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Era VIII WHII.12 The
Cold War
“An iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”
- Winston Churchill
text in red is for notes Voorhees
The student will apply social science skills to
understand the conflicts during the second
half of the twentieth century by:
a) explaining the causes of the Cold War, including the
competition between the American and Soviet economic and
political systems and the causes of the collapse of communism
in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe;
b) describing the major leaders and events of the Cold War,
including the location of major conflicts;
c) describing conflicts and revolutionary movements in Asia
and their major leaders, including Mao Tse-tung (Zedong),
Chiang Kai-shek, Deng Xiaoping, and Ho Chi Minh; and
d) examining the political and economic shifts that led to the
end of the Cold War, with emphasis on Margaret Thatcher,
Mikhail Gorbachev, and Ronald Reagan.
Cold War=
40+ years
the Cold War period lasted from the
mid-1940s until the end of the 1980s
Bush, Reagan, Gorbachev
The Berlin Wall;
symbol of the Cold War
Cheering the end of the Berlin Wall 1989
I. Intro
The Cold War 1945 -1991
Period of undeclared war
between the two
“Superpowers”:
United States and “The
West” versus the Soviet
Union and “The
Communist Bloc”
Soviet
Bloc
Western
Powers
Post- WWII
Dunkirk Treaty (1947) between Britain and France, which pledged a common defense against aggression
Brussels Treaty (1948) signed by most Western European countries
The Berlin blockade that began in March 1948 led to negotiations between Western Europe, Canada, and the United States
In the years after World War II, many
Western leaders believed the policies
of the USSR threatened international
stability and peace
the West forms common defenses:
Dunkirk Treaty
Brussels Treaty
Berlin blockade leads to
North Atlantic Treaty
West verses East
USSR aggression… steps to WWIII?
The forcible installation of Communist
governments throughout Eastern Europe
Territorial demands by the Soviets
Their support of guerrilla war in Greece
Regional separatism in Iran
Rejection by Eastern European nations of the
European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan)
Creation of Cominform, a European Communist
organization
Warsaw Pact troops to invade
Czechoslovakia
Review-
international institutions were created
International Cooperative Organizations:
United Nations
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Established and adopted by members of the United Nations
Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Warsaw Pact
II. Beginning of the Cold War
The Yalta Conference and the Soviet control of Eastern
Europe
A. The Yalta
Conference
1945- leaders of the Allied
powers the “Big Three”
Churchill, Roosevelt, and
Stalin
Allied military strategy in
the final months of
World War II
Defeat of Germany
Peace arrangements
Division of Germany
The Big Three: British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill, American President Franklin
Roosevelt, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin
B. Potsdam Conference
July – August 1945
British Prime Minister
Clement Attlee, U.S. President
Harry S. Truman, and Soviet leader
Joseph Stalin
Meet to discuss post-war order of
Germany
Germany and Austria will be
partitioned and administered by
the Allies
Soviets refuse to allow free
democratic elections –
beginning of the Cold War
C. Global Conflict and Arms Race
Although centered originally in Europe, the Cold War
enmity eventually drew the United States and the
USSR into local conflicts in almost every quarter of
the globe
It also produced what became known as the Cold
War arms race, an intense competition between the
two superpowers to accumulate advanced military
weapons
Beginning of the Cold War (1945- 1948)
D. Democracy and the free enterprise
system v. dictatorship and communism
international politics were heavily shaped by the
intense rivalry between these two great blocs of
power and the political ideologies they represented
democracy and capitalism in the case of the United
States and its allies, and communism in the case of the
Soviet bloc
democracy and capitalism
communism
Beginning of the Cold War (1945- 1948)
E. President Truman and the Policy of
Containment
Congress appropriated $400 million to support anti-
Communist forces in Turkey and Greece
By giving aid, the United States signaled that it would
bolster regimes that claimed to face Communist threats
As George Kennan explained in an article in Foreign
Affairs magazine in 1947, “containment” meant using
“unalterable counterforce at every point” until Soviet
power ended or faded
Truman
Stalin failed to honor pledges to
hold free elections in Eastern
Europe
Truman refused to honor
promises to send reparations
from the defeated Germany to
help rebuild the war-devastated
USSR
The president proposed the
Truman Doctrine
Containment
Containment aimed to prevent the spread of
communism and to oppose communist nations—
especially the Soviet Union—by diplomatic, political,
and economic means
Kennan’s article publicized the policy of containment
of Soviet communism, a policy adopted by the
administration of President Harry S. Truman
Kennan’s ideas provided an influential justification for
American policy toward the Soviet Union during the
Cold War
F. Truman Doctrine
President Truman vows to give aid to any
nation resisting the spread of communism
“Containment”= keep communism where it is…
don’t let it spread
George Kennan= author of “containment”
V.
