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Krrlrks,kvitdgoks,

si qukrkels

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

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44

Imtrlauhhim[md l es pkrslmds hlm gukmd vloumtda, gukmds imtkmhilmks

y euhcl su`rieikmtl prlpil y dnkml plr dojumls ak ols

dmiedoks quk vkm km od hdook l km ltrls oujdrks, sk rkmkm y

akhiakm plmkrsk edmls d od lgrd pdrd drrkjodr tdo situdhim.

Xlm ods priekrds pkrslmds km od cistlrid ak od cuedmiada

quk cdm aktkhtdal d ols ltrls dmiedoks y cdm akhiaial

dhtudr< Ml.

Vlr sukrtk pdrd koods ml ol slm. Dmtks quk koods ltrls hikmtls

ak eioks l eioolmks ak pkrslmds cdm vistl ol eisel, skmtial

ol eisel y cdm akhiaial dhtudr, ds quk kstds otieds plarm

vkr, plarkels vkr, qu ks ol quk ltrds yd cihikrlm y quk ks ol

quk ml `umhilm y ol quk s.

Ds mls aisplmarkels d utioizdr ols dhikrtls ak `lred

imekaidtd y d ml tkmkr quk rkpktir ols krrlrks hlmtrd ltrls

imaiviauls, plr akshlmlhieikmtl.

Vlrquk tkmkels od sukrtk ak aisplmkr ak im`lredhim y ak

plakrod hlepdrtir. Qkmkels od sukrtk ak plakr dprkmakr akols krrlrks y ak ols dhikrtls ak ltrls sim mkhksiada ak cdhkr

kxpkriekmtls y ekmls dm ak cdhkr kxpkriekmtls slgrk

ltrls skrks.

Y ksl ks edrdvioolsl.

WkadhhimWusskooVrihk@ltljrd`delrjukfflok.hleAisklHktih

Hlmtdhtlim`ljkdhdtFjedio.hle

www.`dhkgllb.hle/Jkdhdt.lrj

Fjkdhdt

www.jkdhdt.lrj

Jksti tihd Dmiedo

http://www.geacat.org/http://www.geacat.org/http://www.geacat.org/

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

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7

Krrlr mekrl 4

[tioizdr od hlepdsim hlel

eltlr...

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

4/23

8

Od hlepdsim pukak skr um eltlr imtkrml y ml mkjdrkels quk ks

ko priekr eltlr ak euhcsieds pkrslmds quk kepikzdm d akaihdr

pdrtk ak su tikepl l su viad d dyuadr d ols ltrls. Vkrl pdrd ko quk

skr dyuadal, quk mlsltrls pdakzhdels, su`rdels l simtdels

hlepdsim plr kools, ml ks mi mkhksdril mi rkokvdmtk, ijudo quk ml

ol ks mimjumd ak ods eltivdhilmks quk mls eukvdm d dyuadrok.

Ol mihl quk ok imtkrksdr do ltrl ks helol cdjdels, ml plr qu

ol cdjdels.

Ol mihl quk imtkrksdr do ltrl ks od hlmskhukmhidak ol quk

cdjdels, ml mukstrd mkhksiadaak cdhkrol.

Ds, hudo skrd ko eknlr eltlr< Ods kxpkrikmhids es kxitlsds mls

aihkm quk ko eknlr eltlr ks ko rkspktlplr ols imtkrksks ako ltrl y

od jdsloimd ak ksk eltlr ks ko hlmlhieikmtl.

Ko eltivl< Vuks plrqu ko hlmlhieikmtl, od im`lredhim y ko

dskslrdeikmtl mls ookvdr cdhid ko rkspktl ak ods mkhksiadaks ako

ltrl imaiviaul, cdhid su hlmsiakrdhim, y, dumquk ol quk

dprkmadels sk doknk ak ol quk pkmsgdels do primhipil l ak ol

quk mls iedjimgdels, si rkspktdels d quikm qukrkels dyuadr

kstdrkels um plhl es hkrhd ak dhkrtdr km ko lgnktivl. Ksl ks

ieprkshimaigok si tkmkels km hukmtd quk km mimjm hdsl, mumhdltrl dmiedo ml cuedml plar adrmls ko hlmskmtieikmtl pdrd quk

dhtukels slgrk o, slgrk su viad y

slgrk su akstiml.

Ol iakdo ks utioizdr ko Hlmlhieikmtl hlm

Vdsim.

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

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1

Krrlr mekrl 7

Ply d krrdaihdr ko

su`rieikmtl...

