EPA Research Awards made in 2012

Project Awards Doctoral Scholarships

CLIMATE 12 3

WATER 6 3

SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT 8 9

PROJECT AWARDS - CLIMATE

Title WARNDIS: Extreme events and disaster warning

Researcher Michael Bruen, University College Dublin

Abstract This desk study will review the various types of disasters and natural hazards that may be influenced by climate change. It will establish causal links with climate variables. It will review the state of the art in warning systems for these types of disasters building on international experience. It will interview various national and international agencies with responsibility for disaster warning and management and will report on their capabilities and data availability.

Outputs The expected outputs from the project are A review of climate change related disasters and natural hazard vulnerabilities. A review of the International state of the art in warning systems for the identified hazards A review of the national agencies related to these hazards and an assessment of their capabilities and warning needs. A review of International inputs and data available to contribution to a national warning capability.

Title Scaling Soil Process Modelling to National Level

Researcher Michael Williams, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract This project is concerned with improving the national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from Irish soils by the use of Tier 2/3 methodologies effectively up scaling regional data on soil processes to the national level through a combined process-based model and GIS approach. DNDC, DayCent and ECOSSE models will be used as the basis for modelling. The project will rely initially on an extensive data base of greenhouse gas emissions provided by TCD and UCD through their partnership with EPA, COFORD, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and EU Framework Programmes. Modelling of greenhouse gas emissions will be linked to a spatial assessment using regional climate, land use and soil C stocks data linked to the harmonised world soil database. Two research staff will be employed - a two year post doctoral position in

charge of data set mangement and modelling, and overlapping with the final year, a research assistant to help produce visua output data through GIS maps. Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin and the University of Aberdeen are the three partners involved reliant on collective expertise in measurement, analysis and modelling of soil processes.

Outputs Outputs planned for this project will be 4 peer-review publications with associated reports plus a GIS map of upscaled GHG emissions for Ireland allowing spatial assessment of mitigation strategies. Peer-reviewed papers with their associated reports for the EPA will be:- (1) Evaluation of process based models to simulate soil processes and GHG emissions at various scales (2) Tier 2 Emission factors and modifiers (3) Spatial analysis of GHG emissions for Ireland using Tier 3 methodologies (4) Spatial analysis of selected mitigation strategies in accordance with changes in agricultural production outlined in Food Harvest 2020

Title Critical Loads and Dynamic Soil-Vegetation Modelling

Researcher Julian Aherne, Trent University, Canada

Abstract Critical loads form the basis of the effects-based approach used to guide policy on reducing the environmental impacts of transboundary air pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The concept underpins the protocols of the Convention on Long Range Transport of Air Pollution (LTRAP) and the National Emissions Ceiling (NEC) directive, which has supported significant reductions in sulphur emissions. However, there is growing concern that chronic elevated nitrogen deposition is leading to changes in ecosystem biodiversity. The proposed research will develop capacity in assessing the impacts of nitrogen deposition through coupled dynamic soil-vegetation models, specifically in response to data calls under the Convention on LRTAP. The research will build on existing plant releve data (collected by the NPWS) for native woodlands, grasslands and upland ecosystems in protected habitats to support data calls. In addition, the research will maintain and update existing Irish critical loads data to accommodate updates in land cover information and methodologies. The vegetation modelling research will be strongly supported and directed by a collaboration with national and international experts.

Outputs The proposed project will directly provide national critical loads analysis to support data calls under the Convention on Long Range Transport of Air Pollution and the National Emissions Ceiling directive / EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. The research will build capacity in dynamic soil-vegetation modelling and the assessment of impacts of nitrogen deposition on protected habitats; this will strengthen links with the NPWS who are responsible for reporting habitat status. In addition, it is anticipated that the research will results in several peer-review journal publications describing the current status of critical loads of nutrient nitrogen for Ireland.

Title Ammonia2—Baseline Ammonia Deposition Rates in Ireland and Local impacts of Point Source Emissions

Researcher Thomas Cummins, University College Dublin

Abstract Elevated emissions of nitrogen (N), such as ammonia (NH3), have lead to concerns that chronic elevated N deposition may result in long-term negative impacts on natural ecosystems. Emission reduction policies have targeted industrial and transportation sectors, legislating emission controls on nitrogen oxides, while NH3 emissions remain unchanged. Previous studies have suggested that NH3 is the dominant component of N deposition in Ireland; however, there is limited monitoring data. This research will measure ambient atmospheric ammonia concentrations for Ireland, using a network of sites distant from major point-emission sources, for one year. The monitoring replicates a network operated during 1999, using the “Willems-badge” passive-diffusive samplers. These are suitable for Irish conditions: high windspeeds, long exposures, and widely variable ambient ammonia concentrations. Short-term intensive transect-monitoring will be undertaken between known ammonia-emission point-sources and nearby sensitive receptor-ecosystems. Passive-samplers will be combined with assessment of biotic responses to chronic ammonia exposure at these sites. Following these monitoring campaigns, and given availability of improved spatial datasets for precipitation deposition of reduced nitrogen, landcover, and ammonia deposition factors, updated maps will be produced of Ireland’s reduced-N deposition. The results of the network-, transect-, and deposition assessments will inform recommendations for future optimized national monitoring for Ireland.

Outputs Users of this research are the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and researchers into nitrogen in ecosystems. Principal outputs will be peer-reviewed papers, an MSc thesis, the final report including long-term network monitoring recommendations, and the dataset lodged with the EPA SAFER repository. The data will support obligations under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, the EU Thematic Strategy on Air under critical loads, and atmospheric-transport model assessments. The network will provide important baseline data prior to the implementation of Food Harvest 2020, which is anticipated to increase emissions of ammonia from agricultural sources.

Title Survey of GHG emission and sink potential of active and degraded blanket peatlands in Ireland

Researcher Gerard Kiely, University College Cork

Abstract The project will continue the monitoring and analysis of GHG gas fluxes from peatland, and mixed used agricultural and forest lands. The analysis will expand on the unique long term monitoring of fluxes on sites in Kerry and Cork. Of particular interest is the establishment of baseline emission and sink potential of pristine peatland and the variability in this system driven by natural processes. Also of interest is the impact on GHG fluxes of transition from grassland to forest land, which is captured at the Cork site.

Outputs Detail analysis of long term trends and variability of GHG gas fluxes in pristine peatland site and the influence of land management and land use change within an agricultural landscape.

Title Climate Technology - Realizing the Potential

Researcher Fionn Rogan, University College Cork

Abstract The initial months of the proposed fellowship will establish the best methodologies for gathering and processing data on climate technologies in Ireland. A period of 11 months will then be focused on promoting the data gathering exercise and engaging with all key persons with a contribution to make to climate change mitigation & adaptation technology. The third work package will over a shorter period of time (5 months) perform a multi-criteria assessment of all the climate technologies. This process will be collaborative and outcome is expected to be a list of key technologies with high potential. A fourth work package of a barriers-to-success analysis will focus on what needs to be done to make these technologies winners and the final work package and final months of the project will focus on international collaboration to enable the climate technologies to succeed.

