprovethepark?”askedthemayor.

12.Thestrikerssaid,“Wewillnotreturnuntilworkingconditionsimprove.”

13.“HowsillyDebralooksinthatdress!”saidtheoldlady.

14.“There’snothingleftforustodo,”saidtheunhappyfloodvictims.

15.Florainsistedbysaying,“Iwilldiscussthismatterwithyoursupervisorimmediately.”

16.Miloalwayssays,“Nobodyunderstandsme.”

17.Thepolicemansaid,“I’mafraidIwillhavetogiveyouaticketforspeeding.”

EXERCISE142Ifanindirectobjectisindicatedinparentheses,changetheverbtotellandincorporatetheindirectobjectintothesentence.

Example:Solangesaid,“Iwillbereturningtomycountrynextmonth.”(classmates)Solange told her classmates that shewould be returning tohercountrynextmonth.

1.Janesaid,“Iplanonattendingthemeeting?”(me)

2.AfamousAmericanpatriotsaid,“Don’tfireuntilyouseethewhitesoftheireyes.”(hissoldiers)

3.Thecustomsinspectorsaid,“Openthatlargesuitcase.”(us)

4.Thebossreplied,“Ifyouworkveryhard,youwillbepromotedsoon.”(Thomas)

5.Thewitnessreplied,“Ihavenothingmoretosay.”(judge)

6.Trudyissaying,“Thejudges’decisionwillbefinal.”(contestants)

7.Therestaurantmanagersaid,“Iamsorrythatyoudidnotenjoyyourvealcutlet.”(customer)

8.Kerrysaid,“Thecompanyhastoconcentrateonfindingasolutiontotheproblem.”(agroupofphysicists)

EXERCISE143:WRITINGChange the following paragraph to indirect speech.Make any necessarytenseandpronounchanges.Changesaidtotoldiffollowedbyto+indirectobject.

YesterdayCarlosandIwenttovisitsomefriendsofours.Whilewewerethere,ourhostsaid,“Iwanttomakeanadditiontomyhouse,andIamlookingforsomeonetohelpmewiththeproject.”Carlosreplied,“Iaminterestedinyourproject,andwillgladlyhelpyouwithit.”

Afterhearingthat,ourhostsaidtoCarlos,“IwillshowyouexactlywhatIplantodo,andyoucangivemesomesuggestionsonhowtodoit.”

Whilethemenwerelookingatthehouse,ourhostesstookmeintotheirgreenhouseandshowedmeherlovelycollectionofplants.Shesaidtome,“Thisisthefirstyearthatallofmyplantshavebloomed.”Ithenaskedher,“Doesn’tthecoldbotherthem?”Shereplied,“Ihadasmallgasheaterinstalledtouseoncoldnights.”

Weallwentinsidetodiscussplansforthenewproject.

EXERCISE144Circlethecorrectanswer.

1.Thepainter(said,told)mymotherthathewouldpaintthedoorgreen.

2.Victor(said,told)thathehadalreadygivenhisbrotherthekeystothecar.

3.Themailman(said,told)usnottoputbigpackagesinthebox.

4.Jose’scoachcalledand(said,told)himthatthebaseballgamehadbeencanceled.

5.Pasquale(said,told)hisdaughterasecretthatshekeptfortenyears.

6.Jody(said,told),“Ihaveadentalappointmentinonehour.”

7.TheSpanishteachercan’t(say,tell)ajokeinEnglish.

8.Thetourist(said,told)aliethatthecustomsofficialdetectedatonce.

9.Manylittlechildrencan’t(say,tell)time.

10.Thelecturer(said,told)thataslidepresentationwouldfollowistalk.

11.Cory(said,told)usatruestoryaboutoneofhisexpeditionstoGuatemala.

12.Bridget(said,told)thetruthdespitetheconsequences.

13.NowRufus(says,tells)thathewantstogotothemovies.

14.Theanthropologistalways(says,tells)hisaudienceajokebeforebeginninghislecture.

15.Someone(said,told)methatwewouldbemovingtoanotherofficesoon.

16.Randy(said,told)thathewasoutofbreathbecausehehadrunsofast.

17.Allison(said,told),“IwishIhadmyowntelephone.”

18.Bruce’sparents(said,told)thattheywereverypleasedwiththeirson’sgrades.

19.Liana(said,told)thatherdaughterwasgettingadollforChristmas.

20.Michael’suncle(said,told)himthathewouldhelphimbuyacar.

EXERCISE145:WRITINGChange each sentence to a direct statement. Remember the rules forsequenceoftenses.

Example:GlentoldhisfriendsthathewashavingapartyonSaturdaynight.

Answer:Glensaid,“IamhavingapartyonSaturdaynight.”

1.TheprofessortoldTomthattheclasswouldmeetat11.

2.MyfriendsaidthattheyweregoingtoEuropeforthespring.

3.Johnsaidthathealwaysfeltbetterinthemorning.

4.Marysaidthatshewasgoingtothedancetonight.

5.ThesecretarytoldMr.Jonesthatsherememberedmailingtheletter.

6.Frank’sdaughtertoldhimthatherfriendhadgraduatedwithhonors.

7.Thedoctortoldthenursethatheneededherhelp.

8.Johnaskedwherewehadgoneonourvacationlastmonth.

9.Thelawyeraskedwherethecourthousewas.

10.Thestudentsaskedwhentheclasswouldbegin.

EXERCISE146:WRITINGChangeeachsentencetoindirectspeech.

Example: The teacher said, “Class, there will be an exam nextWednesday.”

Answer: The teacher told the class that therewould be an exam onWednesday.

1.Ourneighborssaid,“Wearegoingtobuyanewcar.”

2.Thepoliticiansaid,“Povertywillbeabolished.”

3.Theprofessorsaid,“Thestudentsareallpresent.”

4.ThelawyersaystoMr.Green,“IthinkIcanhelpyou.”

5.Thesenatorwillsaytohisconstituents,“Iaminterestedinconservation.”

6.Theguestsaidtothehostess,“Yourdinnerisdelicious.”

7.Thecoachsaidtotheplayers,“Youhavetopracticemore.”

8.MaryaskedJohn,“Doyouenjoyclassicalmusic?”

9.Thewaitressaskedme,“Areyoureadytoorder?”

10.Thediplomatasked,“Hasthemeetingbegunyet?”

EXERCISE147Decidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisincorrect.

1.Althoughtheorganizationbeself-sufficient,itisinneedofvolunteerstohelpcarryoutitsnewprojects.A.be

AlthoughtheorganizationB.inneedofC.tohelpcarryD.its

2.Thecauseoftheairplanecrashcanhavebeenamalfunctioningrightpropeller.A.ThecauseB.canC.aD.malfunctioning

3.Havingwentonapicnicyesterday,wepickedwildflowersinthepark.A.wentB.aC.pickedD.the

4.Itmustberaininglastnight,becausetherearelargepuddlesaroundtheyard.A.berainingB.thereC.largeD.aroundtheyard

5.Thedirectorwasdependonhisstafftogetallthereportstothestockholdersbeforethedeadline.A.wasdependB.togetC.tothestockholders

D.the

6.Weheardthatourfriendswonthedean’sawardforexcellenceincontributionstotheeducationalprogram.A.thatB.wonC.forD.tothe

7.Martatoldherteacherthatshealreadyreadtheassignedbookandaskedherforanotherassignment.A.herteacherB.alreadyreadC.assignedD.another

8.Petewashavingtheequivalentofacollegedegreewithallhisworkexperienceinthatfieldandhison-the-jobtraining.A.washavingB.collegedegreeC.workexperienceD.on-the-job

9.Ifthemusicianswouldn’thaveplayedsoloudly,theaudiencewouldhaveenjoyedthepresentationmore.A.theB.wouldn’thaveplayedC.loudlyD.enjoyed

10.Whenacatishappy,itwilllaydownwithitsfrontpawstuckedunderitschestandpurrwithitseyesclosed.A.itB.lay

C.underD.closed

11.Theplayerstrytomakeasfewcontactaspossiblewiththeopposingteamtoavoidpenalties.A.tomakeB.fewC.opposingD.penalties

12.Houseslookespeciallynicewhentheyhavebeenbuildedatthefootofthemountainsorclosetoaflowingstreamorriver.

A.especially B. when C. builded D. flowing

13.Neithertheboysnortheirsoccercoachhaveseenthecaptainorthemembersoftheopposingteamssincetheyarrived.A.haveB.opposingC.sinceD.arrived

14.Beforewecanlayoutthepatternandcutthismaterial,someoneneedssharpenthesedullscissors.A.layoutB.cutC.sharpenD.these

15.WouldTedhavedonethatifheknewtheconsequencesbeforehestartedtocampaignforthepresidency?A.doneB.knewC.started

D.forthepresidency

16.Thechildrenpromisedtheirparentstonoteatthecakewhiletheyweregoneandwaituntilaftersupper.A.theirB.tonoteatC.weregoneD.untilafter

17.Ellen’saccustomedtointerpretforherforeignstudentswhentheyhaveproblemsunderstandingthegrammarandvocabulary.A.tointerpretB.whenC.haveD.understanding

TestonVerbsReadthefollowingstoryaboutHans’shospitalvisitanddecidewhetherthe

underlinedverbistheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.Somearecorrectaswritten.Multiplechoiceanswersfollowthestory.

VisitingtheEmergencyRoom

LastweekmyfriendHansfellwhileheplayedsoccerandinjuredhisleg.

(2)HewasinsomuchpainthatIsuggestedthathegotothehospital.(3)Hanswasafraidthattheywouldkeephimthere,andbecausehecouldnotspeakthelanguagewell,hewouldnotbeabletocommunicatewiththedoctorsandnurses.(4)Iassuredhimthatthatwasnotthecase,andthathewouldgetverygoodtreatmentintheemergencyroom.(5)Hanswantedtogotothepharmacytogetsomepainkillersandthentogohomeandrest.(6)Iexplainedthathecouldnotgetpainkillersoverthecounter,andthatheneedsadoctor’sprescription.

(7)Whenwearrivedatthehospital,thereweresevenpeoplewaitingwithvariousproblems:largebleedingcutovertheeye,abrokenarm,foodpoisoning,andafewotherundisclosedmedicalproblems.(8)ItellHansthathewouldhavetospeaktothereceptionistfirst.(9)Finally,anolderreassuringwomancalledhisname,andwegouptoherdesk.

(10)Firstofall,sheaskedtoseehisinsurancecardandID.(11)Sheaskedhisname,address,andphonenumberandwhatiswrongwithhim.(12)Shegiveshimafour-pagequestionnairetofillout.

(13)Hanswasupsetbecausehehastoanswersomanyquestions.(14)Hedidn’tthinkthattohavechickenpox,mumps,andpastoperationswhenhewaslittlemadeanydifferencenow.(15)Hecouldnotunderstandwhytheywantedtoknowabouthisfamily’smedicalhistoryaswell.(16)Helaughedloudlywhenhereadsthequestions“Areyoupregnantordoyouthinkyoumightbepregnant?”“Areyoutakinganyillegaldrugs?”(17)Hewonderedhowmanypeoplewouldhonestlyadmittotakingthesedrugs!!

(18)Hansreturnedthequestionnairetothereceptionistandwaswaitedhisturn.(19)Hansbecomesupsetafterwaitingfortwohours.(20)Finally,hesawthedoctor,whosaysthathewasluckytohaveonlyasprainedknee.(21)Thedoctorgavehimanicepackandsomepainpillsandtoldhimtokeephislegelevatedandtoputtheicepackontoreducetheswelling.

(22)TwoweekslaterHanswillreceiveabillfromthehospital.(23)Hewasgladthathisinsurancepaidthe$250andallhehadtopaywas$30!WhatanexpensivevisitandanotherlessoninAmericanculturalshock!!

1.A.wasplaying B.played C.plays

2.A.goes B.go C.went

3.A.wouldkeep B.willkeep C.werekeeping

4.A.willget B.wouldget C.wouldhavegotten

5.A.go B.togo C.going

6.A.wouldneed B.needs C.wasneeding

7.A.towait B.waiting C.waswaited

8.A.tell B.wastelling C.told

9.A.go B.wouldgo C.went

10.A.tosee B.saw C.see

11.A.is B.was C.hadbeen

12.A.gives B.gave C.hadgiven

13.A.has B.had C.washaving

14.A.tohave B.having C.had

15.A.can B.could C.couldhave

16.A.reads B.read C.willread

17.A.wouldadmit B.willadmit C.wereadmitting

18.A.waswaited B.waited C.waiting

19.A.becomes B.became C.willbecome

20.A.said B.says C.hadsaid

21.A.keep B.keeping C.tokeep

22.A.willreceive B.hasreceived C.received

23.A.hadpaid B.paid C.willpay

ESLCHAPTER11Test-TakingTechniques

Chapter11

TEST-TAKINGTECHNIQUES

Time management is probably the most important thing to consider inpreparing for tests.Your review can take place a number ofways: immediatereview after class, short daily reviews, and final review. If you reviewwithinsevenhoursofyourclass,youaremorelikelytorememberthematerialthanifyouwait aweekormore.Research shows that ifyoudono reviewwithin24hours,youcouldforgetasmuchas80percentofwhatyoulearned.Ideallyyoushould reviewall thematerial for shortperiodseveryday inorder tokeep theideas fresh inyourmind. Inaddition, try tosetupasystemofkeywords thatwillhelpyouwiththedifferentcoursesyouaretaking.

