Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
1
EPPO Study on wood commodities
other than round wood, sawn wood and
manufactured items
2015-08-28
Technical Document no 1071
How to cite this document: EPPO (2015) EPPO Technical Document No. 1071, EPPO Study on wood commodities other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items. EPPO Paris
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
2
Content Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Expert Working Group Participants .............................................................................................................. 4
Background ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Identification of different types of commodities ........................................................................................... 5
Residues ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Harvesting residues ................................................................................................................................. 6
Processing wood residues ..................................................................................................................... 8
Firewood ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Bark .............................................................................................................................................................. 10
Sawdust....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Wood chips ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Hogwood ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Processed wood material ......................................................................................................................... 18
Post-consumer scrap wood...................................................................................................................... 19
Results and Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 20
HT: heat treatment ..................................................................................................................................... 28
DH: dielectric heating ................................................................................................................................ 28
References ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Appendix I ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
Appendix II ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
Appendix III ..................................................................................................................................................... 38
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
3
Executive Summary
Parts of trees can carry pests, and represent a significant potential pathway for moving pests into new areas. During recent EPPO Expert Working Groups for Pest Risk Analysis it was noted that there is little information available on the different types of non-manufactured wood commodities being moved into and within the region. A study was therefore commissioned to gather more data including information on measures being applied to these commodities by industry or by importing countries. A desk study was carried out by a consultant and reviewed by an Expert Working Group, whose participants are shown below.
The title of the study was amended after its inception so that it covers “wood commodities other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items”. Round wood and sawn wood are already well defined internationally, and appropriate measures can be specified. Manufactured items are the subject of an International Standard in preparation on “International movement of wood products and handicrafts made from wood”.
The study concluded that “firewood” is not a useful category for risk assessment and risk management measures - any sort of wood may be burned. The key factors driving risk are the area of origin and the pests present there, and the type of processes to which the commodity has been subject which may kill pests or prevent their dispersal. In many cases wood is subject to a succession of processes by different operators, in different locations, for different purposes. For example chips may be made directly from fresh wood, from harvesting residues, from processing residues or from post-consumer scrap, either in the area in which the trees were grown or far away. While for perishable plant products end use may be an important determinant of risk (ISPM 32, 2012), for wood this is not the case. Wood is relatively durable and risks arise during transport and storage regardless of its ultimate use.
A range of different cutting and crushing processes are described, along with the descriptive terms, specifications (where available) and uses for the resulting products. Some assessment is made of the extent to which these processes reduce risks from different types of organisms. Presence of bark and wood together significantly increases the risks for some pests which live in the cambium between the two. In many cases data on survival (or efficacy if the process is regarded as a phytosanitary measure) is lacking. The study provides some indications of key data gaps (e.g. survival of bark beetles in chips of 2.5 cm maximum dimension) which could be addressed through research.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
4
Expert Working Group Participants
Ad hoc Meeting on non-manufactured wood commodities Paris, EPPO Headquarters (FR), 2014-10-07/10
HENIN Jean-Marc (Mr) Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Laboratory
of Wood Technology,, Avenue Maréchal Juin, 23, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium Tel: +32-81626440 - [email protected]
JONES John Tyrone (Mr) Forestry Products USDA; APHIS; PPQ; PIM; NAPPO [email protected]
KUCINSKAS Vaclovas (Mr) State Plant Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Ozo str. 4A, LT-08200 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel: +370-52754353 - [email protected]
KULINICH Oleg (Mr) Dept of Forest Quarantine, All-Russian Center of Plant Quarantine, Pogranichnaya 32, 140150 Bykovo, Moscow Region, Russian Federation Tel: +7-4992713824 - [email protected]
MAINPRIZE Nick (Mr) Forestry Commission, Silvan House, 231 Corstorphine Road Edinburgh, EH12 7AT Edinburgh, United Kingdom Tel: +44-(0)3000675149 - [email protected]
MONTECCHIO Lucio (Mr) Università di Padova, Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Agripolis, Viale dell'Universita, 16, Legnaro, I-35020 Padova, Italy Tel: +39-0498272883 - [email protected]
SHARAF Kamal (Mr) P.P.I.S., Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Palyam St. 7, P.O. box 1527, 3104 Haifa, Israel Tel: +972-506241723 - [email protected]
WARD Martin (Mr) OEPP/EPPO, 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir, 75011 Paris, France Tel: +33-145207794 - [email protected]
ORLINSKI Andréi (Mr) OEPP/EPPO, 21 boulevard Richard Lenoir, 75011 Paris, France Tel: +33-145207794 - [email protected]
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
5
Background During recent expert working groups to perform PRA on forestry pests, it was noted that little information on wood chips and wood waste commodities is available. However, it seems that international trade of these commodities is increasing (Eurostat, 2012), which may create additional pest risks. The Panel on Phytosanitary Measures and the Working Party for Phytosanitary Regulations agreed that a study should be conducted with the purposes to classify and describe different types of wood commodities, to develop definitions for those of them which were missing from the Glossary, to identify the intended uses of wood commodities and current practices of their production and trade, to gather information on these types of commodities as well as on existing measures applied by the industry or required by other countries, and to identify possible phytosanitary measures as well as gaps in knowledge for developing such measures. Such information will be used in future PRAs and Standards. Round wood and sawn wood were excluded from the Study because they are already well defined and possible phytosanitary measures are specified. Manufactured items are also not covered by the Study. They are currently covered by the draft ISPM on ‘International movement of wood products and handicrafts made from wood’. Firewood is not regarded as a single category for risk management purposes since different types of wood, with different levels of pest risk, may be used for fuel. The pest risk depends on the type of processing and its degree. In ISPM 32 ‘Categorization of commodities according to their pest risk’ the categorisation of commodities is described according to their pest risk: ‘The first stage of categorization is based on whether the commodity has been processed and, if so, the method and degree of processing to which the commodity has been subjected before export. The second stage of categorization of commodities is based on their intended use after import’. For pest risk of wood commodities, the type of processing and its degree are of major importance. Important risks can also arise during storage before processing/treatment and during transport if these are within the flight periods of the main insect pests (or vectors of major pests). The intended use is less important.