Outputs The tangible outputs of the project will be a project report with a description of the work done; a database of all climate technology research in Ireland; a matrix of all potential climate technologies; a short list of high potential climate technologies and four peer-reviewed conference & journal publications. Via workshops for all key climate technology stakeholders and a blitzrieg of project publicity, it is anticipated that a less tangible, but no less important output of the project, will be a broader acknowledgement of climate change as an opportunity.

Title HOMERUN: Homogenisation of Irish Synoptic station Network

Researcher John Coll, National University of Ireland, Maynooth

Abstract HOMERUN will apply state-of-the-art techniques in climate data homogenisation to the monthly temperature and precipitation record for the Irish synoptic station network. This is aimed at extending the work carried out by Met Eireann staff as part of their contribution to the COST Action HOME. The software output from HOME will be used to process Irish data and identify break points and secular trends due to non climatic causes. Homogenisation of sunshine and windspeed data will also be undertaken, and preliminary investigations into the feasibility of sucessfully homogenising daily datasets from both the synoptic and climatological databases commenced. The removal of non climate influences on the data will permit more authoritative statements on the extent to which Irish climate is changing in accordance with global trends to be made. Adjusted datasets and enhanced metadatasets will be delivered to Met Eireann, the EPA and the Climate Information Platform.

Outputs The work will assist Met Eireann contribute to the European effort in climate data homogenisation by enhancing capacity in this area. It will enable improved collaboration between Met Eireann and university-based research to be achieved at a time of reduced resources for both. Research outputs will include peer-reviewed papers, an enhanced meta data record for Irish meteorological observations, a more reliable long and medium term record of temperature and rainfall for Ireland and recommendations for safeguarding the integrity of the future observational network. The report will be distributed to stakeholders such as Irish Water, Office of Public works etc

Title An Integrated Source Apportionment and Climatic Implications of PM2.5 & PM10 Particulate Matter

Researcher Darius Ceburnis, National University of Ireland, Galway

Abstract he project is aiming at producing quantitative source apportionment of hemispheric and trans-boundary transport of particulate matter in Ireland including natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks by applying statistical air mass back-trajectory analysis and Lagrangian approaches and long-term measurement data concurrently with climatic implications of fine and coarse particulate matter. A continuing support for long-term measurements of chemically speciated particulate matter at Mace Head will be provided. One of the major tasks associated with the proposed fellowship project is to support on-going research programmes and projects at Mace Head as agreed between EPA and NUIG, to facilitate field studies at Mace Head and to contribute to research papers and reports of work carried out at Mace Head.

Outputs Scientific outputs of the fellowship project will include quantitative trans-boundary air pollution source apportionment using statistical analysis of air mass back-trajectories; quantification of sinks and sources using Lagrangian approach; hemispheric and trans-boundary transport analysis by sulphur isotope analysis and climatic implications of fine and coarse particulate matter. The project will inform the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and CAFE (Cleaner Air For Europe) directive which was transposed into Irish legislation by the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2011. The project is expected to produce about 10 peer-reviewed publications.

Title GAINFUL Ground-bAsed remote-sensINg and in-situ aerosol-cloud synergy For hemispheric trans-boUndary air poLlution studies

Researcher Giovanni Marucci, National University of Ireland, Galway

Abstract Overall objective. To reduce the uncertainty of the impact of both natural marine and anthropogenic aerosols on clouds and cloud optical properties using long-term observations and synergetic in-situ and remote-sensing techniques. Motivation. Aerosols-clouds interaction still represents the largest uncertainty in ascertaining the global radiation budget. Approach. The proposed project will provide highly accurate retrievals of the principal aerosols optical parameters (e.g., backscatter, extinction and mass extinction) and will improve the precision in quantifying the aerosol indirect effect. This goal will be enabled at Mace head through a combination of in-situ continuous surface aerosols physical-chemical observation, including advanced aerosol mass spectrometric techniques, combined with synergistic ground-based remote sensing retrievals of aerosols optical parameters and cloud microphysics. The microphysical properties of clouds will be retrieved by two state-of-the-art techniques like SYRSOC and CLOUDNET and, additionally, will these be evaluated against other microphysical retrieval methods developed across Europe as part of COST Actions and will contribute to underpin the ESA EarthCARE mission. The successful outcome of the proposed project will also lead to the creation of a database of optical aerosol parameters and cloud microphysical products, and a significant advance of our understanding of key-processes associated with aerosol cloud interactions

Outputs A number not inferior to eight peer-reviewed publications is expected at the end of the first 2 years of project. Final report summarizing the achieved objective of the project, the current state of the research after 2 years of funded project and the perspective for future continuation of the project. Two-page summary report for inclusion on the EPA website will be delivered. Participation in national and international conferences (peer-review abstracts and extended abstracts). Participation to the main FP7 and forthcoming FP8 projects, with consolidation of the key Irish role in the above-mentioned areas of environmental policy.

Title Developing guidelines for the integration of climate adaptation in Irish spatial planning and SEA procedures

Researcher Stefan Gray, University College Cork

Abstract The primary goal of the proposed fellowship is to design, evaluate and document tractable and tangible approaches for the integration of climate change adaptation within the practices and procedures of local authority planning and SEA. Achieving this goal will involve bridging a substantial divide between the largely analytical and conceptual adaptation research conducted to date and the practical needs of planners and SEA practitioners who are faced with the everyday challenges of meeting numerous statutory and stakeholder-driven obligations. The objectives, tasks, and programme of work I propose are thus focussed to as great a degree as is practicable on identifying concrete approaches to trial and evaluate prior to the drafting of end-user guidelines. A key prerequisite to the success of the proposed research will be embedding its conduct firmly within the respective communities of practice of local planning and SEA. In this regard, the successful completion of research projects such as CLAD, CoastAdapt and IMCORE have provided a legacy of trust and goodwill between myself as a researcher and a number of senior planners, SEA practitioners and the wider stakeholder community across Ireland. Further future support and participation in the evaluation of the approaches detailed below should be guaranteed.

Outputs The principal outputs of the proposed research fellowship are oulined below: 1) Two separate sets of guidelines describing the integration of climate adaptation into local authority planning and SEA procedures respectively. 2) A Final Report at the end of the project for inclusion on the EPA website. 3) Two peer reviewed papers (targeting: Journal of Environmental Management, Planning Theory & Practice, Journal of Environmental 4) Planning and Management). 5) A 2-page executive summary and a short Summary document for hard copy publication.

Title Activity data for emissions of Non-methane VOC (Research Fellowship)

Researcher Stephen Barry, University of Limerick

Abstract This research proposal is concerned with updating the transboundary emission inventory for the NFR sector 3 (Solvent and Other Product Use) of the Irish Informative Inventory Report. This will involve updating previous research (CTC/AEA, 2005; Finn et al., 2001) and also addressing a number of issues highlighted by the reports. These include addressing the accuracy of reported emissions from IPPC facilities, using new data sources from the Solvent Directive to ensure a complete emission inventory and investigate the potential for the inclusion of fugitive emissions. In addition, issues relating to the reliability and robustness of data from non-IPPC sources will be addressed by improving the reporting structure from these sources. This will be achieved by collaborating with data holders to overcome issues they may have in supplying the information. Where data is not forthcoming, robust proxy data will be sought from the public domain or from international sources. The proposal will also ensure that the most up-to-date EMEP Guidelines (2009) are used to ensure that the principals (Transparency, Completeness, Accuracy and Comparability) are adhered to.