You can deviseacronyms, newwords formed by using the first letter ofotherwords, to remember some of the concepts. The following acronyms areusedindifferentclassestohelpstudentstorememberandtopreparefortests.

ROYGBIVwillhelpinartclasstorememberthevisiblecolorspectrum:red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,violet

CHONPSwillhelpinchemistrytorememberthegasesintheatmosphere:carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,phosphorus,sulfur

PIHEC inbiologywill helpwith the scientificmethod: state theproblem,gather information, create a hypothesis (theory), perform anexperiment,drawyourconclusion

PEMDAS represents the order forworking algebra problems: parenthesis,exponents,multiply,divide,add,subtract

IPMAT in biology shows steps to remember in stages of cell division:Interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase

FOILinalgebrashowstheprocessofmultiplyingbinomialsandtrinomials:first,outer,inner,last

FACEtorememberthenotesonamusicstaffthatfallbetweenthelines

WEDDING is a concept used by someSpanish teachers to help studentsrememberwhichcategoriesofverbsrequirethesubjunctivemood:

Wishing, Emotion, Doubt, Denial, Impersonal Expressions,Imperative,andIndefiniteAntecedents,NegativeAntecedents,andGustar

HOMEShelpsrememberthenamesoftheGreatLakes:

Huron,Ontario,Michigan,Erie,Superior

Each of the above-mentioned groups spells a word, sometimes anonexistentword,thatwillhelpyourememberaconcept.

Anothermemorydeviceiscalledanacrostic.Heresentencesarecreatedbymaking words stand for the first latter of each element you are trying toremember.

KHDODCMishelpfulwhenworkingwiththemetricsystem:

Kids Have Dropped Over Dead Converting Metrics [Kilometers,Hectares,Decameters,Others (meters, liters, grams),Decimeters,Centimeters,Millimeters]

EGBDFforrememberingthenotesonthestafflinesinmusic:

EveryGoodBoyDoesFine

ARITHMETICtospellthewordcorrectly,manyusethissentence:

ARatInTom’sHouseMayEatTom’sIceCream

Repetition is the best review. If you are going to be writing essay-typeexams,youneedspecialpreparations.Inhistory,arthistory,orliteratureexams,whereyouneedtolearnmanydates,names,orstyles,youneedtofindabetterwaytostudy.Whenyouaretakingaliteratureexam,youmightwanttosetupachartthatlookslikethefollowinginordertocoverallthematerialstudied.Fromtheinformationonthechart,youcouldwriteagoodessaytocompare,contrast,describe,showcauseandeffect,ordevelopagiventopic.Ataglanceyoucan

recallthewholeworkstudied.

Forhistory,youmightsetuponethatlookslikethis:

Forarthistory,somethinglikethismightbeappropriate:

Reviewingthesechartseverynightwillhelpyourecalleverythingstudiedinclass.Itwillbealoteasierthantryingtoreviewparagraphafterparagraphoneverypage.

Anotherway toprepare for essay exams is to set up studygroups of nomorethanfivemembers.Assigndifferenttopicstoeach.Thisway,individuallyyouwill become an expert on your topic, and you can “teach” everyone else.Shareyour“expert”notessothateveryoneelsebecomesanexpert.Meetatleastonetimeperweektoshare,andtwotimesperweekjustbeforethetest.Quizoneanother.

Askyour instructorwhat the testwill be like (fill-ins, true/false,multiplechoice,definitions,essays),andprepareaccordingly.Ifyouwillbehavingessaytests,onceyoucreatesomepossiblequestions,takethetimetowriteessay-typeanswers.Predictingquestionscanbeeasyifyoufollowthesesteps.Bypayingcloseattention inclass,youcanpickuponanumberofcues thatwillhelp todevelop techniques for creating your own questions that might appear on thetest. Observe your instructors as they present the material. If they repeatmaterial, you shouldwritewhat they say.When theywrite informationon theboard,youknowitisimportant.Itcouldincludenames,dates,places,formulas,math problems, charts, or diagrams. Writing this information with different-coloredinkswillmakeitstandoutfromtherestofyournotesandhelpyouto

remember.Alsowatchyour instructors’gesturesandmovements,because theycouldbeacluetowhatisimportant.Ifinstructorsraisetheirvoices,theymustwant you to note something important. Take notes on what your instructorsemphasize in class. Look in your text to seewhat is written in bold print, inlargerprint, inadifferentcolor,or inaspecialboxorchartandsetapartfromothermaterial.All of these canhelpyoupredict test questions, preparebetter,andreceivehighergrades.

Create flash cards (use 3" × 5" cards or pieces of paper) that havequestionsononesideandanswersontheother,vocabularywordsforspellingortranslation, formulas formath and science, examples ofmathproblems and/ortheories.Youcanalwayscarrythemwithyouandreviewthemwhenyouhaveafewminutes.

Nowthatyouhavestudiedall thematerials,youneed tobecomefamiliarwith the terminologyon the test. Somecommonwords areanalyze, compare,contrast, explain, define, describe, and discuss. Each one asks you to dosomething different. When your instructor asks you to contrast and youdescribe, you probablywon’t get full credit, if any, for your answer. Look atthese terms to seewhatyour instructorwouldwantyou todo.Remember thatwhenyouareaskedtowriteanessayonanexam,youwillprobablybewritingone or twowell-developedparagraphs, not twoor three pages, unless you arewritingforacompositionclass.

AnalyzeBreakdownthemainideaintosmallerpartsandexamineeachone.

Example:AnalyzethecausesofthefalloftheRomanEmpire.

Youwould list about sixor seven causes and explain inmoredetail howeachwasresponsibleforthecollapseoftheempire.

CompareShowsimilaritiesintwoormoreelements.

Example:ComparethepoetryofJohnKeatsandLordByron.

Mentioningseveralpoemsthatyouhavestudied,youwouldwritespecificinformationthatwouldshowhowtheyarethesame(theme,location,style,etc.).

ContrastShowdifferencesintwoorthreeelements.

Example:ContrastthephysicalgeographyofAlaskaandHawaii.

Aftermaking a short list of the geographical features of both states, youwouldemphasizethedifferencesbetweenthetwo.

ExplainDevelopanideamorefully;suggestreasonsforspecifichappenings.

Example:Explainsomeof the theories for thedeclineof theMayancivilizationinCentralAmerica.

Aftermakingashortlistofreasons,youwouldwriteacoupleofsentencesthat would show how each of these reasons was in part responsible for thedecline.

DefineIdentify;providethemeaningofcertainterms.

Example: Define the following terms: binomials, trinomials, andprimenumbers.

Youneedtowriteashort(usuallyoneortwosentences)definitionforeachoftheterms.Thistypeisdifferentfromtheothers,becausetheemphasisisonashortanswer.

DescribeProvidemanydetails.

Example:Describethemosteffectivewaytoprepareforyouralgebrafinalexam.

Indicate, by using details in a step-by-step process, how you would getreadyforthetest.

DiscussLookatfavorableandunfavorableaspectsofaparticularissue.

Example:DiscussGeorgeW.Bush’s political platform for the 2000presidentialelection.

Youcouldmentionanumberofissuespresentedintheplatformandexplainwhytheyaregoodorbad(flawed)orcompareandcontrastthemandtheireffectonsocietyandhowGeorgeW.Bushisabletocarrythemout.

As you can see, there is a certain strategy for answering essay-typequestions, and your preparation requires a more detailed review than justknowingalotoffacts.Youneedtosortyourideasanddevelopthetopic.Makesure that you understandwhat you have to do. If you do not know, ask yourinstructorforclarification.

Beforeyoubegintowriteyouressay,dosomebrainstorming—thinkaboutthetopic,andwritedownyourthoughtsandwhatyouknowaboutit—enoughsothat youwill have sufficient information to develop the topic. Then prepare abriefoutline,whichwillsetupaplanformakingyourideasflowsmoothlyandlogically.Nowyouarereadytoanswertheessayquestion.Budgetyourtimesothatyouhaveenoughtimetofinishandproofreadandrevise.Skiplinessothatyouhaveenoughroomtoaddinformationafteryouhaveproofreadyouranswer.

Ifyouhavefill-ins,multiple-choice,andessayquestionsonthesameexam,do the first two beforewriting the essay. Figure out howmuch time youwillneedforeachsection,andsticktothoselimits.First,dotheonesthatyouknowwell, and then do the rest. That way you will have a better chance to scorehigher.

Outsidethetestingcenter,whenyouhavefinishedandwhilethetestisstill

freshinyourmind,writedownthequestionstorefertothemforfuturetestsincaseyourinstructorallowsyoutokeepyourtests.Alsoreviewyournotestoseewhetheryouhavedevelopedthequestionsasfullyasyoushouldhave.Themoreessay-type tests you take, themore familiar youwill becomewithwhat yourinstructorswantyoutodoandthebetteryouwillperformonthistypeoftest.

TESTTYPES

There are many types of tests given today, from the most common andwidelyusedmultiple-choice type to themoreobscureessay type.Each testinginstrument requires a different amount of preparation and involves varyingdegreesofmemoryrecall.Mostof thestandardizedtestsgiventoday—suchastheCollegeLevelAcademicSkillsTest(CLAST),TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage (TOEFL), GED (Graduate Equivalency Diploma) tests, and othercollege entrance examinations—are totally or at least partly multiple choice.Understandingthetypesoftestsandwhatknowledgeeachisdesignedtoassesswillassistyougreatlynotonlyinthepreparationbutalsoinactuallytakingthetest.

Listedbelowarethenamesofsomeofthemostcommonlyusedtesttypes,followedbyabriefexplanationandsuggestionsand ideasonhowtostudyforandtakeeachtype.

MultipleChoice

Thistesttypeisbaseduponthememorizationofrelevantfacts,dates,shortdefinitions or clues, statements of fact, brief descriptions, or complexmathematical problem solving.These tests are usually designed to test factualinformation.Themostcommonquestionsarethoseaskingforactualanswerstotheproblem/questiongiven.Theotherquestionformatprovidesastatementandyourdecisionastowhetheritistrueorfalse.Inallmultiple-choicetestformats,youwillseethestatement/questionsfirstandthenaseriesofpossibleanswers.

WhatisthecapitaloftheUnitedStatesofAmerica?

(a)Delaware

(b)Miami

(c)Washington,D.C.

(d)SanAntonio [Correctanswer:(c)]

Sharksareplant-eatingfishfoundintheocean.(a)True

(b)False [Correctanswer:(b)]

Inanumberofmultiple-choicetests,thelistofpossibleanswersincludesachoiceof“noneoftheabove”forquestionsinwhichnoneoftheanswerslistedarecorrect.

WhichwasoneoftheshipsusedbyChristopherColumbus?

(a)LaPinta

(b)Voyager

(c)SeaLady

(d)Martina

(e)Noneoftheabove [Correctanswer:(a)]

StudyGuideStudyone-worddefinitions,rules,mathematicalprinciples,importantdates,

specificterminology,andstatementoffacts.

Test-TakingHintReadthequestionorstatementandallthepossibleanswerslistedfirst,and

thenselecttheanswer.

Fortrue/falsetests,identify“catchwords,”suchasall,only,occasionally,never,always.Ifthesewordsareused,noexceptioncaneverbepresent.

ThesunneverrisesinAlaska.(a)True

(b)False [Correctanswer:(b)]

Examine the statement(s) of fact given for any inconsistencies. Do notguess,ifatallpossible.

NOTESomemultiple-choicetestsincludeapenaltyforguessing.Thatis,thepercentagecorrectiscalculatedbyusingthetotalnumberofanswersdividedbythenumberofcorrect.Teststhatdonotpenalizeguessingarescoredaccordingtothetotalnumberofpossibleanswersdivided

bythetotalnumbercorrect.

Matching

This type of testing instrument also provides both the questions and thepossible answers. Usually the questions or answers are given in scrambledfashion. You select the answer from the choices given and “match” it to thequestion.Mostmatchingtypetestsprovidetwocolumns—onewithdefinitions,statements,orcluesand theotherwithall thepossibleanswers. Inmany tests,moreanswersthanquestionsareprovided,inanefforttochallengethetesttaker.

The following is a sample of one of the most commonly usedmatching

tests,includingtheinstructions.

FindthenameinColumnBthatbestidentifiestheinformationinColumnA.Noneofthelettersmayberepeated,andtherewillbetwoextranames.Writeyouransweronthelinesinthemargin.