Identification of different types of commodities Identification of the different types of wood commodities other than round wood and sawn wood was based on a review of technical literature, and took account of standards under development and on-going studies, as well as advice from relevant organizations. The study shows that different terminology is used for the same commodity in different countries and fields of activity, and the same commodity could have different names and characteristics between regions and organizations (Appendix 1). Existing Glossary definitions are provided in Table 1. In the phytosanitary terminology (ISPM 5, 2014) definitions are missing for some wood commodities as ‘wood chips’, ‘wood residues’, ‘particle wood’, ‘waste wood’, ‘hogwood’, etc. Various information sources (including customs codes and Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System) were reviewed including International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, industry standards, papers prepared by the Forestry Department of FAO, EPPO Standards. After the analysis the following types of commodities were identified.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
6
Residues Different sources use different descriptions of wood residues and wood ‘wastes’. Usually these are separated into harvesting (logging) residues and processing (mill) wood residues.
Harvesting residues In the study on ‘The harvest of forest residues in Europe’ (Vonk & Theunissen, 2007) the following types of management of harvesting residues were identified: - collected and transported (see Figure 1); - collected, bundled and transported (see Figure 2). - collected, chipped in the forest and transported (see Figure 3).
Figure 1. Transportation of collected harvesting residues. http://www.loggingon.net/how-does-handling-logging-residue-affect-its-moisture-content-and-
composition_news_op_view_id_704
Figure 2. Bundled harvesting residues. http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=192731&nodeid=41800&contentlan=2&culture=en-
US
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
7
Figure 3. Chipping in the forest http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/biodiversity/biomass/
All parts of trees (e.g. tops of trees, branches, stumps, roots, pieces of logs and bark) can be regarded as a part of harvesting residues (see Figure 4).
Figure 4. Harvesting residues.
http://www.helsinki.fi/~korpela/Ajoura.jpg http://www.loggingon.net/userfiles/Image/news/March%202011%20(2)/woodfuel%20forestry%20lo
gging%20biomass%20residue.jpg
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
8
According to the FAO Forestry Department it is not uncommon for approximately 60 % of the total harvested trees to be left in the forest and for non-commercial species to be subjected to slash and burn, or merely felled and left to rot to make access easier for logging (http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0269e/t0269e08.htm). Practices such as sawing and squaring logs in the forest, rather than at the sawmill, leaves additional residues (8-10 % and 30-50 % respectively) in the forest. However, although forest residues may appear to be an attractive fuel source, collection and handling costs must be taken into consideration, as well as its loss as a valuable soil nutrient. The viability of its use may be improved if collection is undertaken at the same time as log extraction, with shared equipment and management, whereby harvesting slash and marginal wood may be collected and chipped using portable or semi-portable chippers placed in the immediate logging areas (Nilsson, Blom & Thornqvist, 2013).
Processing wood residues Wood residues are a by-product of the transformation of wood into the desired article (see Figure 4). Nevertheless, wood residues may move as a consignment. (Draft ISPM ‘Management of pest risks in the international movement of wood’, 2006-029). In the study ‘Secondary Mill Residues and Urban Wood Waste Quantities in the United States’ (Fehrs, 1999) the secondary processing (mill) wood residues are defined. Secondary processing wood residues are produced by secondary wood product industries that manufacture products from round wood, engineered wood products, or wood particles. Examples include companies that manufacture furniture, doors, cabinets, flooring, pallets, fences, and building products.
Figure 4. Processing wood residues. http://www.myclimate.org/fileadmin/myc/klimaschutzprojekte/honduras-7169/klimaschutzprojekt-
honduras-7169-3.jpg http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/images/g05153art02.jpg
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
9
Firewood
Any type of wood commodity may be used as fuel or firewood. Burning as an end use does not significantly reduce the level of pest risk unless transport and storage of the wood is tightly controlled. Outdoor storage of firewood for long periods is common practice and provides opportunity for the spread of pests and their vectors. Risks from firewood therefore depend largely on the origin, type of the wood and timing between cutting and transportation and use, and not on its end use. Logs which are cut and split specifically for fuel (see Figure 5) fall within the ISPM 5 definition of round wood. The quality of firewood is more variable than that of round wood for other purposes so the pest risk may be higher. Firewood which meets the definition of round wood should therefore be regulated as round wood. For this kind of wood, the risk of infestation during storage and transportation is high so there is a high risk of pest spread.
Figure 5. Firewood. Contributed by Kamal Sharaf, Ashdod Port, Israel, 2013.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
10
Bark
According to ISPM 5, bark in a botanical sense is the layer of a woody trunk, branch or root outside the cambium. Bark as a commodity could be defined as ‘bark separated from wood’ (proposed Glossary definition). Bark can be used for different purposes, therefore phytosanitary risk is different. Some pests can be associated with bark, particularly when pieces of cambium and wood are attached. Bark as mulch or addition to the growing medium may represent a pathway for pests. The use of bark as mulch (see Figure 6) is explained in a factsheet (Rakow, 2014).
Figure 6. Bark used as mulch. http://www.thegardeningblog.co.za/gardening/controlling-weeds-in-the-garden#/
According to this factsheet, bark for trade is most usually prepared as mulches for gardening. It can be packed and sold in various sizes of packages. Commercial bark mulches are generally the by-products of milled fir, Douglas fir, pine, redwood and spruce logs. Three grade standards have been adopted for landscape use based on particle size:
• Bark chunks (decorative bark indoors and outdoors, may include large pieces). • Bark granules (soil conditioner) • Shredded bark (e.g. for mulch) (see Figure 7).