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

6/23

;

Ksd prktkmsim, km edyshuods y dgsloutd, ookvd d

kxtrkels quk sikeprk addm do ltrl, yd quk ml

tikmkm km hukmtd sus mkhksiadaks, siml ods

mukstrds> ko edmknl ak mukstrl prlpil su`rieikmtl

dmtk ko alolr (prlpil y dnkml).

Od pkrslmd quk su`rk kxtrkedadekmtk hlm ko (d

vkhks rkdo l d vkhks supukstl) su`rieikmtl ako ltrl

sukok hlmvkrtirsk km> um mjko kxtkreimdalr l um

mjko huiadalr

[md pkrslmd hlmvkrtiad km mjko kxtkreimdalr,

hdmsdad ak tdmtl alolr, akhiak plmkr pumtl y fflmdo

dmtk hudoquikr dtisgl ak su`rieikmtl. Kstk mjko

utioizdr ko ku`keisel plmkr d alreirpdrd edtdr dpkrrls, jdtls y hudoquikr ltrl dmiedo alekstihdal

dmtk od plsigioiada ak quk su`rdm, lgvidmal quk od

viad (ak tlals ols dmiedoks, imhouiad od mukstrd) kst

ookmd ak su`rieikmtls quk akhiaiels djudmtdr y

slplrtdr ak od eknlr edmkrd plsigok (hlm

trdtdeikmtl, dmdojsihls, dplyl, tkrdpid l

siepokekmtk djudmtmalols hudmal ml qukad es

rkekail) dmtks ak akhiair dhdgdr pdrd sikeprk hlm

ko su`rieikmtl km mukstrd viad (d trdvs ako suihiail,mkjmalmls d skjuir trdtdeikmtls, kth.)

[md pkrslmd hlmvkrtiad km mjko kxtkreimdalr hlm

`rkhukmhid dfflredr quk su dhhim sol gushd

prlplrhilmdr umd eukrtk auohk d ltrl skr y

dfflredr, dakes, quk ksl ks ol quk kood kshljkrd

pdrd s eised. Ksd dutlnustifflhdhim(ol quk yl

quisikrd pdrd ei ks ol quk ols ltrls imaiviauls cdm

ak qukrkr tdegim pdrd kools) ml tikmk km hukmtd do

ltrl imaiviaul, ml tikmk km hukmtd ol quk quikrk ko

ltrl imaiviaul, mi ol quk mkhksitd, yd quk dqu, ol

quk sk gdrdnd primhipdoekmtk ks ko alolr, ko

su`rieikmtl y ko eikal do prlpil alolr ak od pkrslmd

hlmvkrtiad km mjko kxtkreimdalr.

Ko mjko huiadalr, plr ko hlmtrdril, dumquk ijudo ak

hdmsdal ak tdmtl alolr, akhiak plmkr tlad su

kmkrjd km huiadr, dtkmakr, oiepidr, ekaihdr, rdsurdr,

aksim`khtdr, dgrir, hkrrdr, pimhcdr y, hlm

`rkhukmhid, od plhd pkrspkhtivd quk ok prlplrhilmd

kstdr hlmstdmtkekmtk dtkmaikmal ckriads, pstuods,

slmads, pumtls, hdokmadrils ak ekaihdhilmks sk

imhdpdhitdpdrd plakr vkr ko kstdal jkmkrdo y od

kvlouhim ak ksk skr, cdhk quk skdels imhdpdhks

ak vkr qu quikrk ksk imaiviaul, yd quk ol quk quikrk

od pkrslmd quk huiad d ksk imaiviaul ks quk vivd y sk

sdovk jrdhids d sus dtkmhilmks. Y doo sk plmk tlal ko

ks`ukrzl, km cdhkr quk vivd skd hlel skd, imhousl

dumquk ko dmiedo kst admal slgrdads eukstrds ak

mkjdrsk d skjuir rkhigikmal dtkmhim, doiekmtl l

dyuad vimalol ak `ukrd y hdegidmal do skr jdtl l

pkrrl plr um skr cuedml, vkrdels km ksl umd hodrd

`lred ak edotrdtl

Km hudoquikr hdsl, od edylr pdrtk ak ods pkrslmds

mls plardels hlmvkrtir km um tipl u ltrl ak

mjko si plmkels es dtkmhim km mukstrds

prlpids mkhksiadaks quk km ods ako ltrl

Y hel sk sdgk si quikrk skjuir vivikmal l quikrkakndr ak ouhcdr< Vuks plr aksjrdhid ml tkmkels ols

ekhdmisels pdrd sdgkrol, pkrl km ko elekmtl km

quk hlekmzdels d cdhkrmls ksd prkjumtd

kstdels es hkrhd quk dmtks ak rkspktdr sus

imtkrksks, plrquk tkmkels km hukmtd ods

mkhksiadaks ak ksk imaiviaul, es doo ak ods

mukstrds l plr akodmtk ak koods

"Vkrl od jrdm, od trkekmad

vkrada ks kstd>

Xu`rir ml sirvk pdrd mdad"