Amoredifficulttypeofmatchingprovidesastatementthatcontainsblanksindicating that some of the information or facts are missing. The answersprovidealistofthepossible“fillers.”Thequestionsareusuallyansweredbytheprocessofelimination.

Thereareusuallyafewextrasprovided;therefore,youmustbecarefulnottoconfuseanyoftheanswers.Onceyouuseoneofthecorrectanswers,youwillgetanotheronewrong,becauseyoucannotrepeatanyoneofthechoices.

In the column at the right, youwill find the answers to these statements.Writeintheword(s)inthespacesprovided.Donotrepeatanyanswers.

Amoredifficultversionofthefill-inprovidesnoanswercluesandrequiresstudentstobewellversedinthematerialinordertowritetheanswers.Thistypeisverycommonontests.

Inthespacesprovided,fillintheanswerstothefollowingstatements.

StudyGuideStudy definitions or descriptions that contain one-word “clues,” dates of

majorevents,rules,andtitles.

Test-TakingHintsFirst read thequestionorstatement,and thenbecareful to readallof the

choiceslistedasonemaybemorecorrectthantheother.

Asyoufinisheachquestion,“checkoff”or“crossout” thechoiceof theansweryouusedtomakesureyoudonotrepeatthatanswer.

ShortAnswer

Thisformoftestinvolvestheuseofafragmentofasentence,apartialfactoraquestionorquestionsrequiringyoutoidentifyordescriberelevantfactsorinformation.Manyshortanswertestsuseisolatedquestionsbasedonaparticularchapterorstory.

Provideabriefsentenceorsentencestodefineordescribetheinformationrequestedbelow.

1.HowdidLouisPasteurdiscoveracureforsmallpox?

2.Whyshouldyoubecarefulwhensiphoningasolutioninapipette?

3.Whatcausesweightlessnessonthemoon?

Amoreadvancedtypeoftestrequiringtotalrecallisoneinwhichyoumustidentifydifferentitems.Theseinvolvenamesofpeoplewithwhomweassociatedates, places, and events, or terms thatwemust define. These usually requireshortanswers.

Identifythefollowingmusicalterms:

(1)chorus

(2)cantusplanus

(3)acappella

(4)polyphony

(5)contrapunto

Many short-answer tests requireyou to readapassageand thenanswer aseriesofquestionsrelevanttotheinformationprovidedinthepassage.Herearethreequestionsbasedonapassagethatwouldhavebeenprovidedonthetest:

1.WhydidChristopherColumbusapplytheterm“Indians”tothepeoplewithreddishskinthathemetintheNewWorld?

2.WhydidQueenIsabellaofSpainprovideChristopherColumbuswithfunds,supplies,andmenandgiveherconsenttohissailingtotheNewWorld?

3.HowdidColumbusobtainthemembersofhiscrew?

StudyGuideFamiliarizeyourselfwithalltherelevantfactsregardingthemainthemeor

topicyouwererequestedtostudy.

When reviewing themes, rules or terms, outline the main concepts andidentify key words that will assist you in remembering the necessaryinformation.

Test-TakingHintsWhenyouanswerquestionsrelatingtoapassage,readallofthequestions

first, because this will give an idea of the kind of information you will belooking for.Asyoubegin to read thepassage,underlinekeyphrasesorwordsthat you think the questions refer to or that will aid you in answering thequestions.

For short-answer definitions or those listed as “identify,” be sure to giveonly the information you were asked for. Do not provide excessive details,becauseyoumayendupnotevenansweringthequestion.

EssayEssayquestionsaresimilartoshortansweronesinthatyouarerequiredto

write your response. However, essays are usually much longer, require manymore details, and involve thought processes such as reasoning, evaluation, orcomparison.Unlessyouknowthematerialextremelywell,thesetesttypeswillbeverydifficultforyou.

Writeashortessayononlytwoofthesetopics:

1.CompareandcontrasttheAztecandIncacivilizations,payingparticularattentiontosocialstructure,artsandcrafts,writtenlanguage,architecture,andeducation.

2.Explainwhymanyprimitivecivilizationsdiedoutafteraperiodoftime.

3.WhatmadeHagiaSofiainConstantinoplesuchanarchitecturalachievement?

4.ComparetheconquestsofAlexandertheGreatinthefourthcenturyB.C.withthoseofAdolfHitler.

StudyGuide

Becomeveryfamiliarwiththesubjectmatterbeingtested.

Thinkofpossibleessayquestionsandpossibleanswers.

Outlinemajortopicareastomakeiteasiertomemorizerelevantfactsthatwillassistyouinrememberingthemajorpointsorkeyissues.

Test-TakingHintsFirst read all of the questions completely. This gives you an idea of the

scopeofthetest.Thenrereadallquestionsandunderlinethekeywords,suchaslist,describe,Identify,compareandcontrast,andexplain.

Pay close attention to the directions. If you are given an option, chooseyourscarefully.Answerfirsttheeasiestone(s).

Donotbegintowriteanddon’tcorrectyourgrammarandspellingasyougo. First write, and then, only after you have answered all of the requiredquestions,gobackandreviseandedit.

Determinetheweightorpointsforeachquestion,andusethistogaugethecontentandlengthofeachanswer.Donotwritealotandspendtoomuchtimeonquestionsthatcarryverylittleweight.

Answeronlythatwhichisaskedofyou;donotfabricateorcreateanswers.Simplyanswerthequestion.

NOTE-TAKINGSKILLS

BeforetheLecture

• Learntotakegoodnotes.Donot trytowritedowneverythingyouhearduringalecture.

• Watchadocumentaryontelevisionandtakenotesforpractice.

• Watchthenewsandsummarizealltheinformationpresented.

• Attendlecturesinthecommunityandtakenotes.

• Listentopoliticalcampaigners.

• Ifyour libraryhas tapedlectures,borrowthem,listento them,andtakenotes.

• Ifyourinstructordistributesavocabularylistforthenextchapter,alwayslookupthewordsbeforethenextclass.Thatway,youwon’thavetotakesomanynotesondefinitions,andyouwillbepreparedtoaskquestionsduringthelecture.

DuringtheLecture

• Writeonlythemostimportantwordsandideas.

• Whenyouare takingnotes inclass,paybetterattention;concentrateonwhattheteacherissaying.

• Askquestionstoclarifyinformation.

• Participateindiscussions.

• Be awareof the teacher’s gestures, raisingvoice, and repetition.Theseusuallyindicatethattheteacherisgivingsomeimportantinformation.

• Copywhateveryourteacherwritesontheboard.

• Useataperecorderonlyasabackup,becauseyouneverknowwhentherewillbeamechanicalfailure,andifyourelytotallyontherecorder,youwilllosealltheinformationpresented.

• Keepyournotesshortandtothepoint.

• Makeuseofabbreviationsandsymbols.

• Organizeyournotes;usespacetoshowrelationshipsbetweenideas.

• If your instructor distributes a set of notes, focus on theway they arewritten.

• Avoiddistractionssothatyoudonotmissanythingthatisbeingsaid,oryouwillmisinterprettheinformationwhenyouwriteitdown.

• Payattention tographsandcharts,because theycontainagreatdealofinformation in capsule format.Be able to elaborateon the chartwhenyoustudy.

• Leavealotofroominthemarginorskiplinessothatyoucangobacktothenotesandinsertmoreinformation,writememoryaidsinthemargins,orwritequestionstoaskinclassthenextday.

AftertheLecture

• Rereadyournotesassoonaspossibleaftertakingthem.

• Rewritethenotes,expandingyourideas.

• Highlightthemostimportantinformation.

• Ifyoucantype,typeyournotessothattheywillbeeasiertoread.Youcanalsoreviewasyoutype.

WAYSTOIMPROVEYOURSTUDYSKILLS

• Findaquiet,well-lit,comfortableplacetostudy.

• Ifyouneedmusictocreateastudymood,findsoftermusicwithnolyrics.Avoidthetemptationtosingalong.

• Themoreyourepeat,thelongertheinformationwillstaywithyou.

• Plan many short study sessions, and take breaks to stretch, eat/drinksomething,orunwind.

• Workontoday’snotesfirst,andthenreviewpastnotes.

• Writequestionsonmaterial thatyoudonotunderstand.Thenaskyourteacherthefollowingday.

• Workinsmallgroupsofthreeorfouranddiscussmaterials.

• Createpracticetestsandquizoneanother.

• Create note cards, allowing you to domini-reviews during planned orunplannedfreetime(waitingforsomeone,appointments,etc.).

• Write importantvocabulary, information,dates, etc.,onnotecards, andkeepreviewingdata.

• Keep a small notebook of new vocabulary words from your readings.Review the list often, and make these new words a part of your activevocabulary.

• Previewtestmaterialbeforeclass.Thatway,youwillbepreparedtoaskandanswerquestions.

• Notallofusaregoodartists,butevencopyingcrudelyadrawingfromalecture and labeling it will help you remember the information until later,whenyoucangetabetterpictureforyournotes.

• Practice clustering ideas with a graphic. The focal point is the largest

circle,andthedetailsareinthesmallerones.Seetheclusteringsectionintheessaywritingpartofthisbook.

• Developyourownstrategy.Whateverworksforyou,useit!

HOWTOPREVIEWINFORMATION

• Whatdoestheexercise/activity/readinginclude?

• WhatamItodowithit?

• Isthereaglossarythatwillhelpmewithnewvocabulary?

• Howistheimportantinformationhighlighted—boldface,italics,capitalletters,footnotes,notesinmargins,graphs,diagrams,photographs?

• Dothequestionsrequiremetothinkaboutalengthyanswerthatmayalsobringinpreviouslylearninginformation?

• WillIfindtheanswerswrittenout,orwillIhavetomakeajudgmentonmyown?

• Readquestionsof anexercise first so thatyouhavean ideaofwhat tolookforinthereading.

• Focusondetails.

• Underlineimportantwords,notthewholeparagraphorpage.

• Learntoreadfaster.Trymovingyourfingertipsacrosstheprintedwordsataregularpaceandgetyoureyestofollowyourfingers.Withpracticeyoucanincreaseyourreadingspeedandcutdownthetimeyourspendonyourassignments. Speed is particularly important in taking timed exams. Thefasteryouread,thefasteryouwillfinish.Readalotandoften.

• Afteryouhavereadaparagraphortwo,stopforamomentand,inyourownwords,writedownsomeoftheideasyouremember.Thiswillallowyoutoseewhetheryoureallyunderstandwhatyouhaveread.

• Readintroductoryparagraph(s)andsummaryparagraphsfirst.

• Readfirstsentencesofparagraphs(usuallythetopicsentenceexpressthemainidea).

HOWTOPREPAREFORTESTS

• Studymaterialindepth.

• Self-testinavarietyofways.

• Learntheformatoftheexamandpracticeit(multiplechoice,fill-in,etc.).

• Review the material out loud. The more senses are involved in theprocess,themoreyouwillrememberthematerial.

• Domanyshortreviewswithrestbreaksorreviewsessionsscheduledoverseveral days to keep the information in your long-term memory. This isbetterthanonelong“cram”session.

• Settimelimitstoseehowwellyoucanexpressyourideaswithintheselimits.

• Reviewkeywordssothatyoucanusetheminyouranswers.

• Workseriouslywithoneortwootherstudentsandtestoneanotherontheinformation.Discussit.Keeponrepeatingituntilitstayswithyou.

• Trytosimplifyyourlearningthroughtheuseofmnemonicdevices(trickstohelpyouremember)orsimpledrawingsthatwillhelpyoulearnalotinashortperiod.

• Beabletoapplywhatyouhavelearnedinwritingyouranswers.Notalltestswill be fill-ins,multiple choice, ormatching. Your answers could beexplain orcompare/contrast types,whichmeans that you need to providemanydetailstosupportyouranswer.

• Distinguishamongthetermsinthetest-takingsection(explain,describe,

etc.).

• Ifyouaredoingaseriesofpracticetests,especiallycomputerizedones,keeptrackofyourprogress.

• Thinkoutideaslogicallybeforewritingessays.Asyoubrainstorm—thatis, think about the topic and write down some facts and ideas—use shortoutlines,togiveyourselfabetterideaofhowtheessaywillflow.

• Stayfocused;avoiddistractions.

• Set up charts with different categories to remember information at aglance.

• Keepinmindthattherearenoextra-creditpointsonstandardizedtests,soyoumustanswercorrectlyasmanyquestionsaspossible.

• Setatimertopracticetimedexercises.

WhattoDotheNightBeforetheExam

• Getagoodnight’srest.

• Ifyouhavestudiedoftenforshortperiods,youshouldhaveyourmaterialwell organized in your mind. Relax and watch your favorite televisionprogramorlistentoyourfavoritemusictounwindbeforeyougotobed.Ifyou are not stressed when you get to bed, you should sleep well and berefreshedinthemorning.

• Feelconfidentthatyouwilldowell.