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
11
Figure 7. Shredded bark. http://www.pleasantvalleylandscape.com/PleasantValleyLandscape/Decorative%20Bark.html
Some bark mulches may be toxic to young plants, particularly if the bark is fresh or if it has been improperly stockpiled. Bark mulches are most likely to cause damage to plants if the mulch particles are small, if the mulch is particularly deep, or if high proportions of plant roots are in the surface layer of the soil. Among the most desirable characteristics of bark mulches are their excellent resistance to compaction and blowing in the wind, their attractiveness and their availability. ‘Cork’ is a particular case of bark which is used for further manufacturing. Bark also can be used for extraction of tannin and some medical substances and also for fuel. Processing to get granule or shredded bark could reduce pest risk by physical action or rendering remaining conditions unsuitable for pest development. According to the EPPO commodity standard for Coniferae PM 8/2(2) Commodity-specific phytosanitary measures for Coniferae (EPPO, 2014), a possible phytosanitary measure for bark is pest free area or heat treatment (HT) to achieve a minimum temperature of 56°C for a minimum duration of 30 continuous minutes throughout the entire profile of bark pieces. Possible additional phytosanitary measures for bark could be dielectric heating (DH), fumigation or irradiation.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
12
Sawdust
The Customs combined tariff code for sawdust whether agglomerated or not is 4401393000 (see Figure 8). Non-agglomerated sawdusts may contain both wood and bark dust and can be used for fuel and for animal bedding. Some pathogens may be associated with sawdust. Pest risk from sawdust derives from the status of the parent material which may include bark but the risk is reduced by the physical action of sawing including incidental heating. Insect pests are unlikely to be associated with sawdust. Both living nematodes and pathogens (those which are only transmitted by vectors) can be isolated from sawdust produced from infested wood (Kulinich, Montecchio, 2014, pers. comm.) but their transfer to living plants is not likely in the absence of their vectors in sawdust. Non-agglomerated sawdusts fall under the definition of ‘processing wood residues’ developed under this Study (see Table 1).
Figure 8. Sawdust (not agglomerated) http://skelbiu-img.dgn.lt/1_5_177356510/biomases-deginimo-kieto-kuro-katilas-177356510.jpg
Agglomerated sawdust (which falls under the Glossary definition of ‘processed wood material’) is used as fuel for heating, energy or other purposes. This material is not likely to present a pest risk because the physical action of the sawing and the heat and pressure applied. Under the Renewable Energy Council Directive of the European Union (European Commission, 2014b), EU Member States have taken on binding national targets for raising the share of renewable energy in their energy consumption by 2020. These targets, which reflect Member States' different starting points and potential for increasing renewables production, range from 10% in Malta to 49% in Sweden (Eurostat, 2012). In the Energy Analysis concerning the International Trade of Wood Pellets (NREL, 2013), the history and problems of international trade of pellets were discussed. Due to ‘aggressive emissions policy’ in the European Union, the production of wood pellets from sawdust has increased dramatically in recent years (Eurostat, 2012). Advantages of wood pellets include the main feedstock, which is wood ‘waste’ from primary and secondary saw mills, and the high energy density and consistency of the fuel, which allows international
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
13
trade to be feasible (Junginger et al., 2008). Historically, wood ‘waste’, such as pulp and sawdust, has been used for energy within the wood product plants or for local municipalities, disposed of in landfills, or exported (Hillring, 2006). The supply of wood ‘waste’ is driven by the demand for wood-based products, such as paper and lumber, rather than the demand for wood pellets (Spelter & Toth, 2009). Tracking the trade of wood pellets internationally is very difficult; trade statistics combine sawdust, wood ‘waste’ and wood scrap, whether or not agglomerated in logs, briquettes, pellets or similar forms, into one category (See Figure 9). Fortunately, a new code for wood pellets (4401.31.0000) was added in 2012 to the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System this change may lead to more consistency in international trade data for pellets trade agencies (Lamers et al., 2012a).
Figure 9. Different forms of agglomerated sawdust. http://biomas.com.es/imagenes/pellets.jpg
http://www.ignitewoodfuels.co.uk/910kg-premium-hardwood-briquettes-including-delivery-and-vat-91-x-10kg-packs-on-a-pallet-56-p.asp
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
14
Wood chips
Wood chips (see Figure 10) are small pieces of wood with or without bark that have been created by running wood through a shredder, breaking it into uniformly sized chips. There are a number of uses for wood chips, and there are often several ways to obtain them. Pest risk of chips depends on pest presence in the original material, bark content and chip size. Generally, this risk is likely to be higher than that of sawdust. The precise size of wood chips varies, depending on the type of wood and the chipper used to create them. The chips may be produced from branches, off cuttings, debris, and other by-products of wood processing, but may also be produced from larger pieces of wood or whole trees. One common use for wood chips is as a ground cover. A thick layer will keep weeds from breaking through, and help to retain the soil or to create bedding for animals. They are often used as a soft surface in playgrounds. Some gardeners also use wood chips as mulch, spreading chips out between their plants to keep grass and weeds down and to give the garden a smooth, uniform look. Many wood chips wind up being pulped for paper, and they are also sometimes used to fuel furnaces, boilers and electrical generation equipment at sawmills. Speciality chips made from woods such as hickory and oak may be sold for people to use in smoking, grilling and barbecuing. These aromatic wood pieces are soaked in water before being put on the fire where they will smoulder slowly, releasing scented smoke which infuses the food being cooked over the fire. Consignments of wood chips are likely to contain a mixture of tree species in which several pests could be potentially present, and it may be difficult to avoid including wood of other tree species during large-scale logging operations (Økland et al., 2012). Since it is not feasible to distinguish different tree species by inspection controls of large chips consignments, wood chips may be considered as a commodity including different tree species instead of wood chips from individual tree species. Biomass energy centre (2014) in the United Kingdom provides information on the characteristics of wood chips. The characteristics of wood chips will depend on the chipper and the material from which they are made. They can be divided into following groups:
- Tree felling chips - including: • Log chips - from delimbed stem wood; • Whole tree chips - from all the above-ground biomass of a tree; • Residue chips - from branches, brush, etc.; • Stump chips - from stumps.
- Short rotation coppice / short rotation forestry chips - from the respective energy crops.