Hksdrk Vdvksk

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

7/23

0

Krrlr mekrl 8

Elmtl um rk`ujil l ol quk

skd...

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

8/23

:

Ol iakdo skrd dvkrijudr si yd kxistk dojumd kmtiada quk

cdjd ol eisel quk qukrkels cdhkry, km hdsl quk

kxistd, eirdr si plakels l`rkhkr mukstrd

hlodglrdhim, dprkmakr ak su kxpkrikmhid, eknlrdr

su jkstim hlm mukstrls hlmlhieikmtls l dprkmakr

ak ols suyls ds hlel ak sus krrlrks y dhikrtls.

Xi ml kxistk, l ml plakels l qukrkels umirmls d

ltrds kmtiadaks, mls plmarkels edmls d od lgrd

pdrd akfflmir qu qukrkels cdhkr, hlm quim y pdrd qu.

Akfflmir hlrrkhtdekmtk ksls pdrektrls cdr quk

pladels ookjdr d ltrds pkrslmds quk quikrdm y

pukadm umirsk do jrupl, pdrd trdgdndr hlm es

kfflhdhid y rkpkrhusim.

Ak kmtrdad tlal kstl ml pdrkhk um krrlr, ds quk>

Amak kst ko krrlr

Od lrjdmizdhim, od podmifflhdhim, ko usl ak

prltlhlols, tdmtl ak prltlhlols jkmkrdoks hlel ak

prltlhlols pdrd hdsls ak urjkmhid, ks ko eknlr

hdeiml pdrd kvitdr jrdm pdrtk ak ols prlgokeds quk,

ak ltrl elal, mls vdels d kmhlmtrdr ijudo pkrl

rkslovkrkels pklr. Ko ad d ad sk ookmd ak urjkmhids

y kekrjkmhids quk, si tkmkels umd gukmd

podmifflhdhim, ml vdm d akskstruhturdr tlad od

lrjdmizdhim y su `umhilmdeikmtl, ko

`umhilmdeikmtl tihl imhouial.

Km qu hlmsistk podmifflhdr dyuadr hlm hlmlhieikmtl, rkspktl y kfflhdhid.

"[WJKMQK> Xk eukrkm!!

"XLX!!!!! tkmkels sol cly pdrd kmhlmtrdrok

dhljiad l od tkmarkels quk sdhrifflhdr

"Ml tkmkels pikmsl pdrd ols pkrrls plrquk

akgkels ods `dhturds ako pkaial dmtkrilr!

"Mls khcdm ako rk`ujil!

"Ods akuads km ko vktkrimdril mls iepiakm ookvdr

es dmiedoks!

"Mls kxijkm ko hikrrk plr ml tkmkr ols pkreisls

km rkjod..."

" ...

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

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3

Krrlr mekrl 1

Almak hdgk uml, hdgk...

es ak uml...

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

10/23

9

[m krrlr cdgitudo ks ml cdhkr um kstuail aktdoodal ak ol

quk sk mkhksitd (km jkstim cuedmd, ak

im`rdkstruhturds, khlmeihd y ak tikepl) pdrd

dtkmakr hlrrkhtdekmtk d [M dmiedo.

Qdeplhl ks cdgitudo cdhkr um kstuail skril ako

mekrl ak dmiedoks quk skrkels hdpdhks akdtkmakr km hlmaihilmks ptieds, pdrd kools y pdrdols vloumtdrils y od kmtiada.

Y ks quk dumquk od gukmd vloumtda skd od eised, ml

ks ol eisel dhljkr 46 dmiedoks quk 466, km mimjmskmtial> khlmeihl, imstdodhilmks, hleiad,dtkmhim vktkrimdrid, hdsds ak dhljiad, edtkrido`umjigok, edmtkmieikmtl, hdepdds ak hdptdhim,vloumtdridal,

Ml ks ol eisel dtkmakr umd im`khhim vrihd km um

rkhimtl dhlmaihilmdal pdrd kool quk km uml almakols dmiedoks ml pukadm edmtkmkr umd hudrkmtkmd.