Stress-ReductionTechniques

Whetherwe like it or not,we are surrounded by stress.No one has everbecome really happy living with a great deal of stress. How can you relievesomeofthestressinyourlife?

• Practice deep-breathing exercises. Sit, stand, or lie in a comfortableposition. Concentrate only on your breathing, very deep breathing at first,andthenshallowerinhalingandexhaling.Thiswayyoucanconcentrateononlyonethingatatime,andyouwon’tfeeltheanxietyassociatedwiththetest.

• Thinkofsomethingpleasant,likefloatingaimlesslyonacloud.

• Soakinwarmwaterinatub.

• Turnonsomedreamymusicandmovegentlytotherhythm.

• Planahead,anddon’twaituntilthelastminute.Thatcauseswhenstresstosetin.

• Eliminatethenegativefeelingsthatsurroundyou.

• Takeawalkinaquietarea,andconcentrateonlyonnature.

• Swiminapoolwhenitisquiet,usuallylateratnight.

• Arriveearlyforthetest.

• Tellyourselfthatyouhavepreparedwellandwilldoyourbest.

• Don’tletotherstudents’behaviordistractyou(earlydeparture,coughing,nervousness).Realize thatmanystudentshavenotprepared themselves forthetest.

ESLAPPENDICES

APPENDICES

APPENDIXA

USEOFARTICLESA,AN,ANDTHE

AANDAN

As a general rule, a should be used before words beginning with aconsonantsound,andanshouldbeusedbeforeavowelsound.Thelettershanduwillcauseproblems.Wordsinwhichtheletterh ispronouncedareprecededbya(aham,aheart,ahorn),whilethoseinwhichthehisnotpronouncedareprecededbyan.

Agoodruletofollowisthatallwordsbeginningwithhhavethefirstletterpronouncedexcept for the following, inwhichh isnotpronouncedandwhichusethearticlean:

Inthefollowingwords,thehispronounced,sousethearticlea:

Whenwordsbeginningwiththeletteruhavetheconsonantsoundyoo(ū),theyareprecededbythearticlea:auniform,auniversity,autensil.

Thosethatbeginwiththe sound,asfoundincup,requirethearticlean:anumbrella,anunhealthyuncle.

Theprefixun-,indicatinganegative,alwayshasavowelsound:unfriendly,unhappy,unusual.

NOTE

NOTETheyoosounddoesnotalwaysmeanthatthewordwillbeginwiththe

letteru.

Otherexamplesoftheyoosoundarethefollowing:

aEuropeanvacation

aeulogydeliveredbyherbrother

aeuphemism

Shehasaeuphoricglowabouther.

aeucalyptusinthebackyard

Otherwordsthatbeginwiththeyoosoundandusethearticlea:

THE

Thearticletheisusedtoindicatesomethingspecific.

Thebookonthetableismine.

Imailedtheletterthatyougavemeyesterday.

Theisalsousedfornamesofmountains,rivers,islands,andoceans;namesofmusicalgroups;ethnicgroups;specificdocuments,etc.

ManypeoplespendtheirvacationsintheRockyMountains.

MelandSandyspenttheirhoneymoonintheHawaiianIslands.

TheBeatleswereafamousmusicalgroupinthesixtiesandseventies.

TheDeclarationofIndependencewaswrittenin1776.

Non-count nouns can use the in some situations and not in others. Forexample,whenreferringtoanelementingeneralterms,thearticleisnotused.

Moneyisnecessarytopaythebills.

Budgetingtimecarefullywillmakeyouabetterstudent.

Foodtastesbetterwhenitisfresh.

However, when the element is used in specific terms, the article the isnecessary.

ThemoneyIgaveyouisfortherent.(specificmoney)

Thetimewehavetogetherisprecious.(specifictime)

Ineedtobuythefoodforourparty.(specificfood)

Whenpluralcountnounsrefertoelementsingeneral,noarticleisrequired.

Workingdaysismorepleasingtosomethantoothers.

Grapesgrowinbunchesonvines.

Some words, unless they restrict the meaning, do not use the definitearticle.

breakfast,church,college,dinner,home,hospital(British)

heaven,hell,lunch,school,supper

Somepeoplebelieveinheavenandhell,butothersdon’t.

Johnstudiesatschool,andhismotherworksathome.

Mildredislearningagreatdealinherartclassesincollege.

Tomhadanaccidentandisinhospital.(British)

Tomhadanaccidentandisinthehospital.(American)

APPENDIXB

VOCABULARYHELP

IBeforeERuleIbeforeE

ExceptafterCOrwhensoundedasay,Asinneighborandweigh.

APPENDIXC

PLURALCONCEPTS

NON-COUNTNOUNS

Somecategories of non-count nouns canbe subdivided into count nouns.Someoftheseincludethefollowing:

NOTEManynon-countnounscanbeusedwithpluralconcepts

whenapluralunitofmeasureprecedesthem.

piecesoffurniture kindsofproduce

stacksofmoney categoriesofliterature

boxesofjewelry sourcesofinformation

typesofagriculture meansoftransportation

Other non-count nouns that are always singular are those referring tointangibleorabstractconcepts.Theyincludethefollowing:

FORMINGPLURALS

Wordsendinginvowelsandconsonantsusuallyadd-stoformtheirplurals.

Exceptions

1.Afters,sh,ch,andx,add-es

press—presses patch—patches wish—wishes tax—tax

2.Fornounsendinginyafteraconsonant,changeytoi.

fly—flies enemy—enemies lady—ladies salary—salaries

3.Fornounsendinginyfollowingavowel,add-s.

monkey—monkeys tray—trays decoy—decoys

4.Somenounshaveirregularplurals.Learnthem.

foot—feet tooth—teeth child—children ox—oxenwoman—women man—men louse—lice mouse—mice

5.Somewordsusethesameformforsingularandplural.

fish deer sheep moose reindeer caribou

6.Compound,ortwo-part,wordspluralizeonlytheentitythatcouldbecountable.Rememberthatthefirstpartofacompoundwordusuallyactsasaadjective,andadjectiveshavenopluralsexcepttheseandthose.Notice,however,intheword,andsisters-in-law,itisthefirstpartthatispluralized,becauseitistheentitythatcanbecounted.

football—footballs butterfly—butterflies toothbrush—toothbrushes

7.Thepluralsofmostnounsendinginfareformedbyadding-s.

brief—briefs proof—proofs belief—beliefs

Exceptions:Changeforfetovandadd-es.

8.Followtheserulesforpluralsofpropernounsandfamilynames.

Jones—theJoneses Whitley—theWhitleys Mixa—theMixas

TheJoneses (the Jones family) are leaving for PuertoRico on the noonflight.

RexRyanisatennisstar.AlltheRexesIknowarefootballplayers.

9.Forcertaingroupofnounsendinginconsonant+o,add-estothesewords.

echoes dominoes potatoes tomatoes heroes

10.Forsomewordsthatendinexandix,dropthesuffixandaddicestoformtheplural.

index>indices codex>codices

ibex>ibices appendix>appendices

11.Anothercategoryofirregularpluralsrelatestowordsendinginsis.Insteadofaddingestotherootword,theiinthesuffixjustchangestoe.Otherwordsinthiscategoryarechrysalis,synthesis,dialysis,hypothesis,antithesis,andparenthesis.

Thereareanumberofotherrulesdealingwithforeignwordsthathavebeenincorporated into the language, as well as a variety of other plural forms.Wheneveryoufindanounandarenotsureofthepluralform,lookitupinyourdictionary.

Non-count nouns are those that do not usually have a plural form andcannotbenumberedastheonesabove.

However,wecanplace the liquids incontainersandcount thecontainers;moneyismentionedinmonetaryunits(dollars,cents); timeisfiguredinhoursandminutes,etc.

fivecupsofcoffee twentydollars

sixhours fiftyminutes

Singular vocabulary dealing with food can also become plural if wementiontheunitsorcontainersforthatfood.Examples:

Someadjectivesarealsolimitedtocountandnon-countnouns.

Certainwordsreferringtofoodsareconsiderednoncountableandhavenopluralforms.Hereisapartiallist:

Ontheotherhand,somefoodscanbecountedanddohavepluralforms:

Youmightalsofinditstrangetoseehowsomeofthesefoodsaremeasured:

APPENDIXD

WORDPHRASESWITHPREPOSITIONS

In English there are a number of word groups that contain prepositions.Theyincludecombinationswithnouns,adjectives,andverbs.Hereisapartiallist. Practice using them in sentences until they become part of your activevocabulary.

Verb+Preposition

Theverb+preposition list isfargreater thantheother lists,becauseoneverbcanuseavarietyofprepositions.Witheachpreposition,theverbtakesonadifferentmeaning. Look up these verb phrases in an unabridged (larger,morecomplete)dictionary.

approveof

breakawaybreakdownbreakoffbreakupbreakinbreakoutbreakthroughbreakwith

callafter

callawaycalloncallupcallbackcalloffcalldowncallforthcalltogethercalloff

careaboutcarefor

checkintocheckoutcheckoutofcheckovercheckuponcheckwith

closeinonclosedowncloseoffcloseoutcomeacrosscomeaftercomeawaywithcomebycomein

lookafterlookforlookup

lookdownlookoverlookoutforlookaboutlookatlookbackonlookforwardtolookinonlookinto

refertorelyondetractfrom

countoncountdowncountoutcountup

doawaywithdoupdooverdofordoabout

drawupdrawondrawasidedrawout

comealongwithcomedownwithfigureout

figureon

findoutfindinfavorofdependon

getbygetovergetupgetthroughgetdowntogetingiveupgiveoutgiveintogiveawaygivebackgiveforthgiveovergiveoff

coverupcoverforcoverovercoverwith

dowithoutdowithhavetodowithdisagreewith

fillupfillout

fillin

getacrossgetaftergetalonggetaroundgetatgetalongwithgetawayfromgetbackatgetbehind

getout

searchfor

dropoverdropoutdropindropoff

comeoutcomeovercomeabout

tryontryouttryfor

APPENDIXE

IRREGULARVERBS

Thefollowingverbshavethesameformsforallthreeparts.

ESLGLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

Active voice. Sentence structure in which the subject is responsible forperformingtheactionoftheverb.

Heruns. Shereads. Theywrite.

Adjective.Wordthatdescribesanounorapronoun.

Thefatcatclimbedthetreeslowly.

Adverb.Wordthatmodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb.

Theballerinadancedgracefullyacrossthestage.

Agreement.Howwordscorrespondtootherwordsinasentenceorphrase.

Thatpairofslacksneedstobewashed.

Clause. Part of a sentence. Main clauses (independent) can stand alone andconvey a complete thought. Dependent (subordinate) clauses do notconveyacompleteideaeventhoughtheymaycontainasubjectandverb.Thelatterneedthemainclausetogivethewholestructuremeaning.

Becauseitwasraining(dependent),wearrivedlate(independent).

Danglingparticiple.Participialphrase(V+ingorV+ed)atthebeginningofasentencethatisnotthesubjectanddoesnotmodifythenounorpronounafterthephrase.

Poundingthenail,thepicturewasfinallyhung.

Directspeech.Theexactwordsofsomeone,usuallywrittenbetweenquotationmarks.

Tomsaid,“Iwillattendthemeetingat8:00tonight.”

The opposite is indirect speech: Tom said that he would attend themeetingat8:00tonight.

Fragment.Partofasentencethatdoesnotconveyacompleteidea.

Thatmorninginthepark.(nosubject,noverb,nocompleteidea)

Gerund.Verbformendingin-ingthatmaybeusedasanoun.

Runningisgoodexercise.

Jogging,swimming,anddancingaregoodexercises.

Participle.Formofverbusuallyendingined(past)oring(present)

frightened—frighteningfried—frying

Passive voice. Sentence structure in which the subject does not perform theaction,butratherreceivesit;be+pastparticiple.

TheplaywaswrittenbyShakespeare.

Preposition.Wordrelatinganounorpronountootherwordsinasentence(forexample, in, into, on, and by). The tickets are for the afternoonperformance.

Pronoun.Awordthattakestheplaceofanoun.

Relative pronoun. Pronoun that relates to the word that precedes it. Suchpronounsintroduceadependentclause(who,whom,that,which)

IknowDaneCameron,whoisthedirectorofAcmeComputers.

Run-on.Twocompletesentences joinedwithoutanypunctuation (which isanerroringrammar).

Itrainedveryhardwegotwetandhadanaccident.

Sentence. A group of words containing a subject, a verb, and a completethought.

Mrs.DavisdrovetoChicagoonMonday.

Sequenceoftenses.Relationshipintimeofverbsusedinasentence.

TheteachersaidthatwewouldhaveanexamonFriday.

Voice.Formofverbthatshowswhetherthesubjectperformsaction(active)orreceivesaction(passive).