- Processing residue chips - from sawmill or manufacturing residues and off-cuts; - Post-consumer scrap chips - from wood residues, recycled wood;
Quality criteria for wood chips are chip size, moisture content, infestation and contamination. The criteria for particle size for wood chips are defined in the European Pellets Standard – EN14961-1 and provided in Appendix II. According to the report on ‘Global Wood Chip Trade for Energy’ (Lamers et al., 2012b), wood chips vary in quality depending on their source material and intended use. High quality pulp chips are directly derived from round wood; wood chips for energy purposes are mainly made from harvesting/logging or processing residues i.e. branches, tree tops,
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
15
thinnings, not suitable for material or pulp and paper production, and recovered wood. Bioenergy related trade streams may therefore fall under the trade code for wood chips (HS 440120), further defined into coniferous (HS 440121) or non-coniferous (HS 440122), or under the code for sawdust and ‘waste’ wood (HS 440130). Technically, wood chips may also be transported as firewood (fuel wood) (HS 440110) or round wood (HS 4403) – prior to chipping and combustion. On EU level, no further differentiation is made for wood chips i.e. the 8-digit-codes are simply extended i.e. CN 44012100 for coniferous and CN 44012200 for non-coniferous chips. Other relevant 8-digit trade codes on EU level include CN 44013080 for wood ‘waste’ and scrap; and CN 44013020 for pellets. These can be grouped together as HS 440130. This differentiation allows a better image of picture of energy related wood ‘waste’ trade. In the same report, ‘Recent US developments on eradicating nematodes in wood chips’ are presented. In 2010, a scientist at the University of Arkansas was contracted by a private company to develop a process using heat treatment that would eradicate the nematode in pine wood chips without degrading the quality of the chip and that would gain approval by the USDA. The results of the testing proved conclusive and the testing was moved from the lab scale to commercial scale. The process uses lower temperatures than those of ISPM 15 heat treatment over 2 ½ hours duration which does not degrade the wood chips but has been shown to kill the nematodes. Other processes for eliminating nematodes continue to be studied in the US. These include densification of the wood chips in briquette form to allow the fibres to stay intact as well as more cost effective heat treatment methods. Another university study is also examining the possibility that once in chip form, nematodes, if found in the chips, cannot pose a threat to living trees (The Pinewood Nematode in Vermont, 1995). In the EPPO Standards PM 9/14(1) Agrilus planipennis: procedures for official control (EPPO, 2013a) and PM 9/16(1) Anoplophora chinensis: procedures for official control (EPPO, 2013b), one of phytosanitary measures mentioned is chipping to the size of not more than 2.5 cm in any dimension. Such a chipping significantly reduces the risk of survival of most of pests (McCullough et al., 2007). According to European Pellets Standard – EN14961-1, the size of such chips (2.5 cm in any dimension) would comply with requirements of chips size of class P16A 3.15 ≤ P ≤ 16 mm ≤ 12 % ≤ 3 % > 16 mm, and all < 31.5 mm. The cross sectional area of the oversized particles < 1 cm2. It is very important to remember that possible coarse fractions are allowed in the above mentioned European Pellets Standard (less than 3% of chips bigger than 16 mm and all smaller than 30 mm) and therefore the minor risk remains of survival of these pests and further spread.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
16
Figure 10. Wood chips. https://69.img.avito.st/640x480/657676869.jpg
According to the results of case study “Detection probability of forest pests in current inspection protocols – A case study of the bronze birch borer” by Økland et al. (2012), inter- continental trade of wood chips for biofuel represents a significant risk of introducing invasive pest species that can cause major impacts on forest ecosystems. There are uncertainties about what measures and treatments would be effective against the whole range of possible insects and other pests, which could be imported with wood chips, except for avoiding known areas of distribution for high-risk pests. Requirements for more aggressive treatment measures could be introduced, such as heat treatment, fumigation, or transporting and storing chips in closed containers, although these measures may be costly and, in some cases, may have environmental side effects. Import control based on samples from large consignments of imported wood chips is not a reliable method to detect organisms of phytosanitary risk. When considering wood chips in risk assessments, it may be important to compare risks with closely related categories of wood commodities, such as for example hogwood.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
17
Hogwood
The term ‘hogwood’ is proposed to cover any type of crushed wood product (see Figure 11). It can be burned for fuel or used for other purposes such as coverage in horse riding arenas, and paths, or to build temporary roads or to create bedding for animals. It is often called ‘hogfuel’ because the material can be burnt for fuel at pulp mills to generate electricity (Cedar Hog Fuel Bulk & Pre Bagged, 2014). Hogwood is the basic feedstock for some biomass-fired power plants. Recovered wood fuel products replace non-renewable fossil fuels such as oil or natural gas at the industrial energy facilities that use them (Wastewood recovery systems, 2014). According to European Pellets Standard – EN14961-1 (Kofman, 2010), there are no requirements for the particle size of hogfuel (‘hogwood’ in terms of this Study). According to the Standard prEN14588 ‘Solid Biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions’ (Kofman, 2010), hogfuel is in the form of pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, or flails. When considering hogwood in risk assessments, it may be important to compare risks with closely related categories of wood commodities, such as wood chips. The pest risk associated with hogwood is initially similar to the risk associated with wood chips. However, the important difference consists in the fact that chipping can be used as a phytosanitary measure by regulating particle size whereas this is not possible in the case of hogwood.
Figure 11. Hogwood. http://laneforest.com/wood-fiber/
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
18
Processed wood material
Processed wood material includes plywood, fibreboard, etc. (see Figure 12), but also pellets under the form of compressed wood for fuel. Since heat or pressure is used for production of processed wood material, it does not present a phytosanitary risk.
Figure 12. Plywood, fibreboard. http://www.dunkirksupply.com/plywood
http://www.plywoodagents.in/products.htm
Wood pellets are a compacted form of wood fibre with low moisture content and high energy density. Pellets are typically more expensive to produce than alternative wood fuel sources, including chip and logs, but they have the benefit of being easier to handle, cheaper to transport and are ideally suited to automated burning systems. The convenience of wood fuel pellets is better suited to small-scale domestic heating requirements. The production of pellets involves the reduction of wood to the size of sawdust, which is then dried to approximately 12 % moisture content, before being extruded in specially adapted agricultural pellet mills to form pellets of some 6 to 18 mm diameter and 15 to 30 mm long, with a density in the range of 950 to 1 300 kg/m3. Drying of the furnish prior to extrusion is usually undertaken in rotating drum dryers, fired by approximately 15 to 20 % of the plant's pellet production. (Forest Research, 2014) Briquettes or logs are generally formed by forcing dry sawdust or shavings through a split cylindrical die using a hydraulic ram. The exerted pressure, of some 1 200 kg/cm2, and the resultant heat generated bonds the wood particles into ‘logs’ (FAO, 2014). Requirements for pellets are stated in European Pellets Standard – EN14961-1 (see Appendix III).
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
19
Post-consumer scrap wood
According to the customs classification of wood (European Commission, 2014a), ‘wood waste and scrap wood’ (‘post-consumer scrap wood’ in terms of this Study) are classified under subheading code 440131. They consist of wood that is not usable as ‘timber’ and includes:
• saw mill or planning mill rejects, • manufacturing ‘waste’, • broken planks, • old crates, • bark and shavings, • ‘waste’ and scrap joinery and carpentry, • spent dyewood and tanning wood bark.