Outputs The outputs of this project include an interim report and final report which outlines the literature reviewed, methodology, results and recommendations. It also includes a summary report and a number of peer reviewed articles where appropriate. The research will also produce an updated inventory for NFR sector 3 and inclusion of these findings within the IIR report. The research aims to develop relationships with state agencies, trade organisations and suppliers. Additionally, A database of contacts will be created by working with an academic centre for Environmental Research.

Title Identification of grassland management and land-use change using high resolution spatial databases

Researcher Jesko Zimmermann, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract Recent research has shown the importance of grassland management on carbon dynamics and its capability to act as a sink or source for atmospheric CO2. As the major land-use in Ireland grassland related emissions require special attention, however, currently there is no break down nationally to grassland type or utilisation. Furthermore, the recording of land-use change from and to grassland, as well as between different management categories is based on CSO data, with no direct information on the trajectory of change, methods to estimate land-use change trajectories have a high uncertainty. These uncertainties will ultimately lead to possible errors in the national greenhouse gas budget. The proposed research aims to develop accurate, cost-efficient tools to assess grassland management techniques on a large scale, as well as to map land-use change. The process will comprise the identification of GHG relevant grassland management types, identify environmental and socio-economic factors that influence the distribution of grassland management types, and the development of models estimate grassland management on the earlier identified factors. In a second model will be developed to identify changes in grassland management. The tools will be based on LPIS and will therefore estimate land-use on a parcel scale.

Outputs The outputs will comprise the developed tools to estimate grassland management

regimes on a parcel scale, and tools to estimate changes between grassland management types as well as the trajectory of changes form and to grassland. the tools will be accompanied by technical manuals. The scientific community will be informed in two peer-reviewed publications, furthermore the results will be presented at a national and an international conference. The overall results will be summarised in a final report for the EPA.

PROJECT AWARDS - WATER

Title Combining Earth Observation and Geochemical Tracing Techniques (CONNECT) for groundwater detection and evaluation in Ireland

Researcher Jean Wilson, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract Groundwater can become contaminated with a variety of substances including nutrients and heavy metals and groundwater discharge has been defined in the literature as a potentially significant source and pathway of freshwater, nutrients and diffuses pollution to surface water bodies particularly when originating from contaminated aquifers. This research aims to undertake a national assessment of groundwater discharge to lakes and coastal waters using remote sensing, GIS and geochemical tracing techniques. The overall goal of the project is to improve the understanding of the pathways and discharge of groundwater and associated substances to Irish waters. A tiered approach is proposed as the most comprehensive, effective and affordable means to evaluate groundwater discharge nationally. Firstly, a complete desktop characterisation of groundwater-surface water connectivity will be undertaken within a GIS as a preliminary assessment of the potential for groundwater discharge and to identify knowledge gaps. Secondly, a GIS technique will be employed to determine potential groundwater discharge zones nationally using digital terrain modelling. Concurrently, a remote sensing methodology will be applied as a screening tool to identify, map and qualitatively assess groundwater discharges to lakes and coastal waters nationally. Finally, geochemical tracing** will be used to confirm the presence of groundwater discharge at a selection of the impacted sites to qualitatively assess groundwater inputs via in-situ evaluation.

**Determination of specific sites for ground-truthing will be undertaken following liaison with project team EPA Lakes and Coastal Management team and within limitations of budget

Outputs A comprehensive national geodatabase of baseline data characterising surface-groundwater connectivity including a documented qualitative assessment of the potential for groundwater discharge based on a GIS analysis of those datasets

Repository of all processed satellite imagery of Ireland

A GIS based methodology to identify zones of potential discharge via digital terrain modelling

A national set of water surface temperature and temperature anomaly maps including a documented qualitative interpretation and assessment of the potential for groundwater discharge based on the results from the thermal analyses and for a set of target sites a qualitative in-situ evaluation of groundwater discharge and associated inputs.

Results of the qualitative assessment are an essential prerequisite to any subsequent study aiming to quantify water fluxes, associated nutrient loads and output from this project will include recommendations regarding future follow on work to do such.

Written and oral dissemination of results in peer-reviewed journals and national and international conferences is anticipated. The output from this research will build national capacity through the provision of a baseline dataset complete with a set of methodologies and a qualitative assessment and in-situ evaluation of groundwater discharges to inform national agencies responsible for lake, estuarine and coastal protection and management, feeding directly into the environmental objectives set out by the WFD.

Title Increasing Resource Efficiency in Waste Water Treatment Plants

Researcher Lorna Fitzsimons, Dublin City University

Abstract This proposed research brings together key expertise in waste water treatment and energy/resource efficiency. Waste water treatment is a resource intensive process. To put this in an Irish context, the treatment of waste water accounts for approximately 50% of local authorities' energy costs. In the United States the treatment of waste water accounts for 3% of total electrical load. These figures are expected to increase with increasing demand and with increasing environmental regulations and standards. With this in mind, the key objectives of this project are to benchmark Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) resource consumption and to demonstrate significant waste water treatment energy efficiency improvements. It is important, however, to ensure that reducing resource consumption in waste water treatment does not result in unacceptable reductions in water quality. Targeted WWTP for this proposed research include Shanganagh WWTP, a state-of-the art, newly commissioned plant, the Tuam Municipal WWTP and the NUIG Waste Water Treatment Demonstration facility. The research adopts a multi-faceted approach and includes a number of key methodologies to benchmark and optimise resource efficiency.

Outputs Final Report including detailed analysis of results submitted to the research funding agency and the stakeholders

• Peer reviewed Conference/Journal publications and oral/poster presentations

• Two page summary report for the EPA web-site

• Planned Collaborations and Networking both nationally and internationally thereby increasing knowledge transfer and building capacity and competency in this highly relevant area

• Benchmarking and Good practice guidelines based on Best Practice

• Dissemination to relevant stakeholders and interested parties via industry breakfast/workshop/symposium

Title The role of passive sampling in screening and monitoring of new and emerging chemicals

Researcher Fiona Regan, Dublin City University

Abstract This project will pilot the use of passive sampling technology combined with biota monitoring to assess the presence of priority substances in Irish surface waters. This will

focus in particular on new pollutants earmarked as candidates for the Annex X priority substances list under the EU Water Framework Directive. This will consider the implications for compliance with current and proposed EQS and investigate the potential for incorporating passive sampling and biota testing in future compliance, investigative and trend monitoring.