Vincewrotethepoemin1980.(activevoice)

Thepoemwaswrittenin1980.(passivevoice)

ESLANSWERKEYS

ANSWERKEYS

EXERCISE11.She2.We3.me4.her5.us6.them7.He8.him9.us—we10.her11.she12.us13.they14.him15.her16.her17.they18.I19.he—they20.he

EXERCISE2

1.He2.us3.her—me4.him5.Whom6.us7.them8.I9.he10.me11.us12.them13.they14.us15.she16.me17.her18.I19.I20.who

EXERCISE31.yourself2.himself3.ourselves4.themselves5.itself6.myself7.herself8.yourselves9.herself10.himself/herself

EXERCISE41.We2.I3.himself

4.him5.yours6.themselves7.Mine8.herself9.them10.her11.they12.I13.ourselves

EXERCISE51.ImetanactorwhosepicturewonanOscar.2.Weboughtahouse,whichcost$150,000.3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend,whoisacivilengineer.4.Maureenboughtadress,whichcosther$45,andhadtoreturnit.5.JakegaveIsabelaringthathaddiamondsandrubies.6.Mrs.DuncanistalkingtoherstudentswhoseprojectaredueonFriday.7.Normanliveswithhissisterwhoisanurse.8.Thesoldierstowhomthepresidentisawardingthemedalwereinjuredincombat.(Thepresidentisawardingmedalstothesoldierswhowereinjuredincombat.

9.Mr.FranklingradedtheteststhatwetookonFriday.10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidatewhowaschosentobemanager.

EXERCISE61.who2.whose3.that4.whom5.whom6.that7.which8.that9.that10.whose11.which

12.which

EXERCISE71.are2.are3.was4.have5.Has6.have7.are8.wasn’t9.Were10.was11.Has12.is13.Are14.have15.Were16.Have17.are18.are19.Are20.Was

EXERCISE81.to2.to3.that4.to5.that6.to7.that8.to9.that10.that11.that12.to

13.that14.to15.that16.that17.to18.that19.that20.to

EXERCISE91.It2.there3.It4.It5.it6.there7.there8.it9.It10.there11.there12.it13.there14.there15.there16.It17.It18.There19.It20.It

EXERCISE101.C2.A3.A4.B5.B

6.A

EXERCISE111.A2.C3.C4.A5.D6.A7.C8.C

EXERCISE121.whom2.any3.I4.there5.whomever6.whose

EXERCISE131.my2.Peter’s3.herstudents’4.their5.his6.your7.thelandlord’s8.Terry’s9.my10.your11.Kim’s12.our13.theworkers’14.thepoliceman’s15.Tom’s

16.thegroup’s17.my18.theclub’s19.Ann’s20.thegovernment’s

EXERCISE141.his2.Helen’s3.friend’s4.clowns’5.your6.my7.Anne’s8.citizens’9.brother’s10.boy’s11.son’s12.Tony’s13.Anita’s14.Our15.their16.children’s17.Lonnie’s18.birds’19.neighbors’20.their

EXERCISE151.some2.any3.any4.Someone/Somebody5.any6.anyone/anybody7.anyone/anybody(someone-conv.)8.someone/somebody

9.any10.anything11.some12.some13.any14.some15.something16.some17.someone/somebody18.anyone/anybody19.anything20.anything

EXERCISE161.wider2.paler3.braver4.cuter5.humbler6.nobler7.wiser8.politer9.closer10.staler11.later12.larger13.riper14.rarer15.safer

EXERCISE171.cozier2.shier3.dizzier4.angrier5.easier6.heavier

7.prettier8.uglier9.merrier10.earlier11.noisier12.friendlier13.lonelier14.healthier15.lovelier

EXERCISE181.quieterthan2.lovelierthan3.fasterthan4.closer5.slimmerthan6.hazierthan7.sleepierthan8.narrowerthan9.colderthan10.coyerthan

EXERCISE191.morefamous2.morehelpful3.morepensive4.morecaptive5.moreexact6.moreloving7.moredaring8.morebasic9.morefiendish10.moremorose11.morecutting12.moreclever13.morenormal14.moresheepish

15.morefestive16.moreglorious17.morechildlike18.morealive19.moreflagrant20.morefragrant21.morecallous22.moreforward23.moregrateful24.moreuseless25.moreselfish

EXERCISE201.manymore2.muchprettierthan3.moreabundantthan4.lessintelligentthan5.farlesscrampedthan6.manymore7.morestraightforwardthan8.much(far)less9.morerapidly10.much(far)lessinteresting

EXERCISE211.MexicoCityhasmanymoreinhabitantsthanMicanopy.MicanopyhasfewerinhabitantsthanMexicoCity.

2.Philipearnsmuchmore(money)thanTony.TonyearnsmuchlessthanPhilip.

3.Nancyisyoungerthanherbrother.Nancy’sbrotherisolderthanshe.4.ThemillionairehasmanymorecarsthanIhave.Ihavefewercarsthanthemillionaire.

5.Theartbuildingistallerthanthelanguagelab.6.Achocolatebarhasmorecaloriesthanabanana.Abananahasfewercaloriesthanachocolatebar.

7.ItismuchhotterinArizonathaninAnchorage.ItismuchcoolerinAnchoragethaninArizona.

8.RudystudieslessthanRalph.Ralphstudiesmore(harder)thanRudy.9.ItiswarmerinClevelandthaninBuffalo.ItiscolderinBuffalothaninCleveland.

10.BettylearnedPortuguesemoreeasilythanArabic.BettylearnedArabicmoreslowlythanPortuguese.

EXERCISE22Answerswillvary.1.Silvercostslessthangold.Goldismorevaluablethansilver.2.Anelephantislargerandstrongerthanamonkey.Amonkeyissmaller,weaker,andmoreintelligentthananelephant.

3.Cottonissofterthanplastic.Plasticisharderthancotton.4.Coca-Colaissweeterthanmilk.Coca-Colaislessnutritiousthanmilk.MilkismorenutritiousthanCoca-Cola.

5.Spinachislesstastythancake.Cakeistastierthanspinach.6.TomCruiseisyounger(morehandsome)thanPaulNewman.PaulNewmanisolder(moremature)thanTomCruise.

7.Ayachtismoreexpensive(faster)thanacanoe.Acanoeislessexpensive(slower)thanayacht.

8.Anairplaneisfaster(bigger,moreexpensive)thanatrain.Atrainisslower(smaller,lessexpensive)thananairplane.

9.SwimmingismoreactivethanwatchingtelevisionWatchingtelevisionislessactivethanswimming.

10.TheNorthPoleiscolder(fartheraway)thanCalifornia.Californiaiswarmer(closer)thantheNorthPole.

EXERCISE231.better2.farther3.better4.worse5.better6.Farther7.better8.better9.worse10.better

EXERCISE241.KevinhitasmanyhomerunsasDave.2.It’saswarminOahuasinDallas.3.Maureenateasmanypiecesofpizzaashersister.4.BriansleepsasmanyhoursasRita.5.PhilweighsasmuchasHarry.6.TracyworksasdiligentlyinschoolasTrisha.7.Thissweatercostsasmuchastheyellowone.8.Joelrunsasfastashisbrother.9.Thelongdressisaselegantastheshortdress.10.JoséspendsasmuchtimestudyingEnglishasmath.11.Somehighschoolstudentsdoasmanyhomeworkassignmentsascollege

students.12.JoanCollinshasasmuchjewelryasLizTaylor.13.TheAndersonshaveasmanypiecesoffurnitureinthediningroomasinthe

livingroom.14.Thereareasfewstudentsinthechemistryclassasinthephysicsclass.15.IpaidasmuchformytextbookasAnnedid(paidforhers).

EXERCISE251.Semi-glosspaintisthemostexpensive.Flatpaintistheleastexpensive(cheapest).

2.Thecanofcornisthelargest.Thecanofmushroomsisthesmallest.3.Apricotsarethemostfatteningfruit.(Apricotshavethemostcalories.)Cantaloupeistheleastfatteningfruit.(Cantaloupehasthefewestcalories.)

4.Clevelandisthehottestcity.Trentonisthecoolestcity.5.Bremertonisthefarthest(city)fromOlympia.Tacomaistheclosest(city)toOlympia.

6.Theredcandlewillburnthelongest.Thewhitecandlewillburntheshortest.7.Thekitchencabinetisthelargest(widest).Thebathcabinetisthesmallest.(narrowest)

8.Thequarterbackwasthehungriest.(Thequarterbackatethemosthamburgers.)Thecheerleaderwastheleasthungry.(Thecheerleaderatethefewesthamburgers.)

9.Arthuristhehealthiestathlete.Tedistheleasthealthyathlete.10.Dianewasthethirstiest.(Dianedrankthemostlemonade.)Suzywasthe

leastthirsty.(Suzydranktheleastlemonade.)

EXERCISE261.farther2.best3.hotter4.moreexpensive5.morefamous6.moreboring7.morehelpful8.moreinterested9.morefrequently10.worst11.mostquietly12.mostquickly13.best14.colder15.mostfoolish

EXERCISE271.from2.as3.than4.than5.as6.as7.from8.as9.than10.from11.more12.as13.from14.more15.than

EXERCISE281.C

2.C3.A4.C5.B6.A7.B8.C9.B10.A11.C12.A13.B14.A15.C16.B

EXERCISE291.C2.A3.D4.A5.B6.B7.A8.C

EXERCISE301.basically2.historically3.majestically4.economically5.comically6.strategically7.critically8.antiseptically9.cryptically10.sympathetically

11.artistically12.domestically13.automatically14.aromatically15.organically16.systematically

EXERCISE311.sloppily2.heavily3.angrily4.clumsily5.readily6.busily7.steadily8.merrily

EXERCISE321.nobly2.ably3.capably4.responsibly5.feasibly6.comfortably

EXERCISE331.always2.rarely(seldom)3.often(usually/frequently)4.never5.hardly6.Occasionally(Sometimes)7.hardly(rarely,scarcely)8.sometimes9.usually(frequently)10.seldom(rarely)

EXERCISE341.FootballfansalwayswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.2.PasqualehasneverwrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.3.Ihaveseenthatprogramoccasionally,butIdon’tlikeit.(Ihaveoccasionallyseen...)

4.WeusuallystudyonFridayafternoons.5.Martagenerallypreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.6.Theyhardlyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusyduringtheweek.7.Monicahasseldomgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.8.Thisneighborhoodisusuallyquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.9.HasJudesometimessungandplayedforthelocaldances?10.Haveyouoftenthoughtaboutwritinganovel?11.Thegirlsgenerallytakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandthey

gotaride.12.IhaveseldomseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.13.Theybarelytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.14.WefrequentlytakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.15.Haveyouneverwonthelottery.

EXERCISE351.yet2.never/already3.still4.still5.yet6.yet(already)7.already8.still(already)9.yet(already)10.ever11.still12.yet13.yet14.still15.yet16.already17.never

18.ever

EXERCISE361.already2.still3.already4.never5.still6.ever7.ever8.never9.ever10.ever11.never12.ever13.yet14.already15.ever16.still17.yet

EXERCISE371.in2.by/at3.in4.to5.among6.becauseof7.Before8.in9.above/over10.on11.in12.in13.on14.at15.in

16.with17.from18.off19.between20.for21.for22.before23.on24.above/over25.of/about

EXERCISE381.of2.into3.about/of4.for/to5.of/to6.of/for7.to8.in/at9.of10.for/for11.into12.in13.away14.by/across15.to16.off17.about/up18.about19.at20.to/about

EXERCISE391.In2.on3.in

4.in5.about6.of7.of8.of9.of10.on11.in12.of13.from14.to15.On16.off17.for18.to19.for20.from21.to

EXERCISE401.A2.D3.B4.A5.B6.A7.C8.C9.D10.A11.C12.A13.A

EXERCISE411.and—twoideas2.but—contrast

3.so—twoideas4.but—contrast5.nor—twoideas6.yet—twoideas7.and—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech8.for—twoideas9.nor—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech10.but—contrast11.and—twoideas12.but—twoideas13.and—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech14.and—twoideas(commands=twoideas)15.or—twowordsofthesamepartofspeechbut—contrast

EXERCISE421.fries2.magnifies3.pinch4.itches5.deny6.does7.marches8.teaches9.hurry10.blush11.wash12.fishes13.studies14.go15.scorches16.apply17.dries18.flies19.bleaches20.cries

EXERCISE43

1.have2.did3.is4.can5.will6.do7.painted8.seems9.had10.were

EXERCISE441.Canwesee...?2.DoesNancyhave...?3.Mightthelandlordraise...?4.Wouldhelike...?5.WillSusanbe...?6.Shouldthestudents...?7.DidIhave...?8.DidEnricobuy...?9.DoesTarapaint...?10.Dothecarpentersknow...?

EXERCISE451.Tomatoesdon’tgrowontrees.2.Thesundoesn’tshineatnight.3.Roosterscan’tlayeggs.4.Alligatorsdidn’tliveinthedesertlongago.5.Myrosescan’tgrowwithoutwater.6.TheFrenchdidn’tinventtheconceptofzero.7.Heshouldn’tstudystatistics.8.Mostluxurycarsdon’tgetgoodgasmileage.9.Boliviadoesn’thavealargeport.10.Lionsdon’thavefeathers.