‘Waste’ and scrap wood (‘post-consumer scrap wood’ as defined in this Study) are used in particular in paper manufacturing, particle board and fibreboard manufacturing as well as for fuel. All ‘waste’ and scrap wood that is intended for use as fuel, regardless of whether it's been formed into common fuel types like logs, briquettes or pellets, is always classified as ‘waste’ wood under subheading 4401 31 and never as fuel wood. Urban ‘waste’ is defined in the study ‘Secondary Mill Residues and Urban Wood Waste Quantities in the United States’ (Fehrs, 1999). Urban wood ‘waste’ (see Figure 13) refers collectively to a wide variety of wood ‘waste’ present in commercial, industrial, and municipal solid ‘waste’. Examples include used wooden pallets and shipping containers, wood contained in construction and demolition debris, used railroad ties (railway sleepers), wood mixed with other solid ‘waste’, and other types of wood not included in (or defined as) logging residues, primary wood products industry residues, or secondary mill residues.
Figure 13. Post-consumer scrap wood. http://www.arc-ers.co.uk/wp-content/themes/arc/images/waste-wood.jpg
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
20
Results and Conclusions Some wood commodities do not have Glossary definitions. They may however have other definitions (Appendix I). Taking into account the fact that international and internal movement of wood commodities occurs, it is important to have information about possible phytosanitary risks during transportation and use of these commodities. The EPPO Expert Working Group, composed of EPPO and NAPPO experts, discussed the draft document, considered existing phytosanitary terms and definitions of the ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms for wood commodities (e.g. ‘round wood’, ‘sawn wood’, ‘bark’, and ‘processed wood material’), and discussed classification and definitions for those wood commodities which are not covered by the Glossary. The EWG considered recommendations received on the draft document from IFQRG (International Forest Quarantine Research Group), EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ISO/TC 218 Timber, and decided for phytosanitary reasons to distinguish the following wood commodities other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items:
• Harvesting residues • Processing wood residues (including sawdust) • Bark • Wood chips • Hogwood • Processed wood material • Post-consumer scrap wood
Following recommendations of EFSA and ISO/TC 218 Timber, the EWG avoided the use of the term ‘waste’ or ‘wood waste’ in the Study because most wood residues at different stages of wood consumption are used for different purposes, when they are really waste for disposal they are no longer commodities in international trade. For ‘firewood’, the EWG concluded that it refers to the final use of wood commodities, which could be any of the abovementioned commodities, or in many cases also ‘round wood’. The EWG developed definitions for those above mentioned wood commodities which were missing from the Glossary. Proposed terms and definitions for wood commodities as well as Glossary definitions (ISPM 5, 2014) of other wood commodities are listed in Table 1. All possible existing wood commodities belong to one of the categories of this table. The general pest risk presented by each subcategory of wood commodities of concern was assessed in a very preliminary way and presented in the Table 3.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
21
Table 1. Definitions used in the Study (including existing definitions from ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms for wood commodities and definitions developed as part of the Study)
Commodity Definition Origin of definition
Harvesting residues
Wood material consisting of any parts of trees left on the site after round wood harvesting
Proposed under the Study
Round wood Wood not sawn longitudinally, carrying its natural rounded surface, with or without bark
Glossary (ISPM 5)
Processing wood residues
Parts of wood and bark that are left after the process of transforming round wood into sawn wood and further transformation of sawn wood
Proposed under the Study
Bark (as a commodity)
Bark separated from wood Glossary (ISPM 5)
Sawn wood Wood sawn longitudinally, with or without its natural rounded surface with or without bark
Glossary (ISPM 5)
Wood chips Wood with or without bark in the form of pieces with a definable particle size produced by mechanical treatment with sharp tools
Proposed under the Study
Hogwood Wood with or without bark in the form of pieces of varying particle size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, or flails
Proposed under the Study
Processed wood material
Products that are a composite of wood constructed using glue, heat and pressure, or any combination thereof
Glossary (ISPM 5)
Manufactured wood items
To be added when defined under the ISPM (under development) on ‘International movement of wood products and handicrafts made of wood’
Post-consumer scrap wood
Wide variety of wood material from ex-commercial, industrial and domestic use made available for recycling
Proposed under the Study
Firewood except sawn wood, processing wood residues, wood chips, hogwood, processed wood material and post-consumer scrap wood
See ‘round wood’ definition
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
22
The EWG established the links of commodities listed in the Table 1 with terms used in ISO system, in the IPPC E-phyto Study and in Customs codes. For each of the identified wood commodities (and some subcategories), the EWG considered the initial material from which they derive, most common intended uses, trade and transport practices, pests which are likely to be associated and survive, existing and possible phytosanitary measures. This detailed information is summarised in the Table 2. In an eradication or containment action destruction of material by burning or deep burial may be an appropriate measure but is not included in the table because the Study focuses on measures to facilitate safe movement of commodities. Analysed wood commodities were preliminary assessed for their pest risk considering conditions of the material (e.g. freshness, bark presence, particle size etc.) and depending on initial material. See Table 3.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
23
Table 2. Risk factors and possible phytosanitary measures for wood commodities
Commodity Subcategory ISO
terms
Terms from
E-phyto IPPC Study
Customs names/codes
Initial material Most common intended use
Transport practices
Pests likely to be associated with
Possible phytosanitary measures
Gaps in knowledge
Pest risk
Harvesting residues
stump 440110 – fuel wood in logs, in billets, in twigs, in faggots or in similar forms
Standing trees (may include stumps and roots)
chips production, hogwood production,
for fuel
Loaded in open transport or in closed containers
All kinds of forest pests.
If stumps and roots are included there is risk of soil borne pests.
Risk of leaves and needles contamination
Pest free area, chipping to a specified size, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation
Lack of information on trade volumes and distances
High risk
Processing wood residues
sawdust & shavings
sawdust Wood sawdust, wood shavings, wood waste
440130 – sawdust, wood ‘waste’, scrap, whether or not agglomerated in logs, brickets, pellets or similar forms
Round & sawn wood
production of chips, hogwood, processed wood material, for fuel, animal litter, packing material
In closed containers of different types and sizes depending on intended use
Nematodes and pathogens
Pest free area
Lack of information on trade volumes and distances
Low for insect pests.