Key objectives of this project are:

• Test use of various passive sampling technologies and biota monitoring in surface water monitoring of priority substances in Ireland

• Quantitative and qualitative screening of selected priority substances and proposed priority substances in a number of Irish waters representative of different pressures

• Broad qualitative GCMS screening for other substances in surface waters to identify potential

• Assess status of cypermethrin pollution in Irish surface waters

• Screening study of certain pharmaceutical substances in Irish surface waters

• Develop recommendations and guidelines for use of passive samplers in future monitoring of surface waters in Ireland

• Develop recommendations and guidelines for biota monitoring, including species/tissue selection, in future monitoring for chemical status in Ireland

Outputs Workshops

Year 1 – Minor workshop Topic: Passive sampling of emerging pollutants (20 delegates)

Year 2 – Workshop Topic: Selection of biota for comparison of passive sampling and spot sampling

Year 3 – Final Workshop Topic: Findings and recommendations

Project Website

Twitter & regular content

Established by month 3 and updated regularly

Publications

Peer reviewed publications (minimum of 2 per year (Water Pollution, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring, TRAC etc)

Project quarterly bulletins (research outputs, conference topics)

Review on passive sampling for emerging contaminants

Book (Analytical methods)

Recommendations paper / report

Report and summary report

Conferences (oral and poster)

Title The impact of on-site wastewater effluent on rivers and wells

Researcher Laurence Gill, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract The domestic wastewater of approximately one third of the population in Ireland, ~500,000 dwellings, is treated by on-site domestic wastewater treatment systems (DWWTSs). The potential impacts of such on-site effluent are the pollution of either groundwater and / or surface water, in particular in areas of low permeability subosils (for surface water pollution) or Extreme vulnerability (for groundwater pollution).

This project will evaluate 2 study catchments in areas of low permeability with high DWWTS density to evaluate upstream and downstream water quality (in particular phosphorus loads). It will also investigate 2 trial catchments in areas of Extreme vulnerability to evaluate microbial pathogen and phosphorus impact on wells (in addition to groundwater baseflow contributions into rivers). Finally, the project will determine a cost effective method of fingerprinting DWWTS loads on both domestic wells and rivers from a synthesis of existing team expertise, international literature review and targeted sampling of wells and rivers in the 4 trial catchments.

Outputs The expected outputs are as follows:

- final report and 2-page summary report

- advice for appropriate low cost fingerprinting techniques for DWWTS effluent.

- at least 6 peer reviewed papers in highly ranked international journals

- research capacity building in the field of contaminant hydrology with 3 PhD students

- input into national media fora

- data and analysis for policy makers with reports to decision being made on the pressures in catchments in both surface water and groundwater

Title Impact of the zebra mussel on the Water Framework Directive Ecological Status of Irish lakes

Researcher Michael Millane, Sligo IT

Abstract The primary objective of this research fellowship is to scientifically quantify the impact of the zebra mussel on biological elements and physico-chemical parameters contributing to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) ecological status in Irish lakes. This study will develop metrics quantifying zebra mussel populations in lakes, determine the impact of the zebra mussel on WFD biological elements and physicochemical parameters and relate these impacts to the WFD assessment tools. At present, there is a major knowledge gap in accurately determining the WFD ecological status in Irish lakes as the presence of zebra mussels, and indeed other aquatic invasive species, has not been scientifically quantified and ecological status is assigned through a combination of expert judgement and the downgrading of otherwise high status lakes to good status. The proposed research will be carried out using a combination of field studies and the

interrogation of available datasets to develop metrics / models to address this.

Outputs The expected outputs will include a comprehensive literature review; metrics quantifying zebra mussel populations in lakes; the quantification of the impact of zebra mussels on Water Framework Directive (WFD) biological elements and on physico-chemical parameters; and the relation of these impacts to WFD classification tools. There will also be a Dissemination Report; and a Final Report which will provide a clear and detailed account of all the steps and methodologies used, recommendations and relevance to policy makers and monitoring bodies. At least two peer reviewed papers will be published.

Title Management options for the collection, treatment and disposal of domestic waste water treatment systems

Researcher Michael Joyce, Ryan Hanley Consultants

Abstract As part of this research project, Ryan Hanley will:

- Review the adequacy of existing legislation relating to the collection disposal and sustainable re-use of domestic wastewater sludges,

- Quantify likely sludge volumes associated with septic tank/OSTWS maintenance under a new regulated and licensed regime,

- Analyse the spatial distribution of such sludge volumes from primarily rural dwellers throughout Ireland,

- Examine the Sludge Management Plans of water service authorities with a view to quantifying an inventory of residual capacity within existing municipal wastewater treatment plants and satellite sludge Centres for the reception of untreated sewage sludges, etc,

- Compile an inventory of available spare capacity at these centralised sludge treatment centres,

- Evaluate environmental constraints pertinent to the use of land spreading and review best practice,

- Evaluate the potential for establishment and or development of alternative disposal routes other than land spreading, and;

- Review of existing legislation and guidelines relating to the issue of waste collection permits under the Waste Management (Collection Permit) Regulations 2007 and the Waste Management (Collection Permit) (Amendment) Regulations 2008.

Outputs Ryan Hanley will produce:

- Sectional reports for work packages,

- A final report setting out:

Main conclusions of the research,

Available spare capacity or capacity deficit for reception and treatment of such sludges at the various regional centres,

Potential for the development of alternative technologies,

Infrastructural deficits,

Customisation of licences granted to waste disposal companies for the collection and transport of untreated sludge,

- A summary of the project findings for posting on the EPA website, and;

- Powerpoint presentations for delivery to the EPA and the NIECE working group on DWWTS.

PROJECT AWARDS – SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

Title Air quality modelling

Researcher Aoife Donnelly, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract Activities will include the parallel application of deterministic and statistical modelling to produce an air quality forecast model for Ireland at local, regional and national levels for the pollutants outlined in the CAFE Directive, particularly targeting NOx, PM10,2.5 and O3. The aim is that the model will be implemented to anticipate pollution episodes, to aid local and regional air quality management and for further research into population exposure. The initial stages of the research work will involve a detailed literature review which will be defined by the concept of modelling air quality on a local to national/European scale. Individual selected models will be assessed for applicability to Ireland through model validation studies and comparison with monitoring data.

Outputs Outputs will include:

- a GIS-based statistical model to determine the spatial variation in background concentration levels of pollutants on a national scale at short and long temporal resolutions. This model will be used in the calibration of deterministic modelling results.

- a calibrated air quality forecast model for Ireland with quantifiable error.

- final report and peer reviewed papers

- - a set of guidelines concerning best practice use of the new air quality model

Title Integrating ecosystem approaches, green infrastructure and spatial planning (ECO-Plan)

Researcher Mark Scott, University College Dublin

Abstract The ecosystem approach (EA) and green infrastructure (GI) have emerged as key concepts for sustainable environmental management; however, at present, both EA and GI are poorly integrated with spatial planning systems that are responsible for regulating land-use and the built environment. This project addresses this deficit by evaluating the EA and GI concepts and will provide guidelines, methodologies and a planning toolkit for the effective integration of EA/GI into spatial planning frameworks from national to local levels. The specific objectives of the study include: to provide an understanding of EA for

sustainable environmental management and the potential of the green infrastructure concept as an integrative policy tool, including international best practice; to identify the international and national legislative and policy frameworks underpinning biodiversity and nature conservation, and to evaluate how these relate to the spatial planning system; to provide a baseline study of current national practice in relation to EA, GI and spatial planning; to develop a cross-sectoral and stakeholder-based approach to identify pathways towards integrating EA/GI into spatial planning frameworks; and to develop recommendations and guidelines for the effective integration of EA/GI and spatial planning.