EXERCISE46

1.willgrow2.willserve3.willarrive4.willsleep5.willbegin6.willbe7.willlive8.willhappen9.won’tbloom10.willcount

EXERCISE47Answerswillvary.1.Itbeginsat8:00.Itdoesn’tbeginat11:00.2.Thechildreneatpeanutbuttersandwiches.Theydon’teatspinach.3.Shesleepseighthourseveryday.Shedoesnotsleeplateonweekdays.4.Thedogrunsawayfromthecat.Thedogdoesnotrunawayfromthechildren.

5.Yes,hedrivestotheuniversityeveryday.No,hedoesn’tdrivetoworkeveryday.

6.Yes,shewalkswiththechildren.No,shedoesn’twalkwiththedog.7.IngridsingsSpanishsongs.Shedoesn’tsingItaliansongs.8.Majadancesatparties.Shedoesn’tdanceinclass.9.Themanagertalkswiththesalesdepartment.Hedoesnottalkwiththeadvertisingdepartment.

10.AliareadstheWashingtonPost.ShedoesnotreadNewsweek.11.Yes,shewritesletterstoherfamily.No,shedoesn’twriteletterstoher

students.12.Yes,itservesexcellentfood.No,itdoesn’tserveJapanesefood.

EXERCISE481.forgotten2.gone3.dug4.brought...sang5.sold6.slept

7.drank8.flew9.fell10.froze11.eaten12.sank13.understood14.told15.saw16.blew

EXERCISE491.were2.saw3.seemed4.decided5.approached6.saw7.bought8.parked9.walked10.were11.looked12.asked13.wanted14.said15.wanted16.picked17.moved18.selected19.could20.told21.advertised22.put23.made

EXERCISE50

1.Ipaintedthehousetwoweeksago.2.IbegantostudyEnglishthreesemestersago.3.Yes,theplanearrivedtenminutesago.4.We(you)studiedthepasttensefivedaysago.5.Janicebeganworkingfortheelectriccompanyeightyearsago.6.No,Ididn’tfinishmyhomeworktwohoursago.7.Theycaughtthebusonehourago.8.Carolmovedheresevenmonthsago.9.Thisclassbegan20minutesago.10.ImetMrs.Nelsonsixweeksago.11.Waldemarstartedhisweightliftingprogramfourmonthsago.12.NinaandBengotmarried10yearsago.13.No,wedidn’tbuyanewcarsixdaysago.14.SandyandJoansenttheweddinginvitationsonemonthago.15.Thenewmuseumopenedfouryearsago.

EXERCISE511.wasdreaming2.willbemeeting3.isacting4.aretaking5.iswriting6.wasrunning7.wasraining8.willbevisiting9.willbemarrying10.waspreparing11.willbesailing12.wastrying13.willbedriving14.iseating15.willbegraduating16.will...begetting17.willbeprogramming18.willbegrowing19.wascopying20.willbephotographing

EXERCISE521.am2.think3.amwalking4.amwondering/wonder5.aredoing6.imagine7.isdancing8.areplaying9.iswriting10.ismeeting11.go12.sit13.study14.swim15.plan16.know17.arehaving18.aredoing19.like20.need

EXERCISE531.aretaking2.calls3.knows4.isgrowing5.play6.buys7.areusing8.park9.ispreparing10.ispacking11.isstudying12.go13.iseating14.istalking

15.works16.isforcing17.ishopping18.mixes19.tries20.arewaiting

EXERCISE541.ferociously2.firmly3.easy4.fragrant5.angry6.exclusively7.delicious8.depressed9.hurriedly10.zealously11.courageously12.quickly13.unbelievably14.madly15.good16.wonderful17.surprisingly18.carefully19.unwilling20.smooth

EXERCISE551.grateful2.tired3.quietly4.excited5.sour6.beautiful7.uncertain

8.durable9.silently10.rich11.honest12.discreet13.threatening1.violent1.recklessly16.cold17.correctly18.good19.firm20.quickly

EXERCISE561.N2.F3.M4.E5.C6.G7.D8.J9.K10.I11.A12.B13.H14.L

EXERCISE571.J2.N3.E4.I5.G6.L

7.K8.D9.C10.H11.B12.M13.F14.A

EXERCISE581.F2.D3.A4.B5.C6.E7.G8.L9.H10.J11.K12.O13.N14.I15.P16.M

EXERCISE591.do2.made3.make4.made5.make6.do7.do8.made9.make

10.make11.do12.done13.doing14.make15.do16.do17.do18.do19.do20.make21.do22.make23.make24.make25.made

EXERCISE60Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE61Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE62Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE631.Don’tbuyicecreamatthegrocerystore.2.Don’tcookthespaghettiforonlytenminutes.3.WealwaystellourfriendsnottogototheChineserestaurant.4.Mymotheralwaysasksmenottowalkslowly.5.Don’ttelluswhatyourproblemis.6.Don’trideyourbicycleinthestreet.7.Don’tsendyourlettertotheoffice.8.Don’taskthemtosendthecheckinthemail.

9.Ifyoucannotsolvetheproblem,don’taskTed.10.Theinsurancecompanyorderedtheclientnottomakepaymentonthebill.

EXERCISE641.StudythevocabularyinChapter3.Don’tstudythevocabularyinChapter4.2.Don’tpayyourfeesbeforeJune20.3.Parkinthebluezone.Don’tparkintheredzone.4.Arrivebefore8:15.Don’tarriveafter9:00.5.ReturnthebooksafterJune30.Don’treturnthembeforeJune30.6.Eatinthefacultydiningarea.Don’teatinyouroffice.7.Don’trideonthesidewalk.8.Don’tbringaSpanishdictionarytoclass.9.DoyourlaundryonSaturday.Don’tdoyourlaundryonFriday.10.Don’twriteyourSocialSecuritynumberonthefrontofyourchecks.

EXERCISE65Answerswillvary,butherearesomepossibilities:1.Getupearlierandarriveontime.2.Giveyourwifemoremoneyformedicine.Buythemedicineforyourchildren.

3.Stopbeingsobossy.Benicertoeveryone.4.Ms.Tamuko,cleanupyouryard.Getridofalthatjunkinyouyard.5.Ms.Davis,payyourcreditorsimmediately.6.Raymond,bequietinmycourtroom.Don’ttalkunlessIspeaktoyou.7.Mrs.Kaley,keepyourchildrenquiet.Tellyourchildrentobequiet.Controlyourchildren.

8.Vincent,getajob.Getupandgotowork.9.Mandy,stopreadingtrashynovels.Getagoodbook.Gotothelibraryandfindagoodbook.

10.Flo,goonadiet.Seeadoctoraboutyourweight.Stopeatingjunkfood.Eathealthyfood.

11.Dennis,stopspendingsomuchmoney.Controlyourspending.Spendwisely.Getabetterjob.

12.Bobby,stopstealingcars.Getcounseling.13.Ms.Jackson,leantocook.Takethisbackandfixmesomethingelse.14.Dr.Taylor,loweryourprices.Haveaheart.15.Mrs.Riordan,gethelpforyouson.Stopgivinghimalcohol.

16.Mario,studyharderandgetbettergrades.Getatutor.Talktoyourprofessorsandgetsomehelp.

17.Sandy,benicertoyourbrothersandsisters.Speakkindlytothem.18.Mark,learntotype.Getaprofessionaltypist.19.Dr.Daniels,getamicrophone,speakloudandclearly.Useabetterchoiceof

words.20.Sue,getalife.Takeupsomesports.Joinaclub.Meetsomeinteresting

people.

EXERCISE661.cooking2.speaking3.be4.swimming5.go6.attending7.wearing8.belong9.be10.practicing11.getting12.driving13.dance14.live15.working16.eating17.typing18.sewing19.direct20.skiing

EXERCISE671.had2.is3.has4.would5.had

6.is7.is8.had9.had10.is11.is12.would13.would14.is15.would16.would17.is18.is19.had20.has

EXERCISE681.Joan’s2.Who’d3.What’s4.Mel’s5.You’d6.he’d7.Sonya’s8.Mark’s9.he’d10.I’d...they’d11.what’s12.When’s13.It’sbeen...I’vegone14.We’d15.Sue’d16.Bernie’d...it’dbeen17.you’d18.Kurt’s19.You’dbe20.Mrs.Hart’s

EXERCISE691.C2.A3.C4.A5.C6.C7.A8.C9.A10.B11.C12.C13.B14.C15.C16.C

EXERCISE701.sing,sings;sang;willsing;am,is,aresinging2.write,writes;wrote;willwrite;am,is,arewriting3.fly,flies;flew;willfly;am,is,areflying4.think,thinks;thought;willthink;am,is,arethinking5.bake,bakes;baked;willbake;am,is,arebaking6.send,sends;sent;willsend;am,is,aresending7.swim,swims;swam;willswim;am,is,areswimming8.see,sees;saw;willsee;am,is,areseeing9.dance,dances;danced;willdance;am,is,aredancing10.run,runs;ran;willrun;am,is,arerunning11.drive,drives;drove;willdrive;am,is,aredriving12.eat,eats;ate;willeat;am,is,areeating13.fry,fries;fried;willfry;am,is,arefrying14.prepare,prepares;prepared;willprepare;am,is,arepreparing15.carry,carries;carried;willcarry;am,is,arecarrying

EXERCISE71

EXERCISE721.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.B7.D8.A9.B10.A11.B12.B13.A14.A15.B16.B17.B18.B19.A20.B

EXERCISE731.HisliveinKansas.2.Theirsisdowntown.3.Theirshasapatio.4.Weboughtours.5.Youneedyoursstamped.6.Canheeathisnow?7.Dohersworkintheoffice?8.Whenwillyoureceiveyours?9.Allofyoutookyourslastweek.10.oursishigherthanyours.

EXERCISE741.Theyhavetheirsandmine.2.Minewillbereadyafter3p.m.3.Shepassedhers.4.HisliveinGreeneville.5.Thosearehers.6.Jamescanidentifyhis.7.Ours(Yours)haveexpired(arelost).8.I’vewrittenmine.9.Yourscometovisitoften(seldom,etc.).10.Ours(Mine)willarrivetomorrow.

EXERCISE751.Getmesomecoffee.2.Theteacherreadthemthestory.3.Timleftyouthisgift.4.Theartistdrewmeaportrait.5.Mysonfeedsthedogitsfoodeveryday.6.Thecompanywillbuildusahouseverysoon.7.Sally,showmeyourdoll.8.Mr.DixonofferedTracythejob.9.Pleasefindmemysweater.10.Ipromisedtogethimabird.

EXERCISE761.Peterowesmanyfavorstoyou.2.Annetteshowedthenewdresstohermother.3.Aliceismakinganafghanforhersister.4.Cutsomecakeforthembeforeitdisappears.5.I’llsendthephotostoyouassoonastheyarrive.6.Bringthatcarttome.7.Janet’sgrandmotherleftaspecialringtoher.8.Soniapaidthemoneytotheticketagent.9.Myfriendreadthenoticeinthepapertome.10.Nobodyboughtanythingforustoeat.

EXERCISE771.Mr.andMrs.Smithsingtoeachotheroften.2.ChrisandRachelseeeachotheronweekends.3.Wefindeachotherinaworldofgreattechnologicaladvances.4.HenryandJoanlookforeachotherinthecrowd.5.Martyandhissisterteaseeachotherabouttheirpronunciation.6.StanandNancyandtheirfriendsbuyoneanotherChristmasgifts.7.MysisterandIgiveeachothermoralsupport.8.ThesoldierandiswifeheldeachothertightlyafterhisreturnfromIraq.9.TomandSallykneweachotherforyearsbeforegettingmarried.10.TonyandhismothermeetonThursdaysforlunch.11.Nancyandhermotherspeaktoeachotheronthetelephoneeveryday.12.RomeoandJulietlovedeachotherverymuch.13.JohnandPauldonottakeeachotherseriously.14.JudyandChristinetelleachothersecrets.