G. Eastern Europe
Soviet satellite nations
The Iron Curtain
US and USSR had become divided over the political
future of Poland
Stalin believed that Soviet control of Poland was
necessary for his country’s security
This met with opposition from the Allies- it was not long
before the quarrel had extended to the political future of
other Eastern European nations
Yet both sides thought they could work it out
Former British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill coined the term Iron Curtain…
Photo: Truman and Churchill in Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946.
Iron Curtain
Iron Curtain, policy of isolation set up by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) after World War II (1939-45) that involved rigid censorship and restrictions on travel
The Iron Curtain acted as a barrier to communication and the free exchange of ideas between the USSR (and its satellite states) and the rest of the world
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”-Sir Winston Churchill
Cold War characteristics
Characteristics of the Cold War (1948-
1989)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) v. the Warsaw Pact
Korean Conflict
Vietnam War
Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence
III. Cold War sides:
United States (US)
Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics
(USSR)
Britain
France
West Germany
Japan
Canada
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Poland
East Germany
Romania
During parts of the
Cold War: Cuba and
China
North Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
(1949)
•Western
powers
•To contain
the USSR and
communism
Warsaw Pact (1955)
•Soviet dominated
treaty of cooperation to
counter West Germany’s
rearmament entrance into
the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Cold War Alliances
A. Conflicts and revolutionary
movements in China
Division of China into two nations at the end of the
Chinese civil war
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)—Nationalist China
(island of Taiwan)
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)—Communist
China (mainland China)
Continuing conflict between the two Chinas
Communist China= part of the Korean Conflict
B. Mainland China 1949= Communist
Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist Party were defeated by Mao
Zedong and forced to flee to Taiwan (an island off the Coast of
China) in 1949.
Mainland China became “The People’s Republic of China (or
communist “Red China”)
Taiwan
Communist
China
China
Mainland China under Mao becomes the communist
“People’s Republic of China” (or “Red China”)
The Island of Taiwan becomes the Republic of China
under Chiang
Both men claim to be the true leader of China
Korea: 1950-1953
After the Soviets enter the
war they attack the Japanese
in Manchuria and Korea
After the war the Soviets
occupy the northern half
of Korea and the U.S. the
southern half
Korea is divided into two
countries, a communist
North Korea and a non-
communist South Korea
This becomes a source of
tension during the Cold War
Korea
Vietnam
C. Conflicts and revolutionary
movements in Vietnam
French Imperialism
Leadership of Ho Chi Minh
Vietnam was a divided nation
Influence of policy of containment= The
United States and the Vietnam War
Vietnam is a reunited communist country
today
Vietnam
After Japan is defeated Vietnam is returned to France as a colony at the end of World War II
1. Vietnamese nationalist and communist leader Ho Chi Minh declares independence in 1945
Vietnam
2. The Viet Minh (Vietnamese Nationalists) aided by the Soviets and later the Chinese fight the French for independence in the First Indochina War in the 1950’s which evolved into Vietnam War in the 1960’s
3. After nine years of fighting France, Vietnam is partitioned in 1954 into a communist north and non-communist south
Vietnam
4. 1964 to 1973 the U.S. attempts to defeat the
Communists in North Vietnam
5. 1975: after the U.S. had withdrawn its troops,
Vietnam is reunited under a communist
government
D. Berlin Blockade
1948 – 1949
As the Allies conquer Germany at the end of World
War II, they divide it into separate zones of occupation
Berlin, in the Soviet zone, is partially controlled by
Western occupying forces
When the Soviets blockade the city to gain
control over all Berlin, the United States supports
West Berliners with a dramatic airlift of supplies
The event divides the city and hardens the line between
East and West Germany
E. Berlin Airlift
Stalin attempted to seize West Berlin by blockading
the city
For 11 months, cargo planes delivered goods to the
Soviet-blockaded city
The Western Allies fly in supplies= end of
blockade
1948- The Berlin Blockade and Airlift – 1st Major
Conflict
F. Berlin Wall
End of World War II- 1945- Berlin completely
surrounded by territory occupied by Soviet forces
1949 that area became country of East Germany
Berlin was partitioned into East and West
West Berlin- occupied by British, French, and United
States forces supported by the Federal Republic of