Outputs The principal output will be a step-by-step framework for the development of an ecosystem approach, which operationalises the Green Infrastructure concept within the planning system. To support the use of the guidelines, a full report will be prepared and targeted at policy-makers and major environmental stakeholders. There will also be a project website and an end of project dissemination workshop. As part of post-project dissemination, a web-based planning toolkit will be developed along with a series of CPD seminars for planning and design professionals. It is expected that the project will result in at least three peer-reviewed publications in journals.

Title Rewetted and restored wetlands: biodiversity for the future

Researcher Florence Renou-Wilson, University College Dublin

Abstract This project will establish a network of both degraded and re-wetted and restored peatlands throughout Ireland where we will be monitoring GHG fluxes and biodiversity components. The ultimate aim is to provide high quality information to guide policy decisions in recognising the climate change-biodiversity nexus and its benefits in facilitating Ireland’s commitment to a more sustainable environment through the reduction of GHG emissions and conservation and sustainable use of a natural resource. The project is divided into three cluster studies: (1) GHG studies; (2) Biodiversity studies; (3) Strategies appraisal and policy-development studies.

Outputs

Title Measurement and modelling of health impacts arising from the landspreading of biosolids

Researcher Mark Healy, NUI Galway

Abstract The land application of biosolids, the by-product of urban wastewater treatment, provides a sustainable and beneficial alternative to landfilling, and is in line with national and EU policy, which warns against over-reliance on landfill and supports resource efficiency and re-use of waste. In Ireland, guidelines governing the application of biosolids to land do not consider the relationship between biosolids application rate and surface runoff of nutrients, suspended sediment, pathogens, emerging contaminants, or metals; nor do they consider the dose-response relationship between associated hazards and human health. Therefore, the aims of this study are to: (1) undertake a thorough

literature review of the spreading of biosolids on land to include analysis of potential impacts on environmental and human health (2) examine, under controlled conditions in the laboratory and field, the impact of the landspreading of biosolids (on grassland) on surface runoff/subsurface drainage/shallow groundwater of nutrients, solids, metals, pathogens and some specified EC identified in the literature review (either natural toxins, veterinary medicine, or hormones arising from animals), when spread based on N and P application rates (3) to model and conduct a risk assessment of potential hazards of human health concern, using data generated in 1 and 2 above.

Outputs Research capacity: This project is a new research collaboration between two research groups NUIG/Teagasc and UCD. This project will broaden the knowledge base of work in this area, create synergies, and will foster new collaborations and research links into the future.

Policy: Legislation governing the application of biosolids to land does not consider surface runoff of nutrients, SS, pathogens, emerging contaminants, metals, or impact on human health.

Publications: peer reviewed journal and conference papers, reports for EPA and policy makers; guidance documents for farmers and industry.

Title The potential of whey in industrial fermentations and broader characterization of the agri-processing waste

Researcher Gary Walsh, University of Limerick

Abstract Based upon ‘Food Harvest 2020’ projections, the proposed research focuses on (a) identifying, and where possible quantifying, the major by-products/waste streams of environmental significance likely to characterize the primary agri-processing industries by 2020; (b) identifying current/emerging technologies best suited to minimize/remediate the 5 most serious pollutants identified and (c) to evaluate the potential of using whey/lactose (a current major potential pollutant) produced in dairy processing, as a substrate for the growth of a range of representative microorganisms used industrially to produce various products of industrial/medical value or which are of themselves industrially or medically useful.

Outputs EPA Report, State of Knowledge Report, 2 peer-reviewed publications, a newspaper article

Title Development and Testing of Key Performance Indicators for the Evaluation of SEA Effectiveness in Ireland

Researcher Nicola Dwyer, University of Limerick

Abstract This research will propose, refine and test a framework of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for the effectiveness of SEA in Ireland. Three sets of KPIs will be developed to indicate a) the quality of the SEA reports (i.e. how robust a given SEA is in itself), b) how well a given SEA has been integrated into its corresponding Plan, and c) how well SEA is

influencing the state of the environment. A State of Knowledge literature review assessing current international practice in the evaluation of SEA effectiveness, and the application of KPIs and other indicators will be prepared. This literature review will inform the refinement of KPIs which have been previously suggested in the EPA’s SEA Effectiveness Review, and the development of additional KPIs. The three sets of KPIs will be piloted by selecting and reviewing 20-30 land use plans and applying the proposed KPI’s. Following further refinement where necessary, the KPIs will be tested on water and energy related plans. The KPIs will also be tested by carrying out a case study with Local and Regional Authorities to investigate the ease of use of the KPIs. Consultation with these authorities will be ongoing throughout the project.

Outputs The expected outputs will include the final and summary reports, along with a state of knowledge report, three sets of KPIs for the evaluation of SEA effectiveness and guidance on their application, workshops, dissemination events and consultation meetings with Local, Regional and Statutory Authorities and other SEA practitioners both national and international, oral and poster presentations at conferences such as the IPI conference, and 2-3 peer reviewed papers. The project will also lead to the development of professional links between UL, the EPA and other international environmental authorities such as SEPA (Scottish Environment Protection Agency).

Title Bridge: communicating across the environmental science-policy divide

Researcher Anna Davies, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract BRIDGE develops and tests novel mechanisms for enhanced communication between environmental scientists and policy makers that will deliver greater utilisation of appropriate science in policy making. Adopting a practice-oriented approach and drawing on the participatory backcasting mechanisms developed in the EPA funded CONSENSUS (consumption, environment and sustainability) project, this desk study will generate a set of ground rules for positive two-way communication between scientists and policy makers. These ground rules will form pre-requisite procedures that need to be embedded in environmental science-policy engagements and form the foundation for the suite of mechanisms developed in the BRIDGE tool-kit for communication. Finally, the project will bring together environmental scientists and policy makers in the field of water, climate change and biodiversity conservation to test and evaluate the effectiveness of both the ground rules and selected mechanisms for enhanced engagement.

Outputs The proposal will deliver one academic paper in an international peer reviewed journal and one paper in a policy magazine. The project will conduct two workshops with the aim of producing a communications toolkit, one exploratory the other focused on both implementation and dissemination. The toolkit, which will include both a protocol for positive communication and a suite of possible mechanisms for enhanced communication, will be disseminated via a dedicated project website which will provide details of all project outputs and also function as a portal for linking up scientists and policy makers in Ireland and internationally.

Title Developing a framework for bridging the gap between scientists and policy makers

Researcher Adrian O'Looney, Aqua TT Ltd

Abstract The take up of science outputs and knowledge in the environmental policymaking process faces several challenges amongst which include major barriers to successful science-policy communication. This Desk Study proposes to develop a set of practical approaches to bridge the acknowledged gap between scientists, policy makers and other end-users and stakeholders in the Environmental Area.