Ml ks ol eisel akspodzdr 46 dmiedoks do vktkrimdrilpdrd quk oks cdjdm prukgds aidjmstihds y pukadmrkhigir trdtdeikmtl dakhudal, quk cdhkrol hlm 466.

Ml ks ol eisel mkhksitdr trks turmls akvloumtdridal, hlm umd pkrslmd plr turml, qukmkhksitdr trks turmls hlm 46 pkrslmds plr turml.

Ml ks ol eisel edmtkmkr ko rk`ujil sikeprk oiepil,

imhousl km situdhilmks ak kekrjkmhid, quk ml

plakrol oiepidr dakhudadekmtk, imhousl kmsitudhilmks mlredoks.

Ml ks ol eisel, mi pdrd ods pkrslmds quk dtikmakmd ols dmiedoks mi pdrd ols dmiedoks dtkmaials.Mumhd ks ol eisel.

Ds quk ks hruhido tkmkr km hukmtd y dsueir quk ml

vdels d plakr dtkmakr d tlals ols dmiedoks quk

mkhksitkm dyuad km ko eumal.Mi euhcl ekmls.Mi quk qukrdels.Mi quk mls akskspkrkels.Mi quk ml ks plsigok.

Vlr kool ks ieprkshimaigok podmifflhdrol tlal akdmtkedml, imhousl ko mekrl exiel ak dmiedoksquk plarkels dtkmakr, pdrd quk ko rk`ujil ml sk

hlmvikrtd km um oujdr imsdougrk l quk l`rkzhdpklrks hlmaihilmks pdrd ols dmiedoks quk ods quktkmardm vivikmal km ltrls oujdrks.

Vlrquk kools, plr kools slols, ml vdm d plakr sdoirak doo, kstm km gukmds l km edods hlmaihilmks.

Wkhlrakels ko pumtl mekrl 4>

[tioizdr ko Hlmlhieikmtl Hlm Vdsim.

Ks ol ekmls adiml pdrd tlals.

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

11/23

46

Krrlr mekrl ;

Od hdook ml ks skjurd

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

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44

Od hdook ml ks skjurd pdrd kools mi pdrd mdaik, pkrlods hdsds tdeplhl ol slm, mi ols rk`ujils, mi mdad.

Od skjuriada ml kxistk sol kxistk od plsigioiada ak

kvitdr quk mukstrd jkstim slgrk kools prlvlquk mukvds,

es l edylrks imskjuriadaks pdrd kools.Mdad es.

Hlm `rkhukmhid, uml ak ols slhils tikmk umd hdsd kmumd zlmd ml urgdmd, l umd ak ods priekrds iakdsquk gdrdndels ks doquiodr um kspdhil l um tkrrkml ydhlmaihilmdrol ol eknlr plsigok pdrd ookvdr d olsdm iedoks d o o pkrl k o hlmt rdtl akdrrkmadeikmtl ak ksk kspdhil qukadr plr kshritll sol ol gdsdrkels km ko gukm rlool hlm ko qukimihidels ksd iakd

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

13/23

47

Krrlr mekrl 0

Mimjm dmiedo akgkrd kstdr

km od hdook

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

14/23

48

Ks gikm sdgial quk tkmkels kepdtd hlm ols ede`krls y, plr hkrhdmd, hlm ols quk ckels oodedaledshltds l dmiedoks ak hlepdd, ktiquktmalols ds skjm ko usl l gkmkfflhil quk mlsprlplrhilmdm, ijudo quk ktiquktdels d ltrls dmiedoks hlel ak hlmsuel.

Vkrl quk tkmjdels jdtls y pkrrls km mukstrds hdsds ml sijmifflhd quk pladels (mi tdeplhl qukakgdels) sdhdr d tlals ols dmiedoks ak od hdook

Od prkjumtd akgkrd skr si ksls dmiedoks mkhksitdm, rkquikrkm l quikrkm, sdoir ak su cgitdt y ak su kstiol ak

viad oigrk pdrd vivir hdutivls km pisls, hdsds, rk`ujils l jdtkrds

Vdrd akshugrir si ksd mkhksiada ks suyd l mukstrd plardels prkjumtdrmls> Vlr qu ml skmtiels odmkhksiada ak sdhdr d, plr knkepol, tlads ods rdtds ak ods dohdmtdrioods ak ods hiuadaks< Euhcdspkrslmds hlmvivkm hlm rdtds, slm skrks skmsigoks, imtkoijkmtks y kxtrdlraimdrils L Vlr qu mlskmtiels od mkhksiada ak sdhdr d, plr knkepol, tlads ods dvks y sol dhtudrdels slgrk ols dmiedoksckrials l edotrdtdals quk mls kmhlmtrskels Dsksrdtk,

im`redtk, dprkmak, dmdoizd, kstuaid, podmifflhd,

prlykhtd y, si ksts skjurl> hlmstruyk.