Low to medium for other pests.
off-cuts slab
wood scrap, wood waste
440130 – sawdust, wood ‘waste’, scrap, whether or not agglomerated in logs, brickets, pellets or similar forms
Round & sawn wood (with or without bark)
chips production, hogwood production, production of processed wood material, for fuel
In closed containers of different types
All kinds of forest pests
Pest free area, chipping to a specified size, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation
Cost efficiency of possible measures
High risk unless it is bark-free.
Medium risk if bark-free.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
24
Commodity Subcategory ISO
terms
Terms from
E-phyto IPPC Study
Customs names/codes
Initial material Most common intended use
Transport practices
Pests likely to be associated with
Possible phytosanitary measures
Gaps in knowledge
Pest risk
Bark bark bark 440110 – fuel wood in logs, in billets, in twigs, in faggots or in similar forms
Round wood Production of mulch, fuel, as part of growing medium, for decoration, biofiltration
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and sizes depending on intended use
Pathogens, nematodes, some bark beetles. Some beetles can be attracted and transported with bark.
Risk of leaves and needles contamination
Pest free area, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation
Non-vector transmission of pathogens. Importance of bark beetles species carried in bark.
Medium risk
Wood chips
chips with bark from fresh* wood
(* with intracellular moisture content suitable for pest development) and untreated wood larger than 2.5 cm
chip wood chips
440121 – coniferous wood in chips or particles
440122 non-coniferous wood in chips or particles
Round wood with bark, harvesting residues, off-cuts with bark
For fuel, production of mulch, pulp and processed wood material, for animal bedding, road covering, packing material, biofiltration
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and sizes depending on intended use
Pathogens, nematodes, bark beetles, longhorn beetles. Some beetles can be attracted and transported with chips.
Risk of leaves and needles contamination
Pest free area, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation
Non-vector transmission of pathogens. Importance of bark beetles species carried by chips.
High risk
chips with bark from fresh (with intracellular moisture content suitable for pest development) and untreated wood not larger than 2.5
chip wood chips
440121 – coniferous wood in chips or particles
440122 non-coniferous wood in chips or
Round wood with bark, harvesting residues, off-cuts with bark
For fuel, production of mulch, pulp and processed wood material, for animal bedding, road covering,
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and sizes depending on
Pathogens, nematodes, bark beetles, some longhorn beetles. Some beetles can be attracted and transported with
Pest free area, limit of particle size, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation
Non-vector transmission of pathogens. Importance of bark beetles species carried by chips.
Medium risk
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
25
Commodity Subcategory ISO
terms
Terms from
E-phyto IPPC Study
Customs names/codes
Initial material Most common intended use
Transport practices
Pests likely to be associated with
Possible phytosanitary measures
Gaps in knowledge
Pest risk
cm in any dimensions
particles packing material, biofiltration
intended use chips.
Risk of leaves and needles contamination
Survival of insects in small size chips.
chips without bark from fresh (with intracellular moisture content suitable for pest development) and untreated wood larger than 2.5 cm
chip wood chips
440121 – coniferous wood in chips or particles
440122 non-coniferous wood in chips or particles
Round wood without bark, harvesting residues, off-cuts without bark
For fuel, production of mulch, pulp and processed wood material, for animal bedding, road covering, packing material, biofiltration
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and sizes depending on intended use
Pathogens, nematodes, some bark beetles, some longhorn beetles. Some beetles can be attracted and transported with chips.
Pest free area, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation
Non-vector transmission of pathogens. Importance of bark beetles species carried by chips.
Medium risk
chips without bark from fresh (with intracellular moisture content suitable for pest development) and untreated wood not larger than 2.5 cm in any dimensions
chip wood chips
440121 – coniferous wood in chips or particles
440122 non-coniferous wood in chips or particles
Round wood without bark, harvesting residues, off-cuts without bark
For fuel, production of mulch, pulp and processed wood material, for animal bedding, road covering, packing material, biofiltration
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and sizes depending on intended use
Pathogens, nematodes, bark beetles. Some beetles can be attracted and transported with chips.
Pest free area, limit of particle size, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation
Non-vector transmission of pathogens. Importance of bark beetles species carried by chips.
Survival of insects in small size chips.
Medium to low risk (further research needed before this is regarded as low risk)
chips from post-consumer and/or treated wood
chip wood chips
440121 – coniferous wood in chips or particles
Post-consumer and/or treated wood
For fuel, production of mulch and processed wood material,
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and
Dry wood insects.
No measures needed
Use of this kind of chips
Low risk
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
26
Commodity Subcategory ISO
terms
Terms from
E-phyto IPPC Study
Customs names/codes
Initial material Most common intended use
Transport practices
Pests likely to be associated with
Possible phytosanitary measures
Gaps in knowledge
Pest risk
440122 non-coniferous wood in chips or particles
road covering, packing material (?)
sizes depending on intended use
Hogwood 440121 – coniferous wood in chips or particles
440122 non-coniferous wood in chips or particles
Round wood with or without bark, harvesting residues, off-cuts
For fuel, production of mulch and processed wood material, for animal bedding, road covering, packing material
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and sizes depending on intended use
Pathogens, nematodes, bark beetles, some longhorn beetles. Some beetles can be attracted and transported with hogwood.
Risk of leaves and needles contamination
Pest free area, HT, DH, fumigation, irradiation,
High risk unless it is produced from bark-free wood.
Medium risk if produced from bark-free wood.
Low risk if produced from post-consumer scrap wood
Processed wood material
pellets, brickets, particle boards
glued laminated wood
44013020 – sawdust, wood ‘waste’, scrap, whether or not agglomerated in logs, brickets, pellets or similar forms
4410 - Particle board, oriented strand board (OSB) and similar
harvesting residues, wood chips, hogwood and post-consumer scrap wood
Production of manufactured wood items, packaging and packing, fuel
In bulk or in closed containers of different types and sizes depending on intended use
Dry wood insects.