AquaTT will employ its tested innovative Knowledge Transfer methodology to ensure targeted and tailored transfer and uptake of specific research for Environmental policy. Specific outputs will include mapping of current best practices in Knowledge Transfer, a Science to Policy toolkit for the targeted and tailored transfer of knowledge during and after a project’s lifecycle, two workshops targeting both scientists and policy makers and a short synopsis of the project’s methodologies, findings and activities for inclusion on the EPA website.

Outputs - Overview of best practices in Knowledge Transfer

- Comprehensive value chain representing Environmental Policy landscape within Ireland, giving information on how best to ensure transfer and uptake of specific research for Environmental policy

- Toolkit – Science to Policy - for the targeted and tailored transfer of knowledge during and after a project’s lifecycle

- Workshop bringing together the world of environmental research with policy makers; to better understand the gap, and determine the most efficient pathways to connect them

- Training workshop showcasing the toolkit

- Final report

- Short synopsis of project’s methodologies, findings and activities

DOCTORAL SCHOLARSHIPS - CLIMATE

Title Factors Affecting The Adoption of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Abatement Technologies on Irish Farms

Supervisor James Patrick Breen, University College Dublin

Abstract Agriculture is the single largest source of GHG emissions in Ireland, while there is a high volume of research examining alternative abatement technologies there is limited knowledge of the factors affecting the adoption of these technologies. This research project therefore will address a very important knowledge deficit, relating to the adoption of abatement technologies at the farm level and the factors that will influence their sucessful adoption. A supplementary survey will be included in the Tegasc National Farm Survey, this survey will question farmers on their awareness and attitude to climate change as well as their likely adoption of abatement technologies. This information will be used to econometrically estimate individual farmers probability of abatement technology adoption. The second stage of the research will involve the development of whole farm siumaltion models, these models will be used to simulate the impact of technology adoption on GHG emissions and farm profitability. The estimated probabilities of adoption can also be linked to the existing FAPRI-Ireland Aggregate GHG emissions model in order to include technology adoption in future GHG emissions projections for Irish agricultural.

Outputs It is envisaged that this PhD Scholarship will produce four peer-reviewed journal papers, one examining farmers awareness and attitudes towards Greenhouse Gas (GH) Emissions, one examining the factors affecting the adoption of abatement technologies and two modelling the impact of abatement technologies on GHG emissions and farm profitability. This work will provide an insight into the likely adoption of abatement technologies. This information will prove invaluable in projecting the future abatement potential of alternative abatement technologies and the results of the study will be communicated to a variety of stakeholders including the EPA, DAFM and researchers.

Title Greenhouse gas balances in rewetted peatland forests

Supervisor Ken Byrne, University of Limerick

Abstract Peatlands cover 17-20% of the irish landscape and store at least half of national soil carbon stocks. Drainge and disturbance lowers the water table and tranforms the soil from a carbon sink to a source. Drainage for forestry has been one of the most common disturbances to peatlands in Ireland with 43% of forests being on peat soils. Recent years have seen > 3,000 hectares of forested peatlands clearfelled and rewetted with the objective of restoring them as functional peatland and this area is likely to increase in the future. Given the increasing importance of peatlands in national greenhouse gas inventories and the lack of studies this project is timely. Field studies will be conducted at four rewetted forested peatlands sites (two on raised bog and two on blanket bog). Specific project objectives are: 1. To measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes in re-wetted forested peatlands using chamber methods (WP1). 2. To investigate the relationship of CO2 and CH4 to environmental and climatic variables

including soil temperature, water table depth, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and vegetation type (WP2). 3. To produce Emission Factors of CO2 and CH4 (WP3). 4. To quantify C stocks and decomposition in woody

Outputs This project will produce a scientist trained to PhD level in greenhouse gas balances in rewetted peatland forests and therefore contribute to national scientific capacity in climate change research. It will contribute to national policy by providing national specific emission factors for reporting greenhouse gas emissions and sinks in rewetted peatland forests. Scientific outputs will include one PhD thesis, at least three papers in international scientific journals and oral and poster preentations at national and international conferences. These will raise the profile of national research and increase opporunities for collaboration in national and international research

Title Extreme events in calibrated climate models: impacts for Ireland

Supervisor Andrew Parnell, University College Dublin

Abstract This project will use recently developed methods in statistical spatio-temporal Extreme Value Theory to create a map of changing extreme temperature, precipitation and wind speed over Ireland for the last 60 years. We will then use this map to learn about the biases present in the EURO-CORDEX and EC-EARTH regional climate model predictions over the same time period. Finally, we will use these biases to produce bias-corrected projections of extreme weather for Ireland up to the year 2100. We believe our map of historical changing extremes would be of wide interest to meteorologists and, when combined with our future projections, could be used for wider policy implications not limited to: healthcare provision, flood defence, agriculture and renewable energy. The proposal team consists of a statistician and a climatologist, both working at UCD in the Meteorology and Climate Centre with particular expertise in spatio-temporal statistical modelling and the application and analysis of climate models.

Outputs It is expected to produce at least 3 peer-reviewed publications; one each on our three work packages. We would hope that the last of these publications would be suitable for a very high ranking journal, depending on the results we obtain. The historical extremes map and the future projections would likely be of most interest to policy makers, and would be included as part of our final report, but may also be of wider business interest. Also it is proposed to arrange a public lecture on the results to enable wider dissemination.

DOCTORAL SCHOLARSHIPS - WATER

Title Biogeochemical cycling of nitrates in Irish Estuaries

Supervisor Cindy Smith, NUI Galway

Abstract Estuaries are the major conduit between land and sea, through which nutrient run-off from human activity flows into coastal systems. As a result increased concentrations of

nitrates are entering nitrogen limited estuarine and marine systems stimulating primary productivity. However, estuaries are not passive channels and microbially driven processes within sediments mediate the nitrogen levels passing though them. These include nitrate reduction, whereby nitrate is reduced to nitrite, which subsequently can be reduced by denitrification (DN) (the stepwise reduction of nitrite to dinitrogen gas) or via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Depending on the pathway (DN or DNRA) nitrate is either removed or conserved within the system, directly affecting the nutrient status of the estuary and coastal ecosystems. The specific aims of the research project are to determine potential rates of nitrate reduction, DN and DNRA in three Irish estuaries of contrasting nutrient status over various time and spatial scales. This will be achieved, using a combination of estuarine sediment microcosm experiments to determine potential rates and molecular techniques to target and quantify the microorganisms within the sediments responsible for the processes. Finally, using actual rate process data generated, a biogeochemical model of nitrogen in Irish estuaries will be constructed.

Outputs The results of this project will be disseminated at local and international scientific meetings, and a final report will be made available to the EPA. The planned outputs will include a PhD thesis and a highly trained research scientist. It is expected that three scientific peer reviewed papers based on this project will be published in the top-flight journals of this field, including a biogeochemical model of nitrogen cycling in Irish estuaries based on actual rate process data generated from the project.