Germany (West Germany)
East Berlin- German Democratic Republic (GDR)
(East Germany)
Berlin Wall
1. Between 1949 and 1961= 2.7 million people
fled East Germany, more than half of them
through West Berlin
East Germans knew their standard of living was
lower than West Germany
2. 1961- East German government decided to
stop this flight to the West by building the wall
East Germany built concrete wall- 4 m (12 ft) high
and 166 km (103 mi) long
Berlin Wall
During the night of August 13, 1961, East German soldiers and
members of its militia surrounded West Berlin with temporary
fortifications that were rapidly replaced by a concrete wall
Where a wall was not possible, buildings were bricked-up
The only openings in the wall were two closely guarded
crossing points
GDR announced that the wall was needed to prevent military
aggression and political interference from West Germany
East German government built tank traps and ditches along
the eastern side of the wall (constructed to keep East German
citizens in)
G. Cuban Missile Crisis
“it’s going to be a cold winter”- JFK
United States President John F. Kennedy and Soviet
Premier Nikita Khrushchev met in Vienna, Austria, on
June 3, 1961
They could not reach agreement on any issues
JFK(on television)
Cuban Missile Crisis 1960
Regarded by many as the world's closest approach to
nuclear war
The crisis began when the United States discovered Cuba
had secretly installed Soviet missiles able to carry nuclear
weapons capable of hitting targets across most of the
United States
This led to a tense stand-off of several days as the United
States imposed a naval blockade of Cuba and demanded
that the USSR remove the missiles.
Crisis…
1. US discovers missiles
2. Tense standoff
3. Kennedy installs blockade
4. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle and
remove the weapons from Cuba and offered the
United States on-site inspection
Kennedy secretly promised not to invade Cuba and
to remove older missiles from Turkey
5. Kennedy called off the blockade
6. Nuclear war had been avoided
H. Nuclear Weapons and the Theory of
Deterrence
Policy- discourage hostile action by
a potential aggressor
deliberate efforts to prevent the
initiation of aggression
convincing a would-be aggressor that the
attack will fail—“deterrence by denial”
giving the impression that success would be
achieved at an excessive price—
“deterrence by punishment.”
Punishment
may be imposed by mounting an effective
defense
by launching retaliatory attacks
I. Nuclear Arms Race
J. The Space Race
Indira Gandhi
Closer relationship between India and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War
Developed nuclear program
Margaret Thatcher
British Prime Minister
Free trade and less government regulation of
business
Close relationship with United States and U.S.
foreign policy
Asserted United Kingdom’s military power
1989- China
Tiananmen
Square - failed
“Revolution” in
China
The Chinese
government crushes
a pro-democracy
movement
hundreds
dead, 10,000
wounded
Deng
Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping
Reformed communist economy to market
economy leading to rapid economic growth
Communist control of government continued
China
not ready for democracy
IV. The End of the Cold War
A. Collapse of Communism in the USSR
and Eastern Europe
Soviet economic collapse
Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries
Tearing down of Berlin Wall (1989)
Breakup of the Soviet Union
Expansion of NATO
Ronald Wilson Reagan
US president
1981-1985 and 1985-1989
Vice President George H. W. Bush
1989- Soviets withdraw from Eastern Europe
Poland and “Solidarity” “Velvet Revolution” in Czechoslovakia
Retribution in RomaniaTearing down a wall in Germany
Tearing Down the Wall
1989-The Berlin Wall is taken down
B.Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms
Glasnost= “openness”
Perestroika=
economic reform
political reform
Last president of Soviet Union
Break-up of the Soviet Union- 1991
Gorbachev’s brand of reform communism opened a floodgate
of spontaneous changes in all corners of Soviet society
He was quickly upstaged by public figures who demanded an
immediate embrace of Western-style democracy and a transfer
of power from the central government to the 15 constituent
republics of the USSR
C. 1991 Soviet Union CollapsesThe Fall of Communism and the end of the Cold War
Soviet “Hard Liners” stage a coup and attack
the Russian White House (Parliament)
1991Yeltsin stops coup - Gorbachev steps down
Gorbachev and Yeltsin
The Soviet flag flies for
the last time over the Kremlin
1991The Soviet Union Dissolves
The Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Republic of Russia
Republic of
KazakhstanUkraine
Baltic
States
1991Yugoslavia Dissolves - Violence and Ethnic Cleansing
Erupt
Yugoslavia
The New Balkan States
1992U.S. and Russia sign “non-aggression” pact
1992European
Union
Established
Beginning a
new era of
regional
economic
cooperation
and “Free
Trade”
Next: WHII.13 Independence Movements