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

17/23

40

Krrlr mekrl 3

Xkr tkeplrdo...

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

18/23

4:

Dhueuodr dmiedoksml ks umd gukmd iakd, mi quk skd

tkeplrdoekmtk, plrquk mls prkaisplmk d trdgdndr

ak umd `lred quk, tdrak l tkeprdml, vd d skr

pkrnuaihido pdrd ols dmiedoks quk dhlndels y pdrdmlsltrls eisels.

Km jkmkrdo, od jkstim quk cdjdels ak kools plardskr pklr quk si ml od cihiskels, yd quk ml ksthlmtkepodad km ols prltlhlols jkmkrdoks ak trdgdnly ak `umhilmdeikmtl ak mukstrd kmtiada. Y plardskr pklr tdmtl pdrd kools hlel pdrd ko rkstl akdmiedoks quk yd dhljdels hlm dmtkrilriada.

Km um rk`ujil, ols dmiedoks km`krels quk ml pukakmkstdr imjrksdals km homihds vktkrimdrids plrai`krkmtks rdzlmks, sk qukadm km ko rk`ujil y, si mltkmkels ksds imstdodhilmks iakdoks quk akgkrdm

skr od mlred, plardels hdusdr umd kpiakeid,

tkmardels euhcls dmiedoks quk dtkmakr, euhcdsekaihdhilmks pdrd adr, um edmknl ieplsigok km

euhcls hdsls y gdnds.

Y hudmal cdgodels ak gdnds cdgodels ak eukrtls.Eukrtls quk plardels cdgkr kvitdal hlm umdgukmd jkstim. Hlm umd jkstim ojihd y tihd. Hlmumd jkstim euhcl es hlstlsd km priekrdimstdmhid quk od quk suplmk rkhljkrols.

Vlrquk dumquk rkhljkrols yd skd umd jkstimhlstlsd y aifflhuotlsd, ol pklr vikmk akspus>

akspus ks mkhksdril dtkmakrols y cdhkrolhlrrkhtdekmtk d tlals, cdstd quk sdojdm kmdalphim.

Dhueuodrols km um rkhimtl, km um kspdhil, km nduods... ml

ks sufflhikmtk. Y kools tdeplhl ol kshljkrdm si

uaikskm kshl kr.

"Tuisiels elmtdr um rk`ujil, sdgdels quk ml skrd ko

iakdo, mi tdm slol ko quk cdgdels sldal, quk quizs mls

hlm`lredrdels hlm tkmkrols km ko pisl, hlm skpdrdr ols

plsitivls y ektkrols km ko gdl cdstd oljrdr dojl eknlr...

ol quk ml mls iedjimdels ndes ks quk dhdgdrdels

elmtdmal um hdepl ak hlmhkmtrdhimP.D.

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

19/23

43

Krrlr mekrl 9

Dalphim hlepuosivd...

8/12/2019 Errores, evitables, si queremos

20/23

49

Wkhljkr d ols dmiedoks ak od hdook y adrols km dalphim

sim um kxcdustivl hlmtrlo y hleprleisl ako y slgrk ko

dalptdmtk pdrd quk huepod ols rkquisitls mkhksdrils

pdrd dtkmakr d ksk dmiedo aurdmtk tlad su viad, ks umd

edod iakd.

Qdegim ks umd edod iakd quk ml kxistd umprltlhlol kodglrdal ak edmknl ak ols dmiedoks yak dalphim Qikmks iakd ak od hdmtiada akdmiedoks quk slm dalptdals y dgdmalmdals umd y

ltrd vkz, hdegidmal ak hdsd, ak edmls, hlel si`ukskm trdstls plrquk ml sk cdm slhidoizdalhlrrkhtdekmtk< Xdgks od hdmtiada ak dmiedoksquk sk sdhdm ak od hdook plrquk slm sieptihls" ljudpls pkrl quk, kmhkrrdals km umd hdsdimtkmtdm cuir plr od priekrd pukrtd l vkmtdmd dgikrtdsim ieplrtdroks quk ksd vkmtdmd kst km um tihl