Title Development of filtration technologies for effective, cost-efficient and robust water treatment

Supervisor Eoghan Clifford, NUI Galway

Abstract The provision of safe drinking water is vital to maintaining good public health. Furthermore clean potable water provides significant economic benefits as it is essential for commercial users. The identification of unsafe water supplies and the provision of remediation measures can incur significant costs. In some cases, problem identified are as a result of, or exacerbated by current water treatment systems which may be hydraulically overloaded. The EPA have published a Water Remedial Action List, which details the extent of actions necessary at drinking water facilities where elevated levels of contaminants have been identified. Contaminants particularly identified include trihalomethane, cryptosporidium, aluminium, and turbidity.

Thus it is vital that treatment technologies, installed on site, are fit for purpose, flexible, well maintained, robust and energy efficient. Simplicity of upgrade and operation are also important factors. Filtration technologies remain a cost-effective and efficient solution. This project proposes the use of sand filtration technologies, with novel augmentations as solutions to enhance the removal of contaminants including aluminium, THMs and cryptosporidium. The novel designs will also be required to be effective in removing turbidity. Design and operational guidelines (including at above design capacity) will ensure these filters can provide consistent and cost effective treatment.

Outputs Research outputs from the project will include:

• Design, cost and operational guidelines for the filtrations technologies developed. The systems will be compared to existing technologies.

• Peer-reviewed engineering and scientific journal publications.

• Presentation at national and international forums

• Articles to journals such as Engineers Ireland and Water 21 will target the commercial, academic and policy maker sectors.

• 1-day dissemination workshop aimed at stakeholders from industry, academics and practitioners to be held at NUI Galway.

• On-site demonstrations for interested stakeholders will also be arranged

• A project web link will also be used to disseminate knowledge.

Title Use of filters for treatment of drinking water

Supervisor Gavin Collins, NUI Galway

Abstract Sand filter technologies will be investigated for the removal of coliforms, viruses and emerging microbial contaminants. various media will be investigated for absorptive properties and efficacy. The mechanisms underpinning the biological inactivation of the contaminants will be investigated, which is an important aspect of the proposal. The student will join a consortium of biologists and engineers and will also determine the composition of the community underpinning filter systems treating THMs, aluminum and various other emerging contaminants.

Outputs Research outputs from the project will include:

• Design, cost and operational guidelines for the filtrations technologies developed. The systems will be compared to existing technologies.

• Peer-reviewed engineering and scientific journal publications.

• Presentation at national and international forums

• Articles to journals such as Engineers Ireland and Water 21 will target the commercial, academic and policy maker sectors.

• 1-day dissemination workshop aimed at stakeholders from industry, academics and practitioners to be held at NUI Galway.

• On-site demonstrations for interested stakeholders will also be arranged

• A project web link will also be used to disseminate knowledge.

DOCTORAL SCHOLARSHIPS – SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

Title Targeting payments for ecosystem services to address the favourable conservation status of key freshwater habitats

Supervisor Helen Sheridan, University College Dublin

Abstract The primary aim of this project is to develop a framework for targeting payments for ecosystem services (PES) to address the favourable conservation status of key

freshwater aquatic habitats and species. The research approach to is based on the detailed characterisation of catchments, with national and / or international priority freshwater aquatic habitats or species, through data gathering and mining of land- use, hydrological and economic parameters. A GIS multi-criteria decision analysis will be used to select a number of representative catchments for more detailed case studies of how best to target PES in return for the conservation of key freshwater aquatic habitats and species. Ther elationship between the basic requirements of cross compliance regulations and PES will be explored. This study will also investigate how to spatially target PES within catchments, using high resolution digital terrain model data. The outputs of valuation analysis of key ecosystems services will be integrated with the hydrological connectivity analysis within a GIS framework to develop a risk based approach for the targeting of PES within selected catchments. Recommendations on institutional structures, mechanisms for implementation and a list of policy measures will be made, based on the research.

Outputs 1) A PhD candidate who has developed the multidisciplinary skills required to address the challenges presented by the development of sustainable farming practices.

2) Three peer reviewed publications covering: a) Targeting of PES through AE Schemes, b) Integrating hydrological connectivity into the delivery of ecosystem services for the protection of freshwater biodiversity, c) Valuating the delivery of ecosystem services through AE Schemes.

3) Final report for EPA plus 2 page summary for website

4) Knowledge transfer publications e.g. TResearch, Today's Farm

5) Database of typological classifications of priority catchements

6) Linkage with existing projects e.g. Teagasc Agricultural Catchment Programme etc.

Title Enhancing biodiversity potential of urban parks through improved management and public engagement

Supervisor Tamara Hochstrasser, University College Dublin

Abstract There is a lack of guidelines for management of biodiversity in urban areas in Ireland. The main aim for maintaining and enhancing biodiversity in urban areas is to allow the delivery of ecosystem services and biodiversity benefits to an urban population, who is increasingly detached from nature. A multi-disciplinary approach for drawing up such guidelines is therefore needed, as the sustainability of management will strongly depend on the ability to meet the needs of park users. In this project, we are proposing to take an integrated view from the development of a conceptual framework for management, through to the drafting of guidelines and the assessment of the implementation of such guidelines. Stakeholders and park users will be involved at every stage of the project. Project outcomes will be directly fed back to National Parks Professional network as well as to park users.

Outputs Guidelines for the management of biodiversity in urban parks.

Baseline geographic information on biodiversity distribution and quality for Dublin City Council.

Empirical evaluation of impact of management interventions.

Enhancement of public engagement with biodiversity monitoring

2 peer reviewed journal publications

Dissemination through professional networks and the media

Title Invasive alien aquatic plants in Ireland; from ecophysiological traits to management strategies

Supervisor Marcel Jansen, University College Cork

Abstract Invasive alien aquatic plants (IAAP) are an increasing economic and ecological threat to Ireland’s freshwaters. Compared to the extensive literature on terrestrial invasive plant species, much less is known about the physiological traits and habitat preferences underpinning invasiveness of floating and submerged aquatic invasive plants, and how these apply to Irish waters. Understanding the comparative biology of alien aquatic plants, particularly species traits governing invasion success, is vital for predicting their future distribution, ecological impact and to develop effective management control strategies. In this project, we will analyse growth and invasiveness in the context of the seasonality of the Irish climate, and in response to enhanced levels of plant nutrients (eutrophication). We will also determine the seasonality of herbicide effectiveness. The proposed programme integrates database mining, field and mesocosm approaches, will enhance our understanding of the threat posed by alien aquatic plants in Ireland, and will inform management strategies.

Outputs The proposed programme will enhance our understanding of the threat posed by alien aquatic plants in Ireland, and will inform management strategies.

Knowledge generated in this project will be disseminated to:

(1) organisations and/or individuals involved and/or interested in management freshwater bodies (final and layman’s report, workshop),

(2) scientists across the world working on the problems of alien, invasive, aquatic plants (2 or more peer reviewed publications, poster and oral presentations at conferences, PhD thesis)

(3) the general public (layman’s report to be distributed to newspapers, and placed on websites).