EXERCISE781.who2.whom3.who4.whomever5.whoever6.whom7.whom

8.whom9.Whoever10.whom11.whoever12.who13.who14.whom15.who16.who17.whomever18.whom19.Whoever20.Whoever

EXERCISE791.theywant>hewants,theydon’t>hedoesn’t2.their>his/her3.their>her4.they>he5.their>his/her6.their>he/shecome>comes7.they>hetheywillbegoodcitizens>hewillbeagoodcitizen.8.their>its9.himself>themselves10.her>their11.it>them12.it>them13.it>the14.they>he,their>his15.it>them16.their>its17.theyare>he,sheis,18.we>you19.their>its20.their>his/her

EXERCISE80

1.B2.D3.D4.B5.D6.A

EXERCISE811.B2.A3.D4.B5.D6.D7.B8.B9.B10.B11.A12.D13.D14.C

EXERCISE821.anyother2.theothers/another3.Theother4.others5.anyother6.another7.theother8.another9.theothers10.another11.Some(Other)12.another13.others

14.theother/other15.others16.anyother(another)

EXERCISE831.C2.B3.C4.C5.D

EXERCISE841.C2.B3.C4.B5.A

EXERCISE851.any2.another3.his4.others5.Other6.its7.they8.him9.us10.its

EXERCISE861.pale2.corporeal3.terrestrial4.celestial

5.religious6.studious7.nocturnal8.well-timed9.annual10.paternal

EXERCISE871.beautiful2.amiable3.organized4.holy5.uncourageous6.materialistic7.expensive8.diurnal9.fraternal10.maternal

EXERCISE881.Ivanhasjustboughtafive-doorstationwagon.2.Mycousinlikesthatlovelygrayfour-compartmentpurse.3.Wehaveanew9.6-GBcomputer.4.Thereisanew30-inch-screentelevisioninthelobby.5.Sherrylikeshernewfour-speakerstereo.6.Whenwewentonvacationwetookan80-quartcooler.7.TheEmpireStateBuildingisa92-storystructure.8.Canyouchangethis$20bill.9.InourEnglishclasslastweek,wehadtowritea250-wordcomposition.10.Wetooka10-weektripacrossAmerica.11.Gastoniaissix-hourdrivefromhere.12.Angelawasveryupsetbecauseshehadspilledafive-galloncanofoliveoil.13.Susieneedsthreeyardsof60-inchmaterialforherdress.14.Tomhasjustboughtafive-piecebedroomset.15.Evalivesinahousewithatwo-cargarage.16.Barbaramadeanewfive-buttonwintercoat.17.Paulhasanewfive-speedbicycle.

18.Montyrepairscars,soheboughta125-piecetoolset.19.Weneedanine-footextensioncord.20.Mynewcamplightneedsanine-voltbattery.

EXERCISE891.Heneedsafour-voltbatteryforhisradio.2.Wetookasix-dayjourneythroughthemountains.3.Canyouchangethisten-dollarbill?4.Mycousinhasjustboughtathree-storyhouse.5.Nancyjustboughtatwo-piecebathingsuit.6.Marcellahasaten-roomapartment.7.Theteachersaidthatweneededthree-inchmarginsonthecomposition.8.TheManleysowna19-inchcolortelevision.9.Weinstalledaneight-tracktapeplayerinthecar.10.Myfriendhasafive-gallongascan.11.Thereisanewmodel44-keytypewriter.12.Theflagkitcomeswitha17-footpole.13.Mandyalwaysusesthethree-tierplatterwhensheentertains.14.Thesalesmantriedtosellusafive-piecediningset.15.Mynewmicrowavehasa25-minutetimer.16.Susanhasanewtwo-goldbuttonminkcoat.17.Peteralwaysuses800-speedfilmforhiscamera.18.TheNelsonshaveanewfour-doorcar.19.WhenthePresidentpassed,thesoldiersgavehima21-gunsalute.20.Veronicaboughtanew15-pieceteaset.

EXERCISE901.goldjewelry2.woolclothes3.plasticforks4.minkcoat5.silkflowers6.brasschimes7.paperflowers8.taffetaskirt9.brickhouse10.chinaplates

11.eelskinshoes12.crayonartkit13.leatherbriefcase14.woodbookcases15.copperframe16.silkdress17.rayonclothes18.treehouse19.stonepatio20.diamondring

EXERCISE911.coffeecream2.vegetablesoup3.fruitsalad4.wristwatch5.desklamp6.moviecamera7.bookcovers8.dressfactory9.leathergloves10.cottonshirt11.Christmastree12.shoppingbag13.photoalbum14.chemistrylab15.summervacation16.stainedglasswindow17.trainticket18.busstation19.paperplates20.handcream

EXERCISE921.raided2.requested3.interesting

4.settled5.explored6.paid7.working8.stolen9.dreaded10.escaping11.hated12.missing13.planning14.postponed15.wandering16.fighting17.graduating18.freezing19.locked20.invited

EXERCISE931.admiring2.conflicting3.shaped4.warped5.climbing6.rising7.questioning8.lettered9.simmering10.smiling11.speeding12.enveloping13.littered14.bouncing15.crushed16.exhausting17.opened18.whining19.returned

20.polluted

EXERCISE94Answerswillvary.1....thesooneryouwillgetthere.2....thefartheritwent.3....thehotteritgot.4....thesooneryoucanleave.5....thedarkerthephotographgot.6....themorehorsepoweryouwillhave.7....thethirstierIget.8....themoreitlookedlikerain.9....themorenervousIgot.10....thelongeritwilltakeyoutogethere.

EXERCISE951.StudentsintheUnitedStatesstudythree-quartersasmuchasstudentsinCostaRica.

2.ItistwiceashotinPhoenixasinButte.3.Washingtonstatewasaterritory12timesaslongasNevada.4.PeruhastwiceasmanynationalholidaysastheUnitedStates.5.EnglandandWalesproduceeighttimesasmanymajorproductsastheFalklandIslands.

6.YouneedsixtimesasmanyTurkishpoundsasIndonesianrupiahstoequaloneAmericandollar.

7.Icelandisaboutone-thirdaslargeasthecontinentofAfrica.Africaisabout300timesaslargeasIceland.

8.Thediameteroftheearthisalmostfourtimesasbigasthatofthemoon.9.TheSnakeRiverisaboutone-fourthaslargeastheNile.10.TheAnapurnaMountainsinNepalareaboutfourandahalftimesashighas

MountMitchellinNorthCarolina.

EXERCISE961.fox2.bear3.done

4.picture5.rock6.theharder7.wind8.never9.day/noseonyourface10.wink11.sorry12.thebetter13.thebetter14.mule15.ghost/sheet16.beet/lobster/tomato17.tack18.bee19.owl20.ox

EXERCISE971.Pharmacists’jobsaredifferentfromelectricians’jobs.2.Chicago’stemperaturesarelowerthanFlorida’stemperatures.3.Susana’scoatisprettierthanRosa’scoat.4.Chestnut’ssuppliesaremoreexpensivethanKmart’ssupplies.5.Eric’ssportscarisfasterthanDavid’scar.6.Connie’sexamwasmoredifficultthanhersister’sexam.7.Ralph’snewCorvettecostmorethanhisuncle’sCorvette.8.Painters’livesaremorediversifiedthanteachers’lives.9.Musicians’practicesessionsarelongerthandancers’sessions.10.Theuniversity’sfacultyismoreexperiencedthanthecollege’sfaculty.

EXERCISE981.quality2.material3.color4.quality5.noun6.limiting

7.limiting8.form9.form10.material11.description12.form13.form14.texture15.description16.texture17.noun/color18.intensity19.limiting20.size21.quality22.form23.form24.description25.quality26.quality27.texture28.color/noun29.color/noun30.quality31.quality

EXERCISE99Answerswillvary.Answerswillvary

EXERCISE1001.thelongelegantredsatindress2.theboy’sbigroundbeachball3.asmallbrightovaldiamondring4.Rita’snewsleekbluesportscar5.December’smanylongcoldwinternights6.15littlefatfurrykoalabears

7.twobigwhiteostrichfeathers8.fiveroundriperedtomatoes9.alargeoldsoftcomfortablechair10.thelongdelicateruby-encrustedhandle

EXERCISE1011.D2.B3.B4.A5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C

EXERCISE1021.C2.D3.D4.A5.A6.B

EXERCISE1031.bothare2.theirsisteris3.membersgo4.wehavecardsnotonlyfor...5.eitheris6.planningtogonotonlytoSwitzerlandbutalso7.John...hopestobeaprofessionalwriter8.sweetsare9.bouquetwasfilledwithnotonly...butalso...10.guestspay

11.Iwanttobuyboth...12.doors...have13.flowersare14.governmenthasboththepowerand...15.both...are

EXERCISE1041.Yes,thechildhasdrunkhismilk.No,thechildhasn’tdrunkhismilk.2.Yes,Maryhassoldherhouse.No,Maryhasn’tsoldherhouse.3.Yes,thedirectorshavethoughtaboutasolutiontotheproblem.No,thedirectorshaven’tthoughaboutasolutiontotheproblem.

4.Yes,allofushavespokentotheteacher.No,allofushaven’tspokentotheteacher.

5.Yes,Ihavewornmynewshirt.No,Ihaven’twornmynewshirt.6.Yes,youhavedoneagoodjobonthepresentation.No,youhaven’tdoneagoodjobonthepresentation.

EXERCISE1051.Ihavenoteatenbreakfastyet.2.ithasn’tsnowedalotsinceFebruary3.Markhasalreadyworked33hours4.hasalreadytyped100letters5.hasalreadygiven6.havenotpaidmybillsyet7.hasvisitedMexico8.Ihavereceivedfive

EXERCISE106Answerswillvary,butherearesomepossibilities:1.Ihave(never)traveled2.Myfamilyhas(never)eaten3.Myfriendshave(never)beenin4.Myfriendshave(not)visited5.Theplanehas(not)arrived6.Mybestfriendhas(not,never)played7.My(our)teachershave(not)helpedus

8.Ihavetaken_______exams9.I(we)haveeaten_______10.Ihave(not)toldmyparents

EXERCISE1071.haswritten2.wore3.thought4.hasread5.hasquit6.hurt7.took8.havewaited9.hasset10.hasseen11.finallyreceived12.left13.danced14.ran15.blew16.hassung17.ate18.heard19.hasswum20.caught

EXERCISE108Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE109Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE1101.hadvisited2.hadarrived

3.read4.told5.hadprepared6.improved7.made8.hadordered9.hadwaited10.hadpromised11.haddanced12.hadmailed13.gave14.hadunderstood15.hadgone

EXERCISE1111.hadwon2.hadreturned3.repaired4.remained5.haddriven6.hadpaid7.sank8.hadgone9.hadnotfrozen10.rang11.built12.caught13.hadnottaken14.landed15.hadnotbought16.hadput17.hadnoteaten18.hadflown

EXERCISE1121.Luishasbeenstudyingintheuniversityforthreesemesters.2.Mandyhasbeenskiingforsixhours.

3.Philhasbeentakinghisfinalexamsforthreehours.4.Wehavebeenattendingtheconferenceforsixdays.5.HarryandIhavebeendancingforthreemonths.6.Theyhavebeeneatingfortwohours.7.IhavebeenspeakingSpanishforsixsemesters.8.NoelPhelpshasbeenwritingnovelsfor21years.9.Jackhasbeendrivingatruckfor14years.10.PaulandDorothyhavebeenbuildingtheirhouseforsixmonths.11.Kenthasbeenplayingbaseballfor14years.12.Ihavebeenwatchingmyfavoritetelevisionprogramforfourmonths.13.YouhavebeenplayingtheroleofKingArthurforfiveyears.14.IhavebeentakingmysummervacationsinEuropeforeightyears.

EXERCISE113Answerswillvary;however,theverbsshouldbethefollowing:1.Ihavebeenstudying2.Ihavebeenliving3.Myfamilyhasbeenwriting4.He/Shehasbeenworking5.Theyhavebeenstudying6.Wehavebeeneating

EXERCISE1141.waswalking2.pulled3.looked4.saw5.waswaiting6.appeared7.wascarrying8.moved9.weretalking10.arrived11.wasreading12.waswriting13.werenotpaying14.realized

15.got16.began17.had18.were19.entered20.was

EXERCISE1151.went2.arrived3.found4.wasleaving5.wasparking6.jumped7.wasn’tpaying8.hit9.got10.started11.waslooking12.brought13.said14.picked15.put16.wascutting17.decided18.waspushing19.fell20.helped

EXERCISE1161.wastraveling2.wrote3.wasbrushing4.waschanging5.made6.wascooking7.called

8.walked9.weretalking10.said11.brought12.wasgoing13.packed14.asked15.wasclosing16.waspouring17.wasplaying18.hurried/washurrying19.wastyping20.waswashing

EXERCISE1171.todebate2.togo3.tobe4.seeing5.performing6.toobey7.driving8.toallow9.tobuy10.going11.torepair12.toyield13.toeat14.spending15.topaint16.going17.singing18.tohave19.toentertain20.playing

EXERCISE118

1.wereraising2.rose3.risen4.raise5.raised6.rise7.willraise8.rise

EXERCISE1191.lies2.lain3.lay4.laid5.lie6.lay7.laid8.laid

EXERCISE1201.sets/issetting2.set3.set4.set5.sitting6.sit7.set8.sat9.sit

EXERCISE1211.wouldhavegone2.haddone3.hadnotleft4.pick5.speak

6.took7.hadseen8.willgraduate9.hadhad10.wouldhaveattended11.couldgo12.hadnoteaten13.had14.hadstudied15.couldcatch16.werenot/hadnotbeen17.wouldstop18.hadwon19.couldlose20.were

EXERCISE122Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE123Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE1241.willevict2.will(may,can)attend3.show4.had(hadhad)5.willbe6.gets7.finds8.purchase9.will(may,can)notread10.arrives11.try12.prepare13.answer

14.will(may,can)notinsure15.receive16.leave17.will(can,may)miss18.tries19.put20.asks

EXERCISE125Possibleanswers:1.Tommustbeagoodswimmer.Tommustbestrong.2.Johnprobablydidn’tstudy(mustnothavestudied).3.Halmustbeworried.4.Hemustbeobnoxious.5.Johnmustbesick.6.Itwillprobablyrain.Itmustbegoingtorain.7.Itwillprobablysnow.Itmustbegoingtosnow.8.XianandMaimustbeverygoodfriends.Theywillprobablygetmarriedsomeday.