No measures needed
Low risk
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
27
Commodity Subcategory ISO
terms
Terms from
E-phyto IPPC Study
Customs names/codes
Initial material Most common intended use
Transport practices
Pests likely to be associated with
Possible phytosanitary measures
Gaps in knowledge
Pest risk
board (for example, waferboard) of wood or
other ligneous materials, whether or not agglomerated with resins or other organic binding
substances
4411 - Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not bonded with resins or other
organic substances
4412 –
Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood
4413 - Densified
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
28
Commodity Subcategory ISO
terms
Terms from
E-phyto IPPC Study
Customs names/codes
Initial material Most common intended use
Transport practices
Pests likely to be associated with
Possible phytosanitary measures
Gaps in knowledge
Pest risk
wood, in blocks, plates, strips or profile shapes
Post-consumer scrap wood
wood scrap, wood waste
44013020 – sawdust, wood ‘waste’, scrap, whether or not agglomerated in logs, brickets, pellets or similar forms
manufactured wood items, wood packaging material
For fuel, production of chips hogwood, and processed wood material
Open or closed containers of different types
Dry wood insects.
No measures needed
Low risk
HT: heat treatment DH: dielectric heating
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
29
Table 3. Preliminary assessment of pest risk associated with wood commodities depending on initial materials. Commodities Initial material Likelihood of
presence of large insect pests (e.g. longhorn beetles & buprestids)
Likelihood of presence of small insect pests (e.g. bark and ambrosia beetles) which may develop in wood
Likelihood of presence of small insect pests (e.g. bark and ambrosia beetles) which can develop only under the bark
Likelihood of presence of non-arthropod pests (nematodes fungi, bacteria, etc.)
Notes
Harvesting residues
Standing trees +++ +++ +++ +++
Off-cuts Fresh* wood with bark
+++ +++ +++ +++
Wood chips larger than 2.5 cm
Fresh* and untreated wood with bark
+++ +++ +++ +++
Hogwood Harvesting residues, wood with bark
+++ +++ +++ +++
Off-cuts Wood without bark ++ ++ + ++
Wood chips larger than 2.5 cm
Fresh* and untreated wood without bark
++ ++ + ++
Wood chips not larger than 2.5 cm in any dimension
Fresh and untreated wood with bark
+/++ ++ ++ ++ Lower risk for large insects, further research needed
Bark + ++ ++ ++ Risk higher if wood is present
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
30
Wood chips not larger than 2.5 cm in any dimension
Fresh* and untreated wood without bark
+ +/++ + +/++ Further research is needed before these are regarded as low risk especially for small insects
Hogwood Wood without bark + +/++ + +/++
Sawdust and shavings
Wood + + + + Low risk for insects as pests and as vectors of non-arthropod pests
Post-consumer scrap wood
Manufactured wood commodities, Wood packaging material
+ + + + Need to consider whether this can be from rather fresh wood (e.g. rustic furniture)
Wood chips Post-consumer scrap wood or treated wood
+ + + +
Hogwood Post-consumer scrap wood
+ + + +
Processed wood material
Wood - - - -
+ means low pest risk, ++ medium pest risk, +++ high pest risk * Fresh meaning that intracellular moisture content is suitable for pest development NB Overall risk depends also on phytosanitary status of the area of origin and destination
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
31
References Biomass energy centre. (2014) Available:
http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=75,18515&_dad=portal&_
schema=PORTAL (last accessed in 2014).
Cedar Hog Fuel Bulk & Pre Bagged. (2014) Available: http://www.dejongss.com/hog-
fuel.html. (last accessed in 2014).
EPPO (2013a) Standard PM 9/14(1) Agrilus planipennis: procedures for official control.
EPPO Bulletin, 43, 499–50.
EPPO (2013b) Standard PM 9/16(1) Anoplophora chinensis: procedures for official control
EPPO Bulletin, 43, 518–526.
EPPO (2014) Standard PM 8/2 (1) Commodity-specific phytosanitary measures for Coniferae
EPPO Bulletin, 44 403–44.
European Commission. (2014a) Classifying wood. Available:
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/may/tradoc_151167.pdf. (last accessed in
2014).
European Commission. (2014b) The 2020 climate and energy package. Available:
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm. (last accessed in 2014).
Eurostat. (2012). "EU Trade Since 1995 by CN8." Statistics Database. Brussels: The
European Commission. Available: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. (last accessed in
2014).
FAO (2014) The potential use of wood residues for energy generation. Available:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0269e/t0269e08.htm. (last accessed in 2014).
Fehrs JE. (1999) Secondary Mill Residues and Urban Wood Waste Quantities in the United
States, Final Report, Prepared for: Northeast Regional Biomass Program, Washington,
D.C. Available: http://www.nrbp.org/pdfs/pub21.pdf. (last accessed in 2014).
Forest Research. Converting biomass to a solid biofuel. (2014). Available:
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/forestresearch.nsf/ByUnique/INFD-66SJ8F. (last
accessed in 2014).
Hillring, B. (2006). “World Trade in Forest Products and Wood Fuel.” Biomass and Bioenergy.
(30:10); pp. 815–825.
ISPM 32. (2012) International standards for phytosanitary measures: Categorization of
commodities according to their pest risk. FAO, Rome.
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
32
ISPM 5. (2014) International standards for phytosanitary measures: Glossary of
phytosanitary terms. FAO, Rome.
Junginger, M.; Bokesjø, T.; Bradley, D.; Dolzan, P.; Faaij, A.; Heinimo, J.; Hektor, B.; Leistad,
Ø.; Ling, E.; Perry, M.; Piacente, E.; Rosillo-Calle, F.; Ryckmans, Y.; Schouwenberg, P.;
Solberg, B.; Trømborg, E.; da Silva Walter, A.; de Wit, M. (2008). “Developments in
International Bioenergy Trade.” Biomass and Bioenergy. (32:8); pp. 717–729.
Kofman PD. (2010) Preview of European standards for solid biofuels. Available:
http://www.woodenergy.ie/media/woodenergy/content/standardsandspecifications/COF
ORD%20Connects%20Note%20on%20standards.pdf. (last accessed in 2014).
Kulinich OA (Dept of Forest Quarantine, All-Russian Center of Plant Quarantine,
[email protected]), Montecchio L (Università di Padova, Dipartimento territorio e
Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Agripolis, [email protected]), (2014). Personal
communication.
Lamers P, Marchal D, Schouwenberg P-P, Cocchi M & Junginger M. (2012b) Global wood
chip trade for energy. Available: http://www.bioenergytrade.org/downloads/t40-global-
wood-chips-study_final.pdf. (last accessed in 2014).
Lamers, P.; Junginger, M.; Hamelinck, C.; Faaij, A. (2012a). “Developments in International
Solid Biofuels Trade – An Analysis of Volumes, Policies, and Market Factors.”
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (15:6); pp. 2655–2676.
McCullough DG, Poland TM, Cappaert D, Clark EL, Fraser I, Mastro V, Smith S & Pell C
(2007) Effects of chipping, grinding, and heat on survival of emerald ash borer, Agrilus
planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in chips. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100
(4): 1304-15.
Nilsson B, Blom A & Thornqvist T. (2013) The influence of two different handling methods on
the moisture content and composition of logging residues, Biomass and Bioenergy
Journal, Vol. 52 . Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09619534
(last accessed in 2014)
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), International Trade of Wood Pellets. (2013)
Available: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56791.pdf. (last accessed in 2014).
Okland B, Haack RA & Wilhelmsen G, 2012. Detection probability of forest pests in current
inspection protocols – A case study of the bronze birch borer. Scandinavian Journal of
Forest Research, 27:285-297.
Rakow DA. (2014) Cornell Plantations: Cornell gardening resources, Mulches for
landscaping‘. Available:
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
33
http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/mulch/mulchland.html. (last accessed in
2014).
Spelter, H.; Toth, D. (2009). “North American Wood Pellets Sector.” Research Paper FPL-
RP-656. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products
Laboratory, 21 pp.
The Pinewood Nematode in Vermont, USA (1995) Available:
http://www.uvm.edu/~dbergdah/pwn/pwn.html. (last accessed in 2014).
Vonk M & Theunissen M. (2007) The harvest of logging residues in the Dutch forests and
landscape. Available: http://www.biomassa-
upstream.nl/pdf/finalmeetingpaperharvestofloggingresidues.pdf. (last accessed in
2014).
Wastewood recovery systems. (2014) Available: http://rawlingsmanufacturing.com (last
accessed in 2014).
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
34
Appendix I Definitions from various sources. (See also Table 1 for the definitions used in the Study)
Type of commodity
Definitions
Bark • The layer of a woody trunk, branch or root outside the cambium (ISPM 5 [CPM, 2008])
• The tough outer covering of the woody stems and roots of trees, shrubs, and other woody plants. It includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bark)
• The external covering of the woody stems, branches, and roots of plants, as distinct and separable from the wood itself (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bark)
(proposed IPPC definition)
Isolated bark
Bark, which is no longer attached to wood. Isolated bark may contain pieces of wood with bark. (EPPO Standard PM 8/2(1) Proposed revision)
Bark (as a commodity)
Bark separated from wood. (ISPM 5 Proposed revision)
Wood A commodity class for round wood, sawn wood, wood chips or
dunnage, with or without bark [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001]
Processed wood material
Products that are a composite of wood constructed using glue, heat and pressure, or any combination thereof (ISPM 5:2012)
(this includes pellets, brickets, etc.)
Sawdust • Particles of wood formed by sawing (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sawdust; http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/sawdust)
• Fine particles created when sawing wood. NOTE: Most of the material has typical particle length of 1 to 5 mm (European Pellet Standard – EN 14961-1)
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
35
Wood chips • Small pieces of wood used to make pulp. Chips are made either from wood ‘waste’ in a sawmill or pulpwood operation, or from pulpwood specifically cut for this purpose. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust. (http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/products/glossary.html)
• Woodchips are very small pieces of wood, usually made from ‘waste’ wood, which are used in processes such as making paper. (http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/woodchip)
• Small chip of wood, especially one that flakes off when felling a tree or splitting a log; woodchips, chips of wood, especially fir or other pine, used as a winter mulch on plants and shrubs. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/woodchi). ()
• Chipped woody biomass in the form of pieces with a defined particle size produced by mechanical treatment with sharp tools such as knives. (prEN14588)
• Small pieces of wood that have been created by running wood through a shredder, breaking it into uniformly sized chips. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-wood-chips.htm)
Hog Machine used to grind wood into chips for use as fuel or for other purposes; the wood used is usually ‘waste’ wood unfit for lumber or other uses.
-Coarse wood chips to be burned as a fuel
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/products/glossary.html#H
Hogfuel • Fuel made by grinding ‘waste’ wood in a hog; a mix of wood residues such as sawdust, planer shavings, and sometimes coarsely broken-down bark and solid wood chunks produced in the manufacture of wood products and normally used as fuel (http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/products/glossary.html#H)
• Fuel wood in the form of pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, or flails. (Standard prEN14588)
Slash • Woody material or debris left on the ground after an area is logged. Also known as brush. (http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/products/glossary.html#H)
• The residue, e.g., tree tops and branches, left on the ground after logging or accumulating as a result of storm, fire, girdling, or delimbing (http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/slash)
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
36
•
Residuals Trees remaining after an intermediate or partial cutting of tree crops or stands. In general, residuals are byproducts of some operation. Also known as ‘waste’. Examples are chips from lumber production and hog fuel from any wood processing operation. (http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/products/glossary.html)
Residue Wood or bark that is left after a manufacturing process (http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/products/glossary.html#H)
Forest residuals
Sum of wasted and unused wood in the forest, including logging residues; rough, rotten, and dead trees; and annual mortality.
Wood ‘waste’ and scrap
Urban wood ‘waste’, which refers collectively to a wide variety of wood ‘waste’ present in commercial, industrial, and municipal solid ‘waste’. Examples include used wooden pallets and shipping containers, wood contained in construction and demolition debris, used railroad ties, wood commingled with other solid ‘waste’, and other types of wood not included in (or defined as) logging residues, primary wood products industry residues, or secondary mill residues. (Fehrs, 1999)
Wood pellets
Densified biofuel made from pulverized woody biomass with or without additives, usually with a cylindrical form, random length of typically 5 to 40 mm with broken ends. (prEN14588)
Wood briquettes
Densified biofuel made with or without additives in the form of cubiform or cylindrical units, produced by compressing pulverized woody biomass. (prEN14588)
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
37
Appendix II Requirements for wood chips – EN 14961-1
EPPO Study on wood commodities (other than round wood, sawn wood and manufactured items)
38
Appendix III Major traded forms of solid biomass according to European Pellets Standard – EN14961-1