9.Hemusthaveheardafunnyjoke.10.Tommustnotgettoomuchexercise.Tomprobablyeatstoomuch.11.Theymustlikemeat.12.Theymusthavealotofmoney.Theyprobablyhavealargefamily.13.Theymustbehavingfun.Theywillprobablygoingswimming.14.IwonderifJoséfailedthetest.15.Wewillprobablyarrivelate(missthefirstact).16.Melmusthavealotofdebts.Melprobablydoesnotbudgethismoney.17....musthavearrived...18.Hemustbeagoodemployer.Heprobablyreceivedapromotion.19....mustbe20(anynumber)years...20.Jakemustbenervous.Hemustberehearsingrightnow.

EXERCISE126Answerswillvary.1.Hewasprobablythenewdirector(aprofessor,anartist,...)2.Itwasprobably(musthavebeen)eighto’clock(anytime).3.Theymusthavebeenveryhappy.

4.Hemusthavetrainedveryhard.5.Hemustnothavestudied.Hemustbeveryunhappy.6.Hemusthavebeentired.Hemusthaveenjoyedhistrip.7.Theymusthavebeensailingonthehighseas.Theymusthavealotofmoney.

8.Sheprobablydidn’tfeelgood.Shemusthavehadanearlyclass.Sheprobablyhadtogetupearlytoday.

9.Theymusthavebeensick.Theymusthavehadtoworktoday.10.Hemusthaveenjoyedthemovie.11.Itmusthaverainedearlier.12.Heprobablygotgoodgradesinallofthem.13.Shemusthavebeenverytired.14.Yourcheckhasprobablyclearedbynow.15.Itmusthavearrivedabout10o’clock(anytime).16.Therewereprobably50(anynumber)peoplethere.17.Theyprobablywent(musthavegone)toGatlinburg.18.Hemusthaveseenit10times.(anynumber)19.Iwasprobablyeightyearsold.(anyage)20.TheymusthaveannouncedthewinnersonSaturday.(anyday)

EXERCISE1271.pass2.talks3.sits4.feeds5.fly6.peck7.throws8.come9.know10.approaches11.gives12.sees13.decides14.is15.has16.speaks17.rides

18.says19.is20.takes

EXERCISE1281.clashes2.is3.has4.walk5.are6.are7.grow8.have9.distribute10.is11.come12.contain13.is14.was15.Was16.looks17.offers18.say19.breaks20.photograph

EXERCISE1291.has2.are3.likes4.is5.need6.are7.wants8.frightens9.trains10.excels

11.requires12.hurt13.seems14.spend15.costs16.represents17.goes18.solve19.drive20.occur

EXERCISE1301.DeathofaSalesmanwaswrittenin1949.2.Thefortwascapturedbytheattackingtroops.3.MonticellowasdesignedbyThomasJefferson.4.TheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedinPhiladelphia.5.Rainisbeingpredictedfortomorrow.6.Mostoftheprairiewasdestroyedbyaforestfire.7.Manytreeswillbecutdownbythelumberjackstobuildtwelvenewhomes.(Twelvenewhomeswillbebuiltafterthetreeshavebeencutdown.)

8.Beforetheceremonyhadbegun,thecandleswerelitbythealtarboys.9.Houdinihadbeenlockedinaboxforoneofhistricks.10.Thefinalepisodeoftheprogramwaswatchedbythousandsofviewers.11.Theauthor’snameisnotknown.12.PassionwasdirectedbyMelGibson.13.Thetreatywassignedin1863.14.Fivehundredspeedingticketswereissuedyesterday.15.ThestockmarketwillbeclosedonJuly4.16.AprogramonSpainwillbefeaturedonChannel5onWednesday.17.Plansforacelebrationhavebeenmadebythecommittee.18.Theoldchurchhadbeentorndownbefore1875.

EXERCISE1311.Thesalesmanorderedanewcar.2.Thetechniciananalyzedthewatertoseewhetheritwaspolluted.3.I(anyname)amsendingyourpackageairfreight.4.We(someone)willsingthenationalanthembeforethesoccermatch.

5.ThepaintersarepaintingFrank’shousethisweek.6.Thefishermenarecatchingfishinlargenumbers7.MelFisherhasdiscoveredmuchtreasurefromthesunkenshipTheAtocha.8.Theorchestraplayedmyfavoritesong.9.AtonetimetheFrenchoccupiedSt.Augustine.10.NancyboughtherdressinAtlantatwoweeksbeforethewedding.

EXERCISE132:BEAUTIFULHAWAII

Thepilot flewaplaneloadof touristsoutofLosAngeles towardHawaii.Theflightcrewservedawonderfulmealonboard.Thepassengersenjoyedthebeautiful scenery en route to the island paradise. Upon arrival, nativewomenwearing grass skirts greeted the tourists. They were swaying to Hawaiianmelodies of traditional music that the local musicians were playing on theirukuleles.Manyconsidertheseinstrumentstobenativetotheislands.Oneofthelovelynativesgaveeachofthetouristsacolorfulleioftinyorchids.ThecitizensofthisPacificislandreceivedthetouristswarmly.

EXERCISE133:STONEHENGE

In 2750 B.C. an agricultural tribe of sun worshipers built Stonehenge, amegalithic structure located inEngland. Scientists have proposed a number oftheoriesaboutthepurposeofsuchastructureandthemysteryofStonehenge.In1963 a British astronomer, Gerald S. Hawkins, proposed the most acceptedtheoryregardingitssignificance.HebelievedthatStonehengewasagiantstonecalendarandobservatory.“Heelstones”inthecenterofthecomplexmarkedthepoint at which the sun rose during the midsummer solstice. A religious sectcalledDruidsperformedritestherethatanthropologistssaydatebacktothetimeofAtlantis.Scientistsdiscoveredthathistoricallyandchronologically,however,theDruidsandStonehengearefromdifferenteras.

EXERCISE1341.totease2.see3.apologize4.take5.towrite

6.drive7.toeat8.tovisit9.live10.toappear11.tobe12.toaccept13.move14.togive15.toarrive16.tostudy17.topay18.toget19.dance20.swim

EXERCISE135(verbsonly)1.hadgone2.hadhad3.couldhavecooked4.hadbeen5.hadn’thadtotake6.couldhavegotten7.hadnotbeensnowing8.hadnothadtomake9.couldhavetyped10.wouldhavebought

EXERCISE136Answerswillvary.

EXERCISE1371.hadbought2.hadnotdriven3.hadgotten

4.hadtaken5.had6.knew7.hadnotdrunk8.woulddry9.hadnotbeen10.read/couldread

EXERCISE138

WewishSolangehadn’thadtoworklate.IwishIhadn’thadtowaitforhertoshoweranddress.Wewishwehadn’tarrivedlateatthepartyandmissedsomuchofthefun.WewishwewouldhavebeenabletohearJohnnyDurango.Wewish we could have eaten more than just the leftovers. I wish I could havedancedwithPeteSinclair. (IwishPeteSinclairhaddancedwithme.)Solangewishes shehadn’tdrunk somuchandgotten sickat theparty.Shewishes shehadn’tlostherkeys.WeallwishTomhadn’tofferedtodriveushome.Iwishheweren’tsuchabore!IwishSolangehadn’tgonetobedat11:00.IwishIhadn’twatched(hadn’thadtowatch)television.IwishIhadstayedhomethatnight!

EXERCISE1391.told2.said3.says4.tell5.tell6.told7.said8.tell9.telling10.told

EXERCISE1401.totell2.says3.said

4.told5.said6.tell7.tells8.tell9.says10.say

EXERCISE1411.Helenaskedwherehewasgoing...2.Theprojectdirectorsaidwewouldraise...3.Dr.Janskesaidthatmy(your,our)casewasunusual.4.Noonemovedwhenthepresidentsaidthathewasresigninghisoffice.5.Yolandaaskedwhatkindofjobitwas.6.Columbosaidthathewonderedwherethemurderweaponwas.7.Intomorrow’sspeech,theambassadorwillsaythatwe(they)wouldnegotiatethistreaty.

8.Dannyaskedhisteacherwhentheexamwouldbe.9.MarkAntonysaidthathehadcometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.10.SaundraaskedwhetherHarlanknewhowtofilloutthese(those)forms.11.Themayoraskedwhatwe(they)coulddotoimprovethepark.12.Thestrikerssaidthattheywouldnotreturnuntilworkingconditions

improved.13.TheoldladysaidthatDebralookedsillyinthatdress.14.Theunhappyfloodvictimssaidthattherewasnothingleftforthemtodo.15.Florainsisted(bysaying)thatshewoulddiscuss...16.Miloalwayssaysthatnobodyunderstandshim.17.Thepolicemansaidthathewasafraidthathewouldhavetogivemeaticket

...

EXERCISE1421.Janeaskedmeif(whether)Iplanned...2.AfamousAmericanpatriottoldhissoldiersnottofireuntiltheysaw...3.TheCustomsinspectortoldustoopen...4.ThebosstoldThomasthatifheworkedveryhard,hewouldbe...5.Thewitnesstoldthejudgethathe(she)hadnothing...6.Trudyistellingthecontestantsthatthejudges’decisionwillbefinal.

7.Therestaurantmanagertoldhiscustomerthathewassorrythathe/shedidnotenjoyhis/hervealcutlet.

8.Kerrytoldagroupofphysiciststhatthecompanyhadtoconcentrateon....

EXERCISE143

YesterdayCarlosandIwent tovisitsomefriendsofours.Whilewewerethere,ourhostsaidthathewantedtomakeanadditiontohishouseandthathewas lookingforsomeonetohelphimwith theproject.Carlossaid thathewasinterestedinhisprojectandwouldgladlyhelphimwithit.

Afterhearingthat,ourhosttoldCarlosthehewouldshowhimexactlywhathehadplannedtodoandaskedhimtogivehimsomesuggestionsonhowtodoit.

While themenwere looking at the house, our hostess tookme into theirgreen-houseandshowedmeherlovelycollectionofplants.Shetoldmethatthiswasthefirstyearthatallofherplantshadbloomed.Iaskedherwhetherthecoldbothered them.She toldme thatshehadasmallgasheater installed touseoncoldnights.

Weallwentinsidetodiscussplansforthenewproject.

EXERCISE1441.told2.said3.told4.told5.told6.said7.tell8.told9.tell10.said11.told12.told13.says14.tells15.told

16.said17.said18.said19.said20.told

EXERCISE1451.Theprofessorsaid,“Theclasswillmeetat11.”2.Myfriendsaid,“They(We)aregoingtoEuropeforthespring.”3.Johnsaid,“Ialwaysfeelbetterinthemorning.”4.Marysaid,“Iamgoingtothedancetonight.”5.Thesecretarysaid,“Iremembermailingtheletter.”6.Frank’sdaughtersaid,“Myfriendhasgraduatedwithhonors.”7.Thedoctorsaid,“Ineedyourhelp.”8.Johnasked,“Wheredidyougoonyourvacationlastmonth?”9.Thelawyerasked,“Whereisthecourthouse?”10.Thestudentsasked,“Whenwilltheclassbegin?”

EXERCISE1461.Ourneighborssaidthattheyweregoingtobuyanewcar.2.Thepoliticiansaidthatpovertywouldbeabolished.3.Theprofessorsaidthatthestudentswereallpresent.4.ThelawyertoldMr.Greenthathethoughthecouldhelphim.5.Thesenatorwilltellhisconstituentsthatheisinterestedinconservation.6.Theguesttoldthehostessthatherdinnerwasdelicious.7.Thecoachtoldtheplayersthattheyhadtopracticemore.8.MaryaskedJohnif(whether)heenjoyedclassicalmusic.9.Thewaitressaskedmeif(whether)Iwasreadytoorder.10.Thediplomataskedwhether(if)themeetinghadalreadybegun.

EXERCISE1471.A2.B3.A4.A5.A

6.B7.B8.A9.B10.B11.B12.C13.A14.C15.B16.B17.A

TESTONVERBS1.A2.B3.A4.C5.B6.A7.B8.C9.C10.A11.B12.B13.B14.B15.B16.B17.A18.B19.B20.A21.C22.C23.A