Title Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Comfort, Ventilation and Occupant Behaviour in Energy Efficient Homes

Supervisor Marie Coggins, NUI Galway

Abstract This proposal builds on an EPA STRIVE/SEAI funded pilot study on indoor air qualit in

energy efficient homes in Ireland (EPA2009-SS-74), for which the proposer was co-PI. In recent years, there has been an emphasis on improved energy performance in buildings, and current building regulations tend towards reduced air permeability in buildings. It is not yet known what the effect on reduced permeability has on indoor air pollution exposure levels for building occupants, and this is one focus of the proposed study. The other is to assess building occupant behaviour with regard to devices (e.g. air handlers) for reducing ventilation rates. It is proposed that 50 low-energy houses are identified and within these, concentrations of a wide range of air pollutants, including PM, CO, radon, dust mite, mould, formaldehyde, are measured. Thermal parameters would also be measured in both winter and summer seasons. Building occupants would be surveyed in regard to their attitudes to energy-saving devices, and their understanding of correct usage. These data will be used to establish the relationship between indoor air quality and ventilation rate in energy efficient homes, and to assess the effect, if any, of building occupant behaviour on this relationship.

Outputs At least 4 peer reviewed papers.

Reports to the EPA on

(a) IAQ status of low energy homes

(b) thermal status of low energy homes

(c) attitudes of low energy home occupants and

(d) inter-relationships between a, b, and c.

Web-based information resource on measures to enhance indoor air quality in low energy homes, and associated report for policy makers.

Title Quantification of the Benefits of Active Travel (BeAT) in Urban Environment

Supervisor Bidisha Ghosh, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract Active travel is a key factor in promoting healthy living in cities. In recent years, policy changes have been aimed towards promoting active travel. Identification and estimation of the benefits of active travel (BeAT) are critical to justify such policy changes. The proposed project aims at quantification of individual and social BeAT taking into account health benefits, traffic exposure, travel time increase, air and noise pollution, perceived safety, carbon expenditure, discomfort levels and other relevant factors. Such quantification will provide an invaluable tool to the politicians, environmentalists and policy makers for understanding and justifying future investment in promoting active travel.

The concept of quantification of BeAT at an individual level is novel and has not been investigated till date. The proposed project will utilise intelligent sensing of key factors, data-fusion of cycling and walking trips, and subsequent data analysis to promote active travel to individuals.

Societal BeAT has been investigated for health effects and carbon costs but often ignores the important aspects such as perceived & actual safety. It requires an exhaustive

quantification procedure of Irish as well as international relevance. The project will also investigate the change of societal BeAT with mode share changes in active travel.

Outputs 3 peer reviewed national and international conferences of repute and 3 peer reviewed journal papers in journals of repute. The target journals will be Accident Analysis & Prevention, Transport Policy and Journal of Public Health (or similar).

Final report for EPA and final thesis which will provide relevant information to policy makes.

Development of an informative web-tool on personalised health effects of active travel.

Development and maintenance of a website to provide information on ongoing research and to host the web-tool.

This project will enhance the capacity of Rothaim group, a leading research group in cycling in Ireland.

Title Fungal biofilm as a novel biocatalyst for production of important pharmaceutical compounds

Supervisor Cormac Murphy, University College Dublin

Abstract Biocatalysis is being increasingly incorporated into the production of commodity and fine chemicals as the environmental issues resulting from classical chemical synthesis are avoided. In this proposal the application of a fungal biofilm in biocatalysis will be examined. Biofilms are often considered problematic owing to their roles in infections and biofouling; however, the characteristics that make biofilms challenging to control, such as stability and resistance to antibiotics, are useful when biofilms are applied as biocatalysts. In the PI’s laboratory the growth of the zygomycete fungus Cunninghamella elegans as a biofilm has recently been observed, which has so far not been reported. Furthermore, this fungus is known to transform a broad spectrum of xenobiotic compounds, and it has been shown that the biofilm can transform the anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen yielding the human metabolite 4’-hydroxyflurbiprofen. The current proposal is aimed at investigating the biofilm characteristics and optimisation of the biocatalyst so that it can be applied to the continuous production of important pharmaceutical compounds. The project is multi-disciplinary involving microbiology, chemical engineering and chemistry, and will be conducted in collaboration with Brock Fine Chemicals, a company that manufactures halogenated compounds for chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.

Outputs The expected outputs of the project are:

- Reports for the EPA

- 2-3 peer-reviewed papers in high impact journals (e.g. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Environmental Science and Technology)

- Presentation of results at local, national and international conferences

- Highlighting the research via social media, trade journals, etc.

- Enabling collaboration with industry and building a solid foundation for future funding applications, in particular to Horizon 2020

- Contributing to the research capacity for biocatalysis and white biotechnology in Ireland

Title Biodegradable Ionic Liquids

Supervisor Nick Gathergood, Dublin City University

Abstract To demonstrate that by assessing the toxicity, ecotoxicity and biodegradation of a novel class of compounds as part of the discovery or early development stage of a project, the selection of a preferred or ‘fit-for-purpose’ chemical can be directed towards safer and greener candidates. To achieve this we are investigating a series of IL compounds containing amide group(s).

Following on from previous EPA funded studies, in the Gathergood group, on the development of biodegradable and low antimicrobial toxicity ionic liquids, this project will focus on amide containing ionic liquids. This will involve the synthesis of a range of dipeptides, tripeptides and peptidomimetics.

Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and biodegradation screening of compounds will take place with collaborators in the Czech Republic and Spain as well as in DCU. The results from the biological studies will then be fed back into the further design, optimisation and subsequent iterative development of second and third generation compounds.

The most common method to improve biodegradation is the introduction of an ester group, but this limits the applications of the IL. ILs containing amides will allow a broader scope. Targets will be selected based on feedback from industry and academic partners.

Outputs Industry, especially surfactant and pharmaceutical manufactures will be informed of results during the course of the research including manufacturers based in Ireland such as Henkel and Schwarzkopf, and GlaxoSmithKline. Results will be published in academic journals such as Green Chemistry and presentations at (inter)national conferences. Further interaction with RTE and newspapers and radio stations will allow the research conducted to be spread to the public in a format easily digested by people of a non scientific background. To date news articles and radio interviews have been conducted on previous EPA funded green chemistry work produced by the Gathergood group.

Title New Approach to WEEE Recycling of Rare Earths and Platinum Group Metals

Supervisor Robert Baker, Trinity College Dublin

Abstract Reclaiming rare earth elements from WEEE is not currently a commercial process. Indeed total global recycling of this group of elements is less than 1%. The main problems are that they are difficult to process as they generally form a complex mixture of slags in refining processes. We aim to utilise a solvent extraction system to remove these elements from water using a green environmentally benign solvent. The key step in this project is the design of new extractants that can be made selective for rare earth elements and for precious metals such as the platinum group metals. These two groups of elements are some of the critical raw materials designated by the EU and energy critical elements designated by the US and UN. Therefore, this project appeals to the values of sustainable development, which is a key principle in a number of international treaties, of which Ireland is a signatory.

Outputs The expected outputs for this project would be peer reviewed papers in environmental journals, oral and poster presentations at international conferences and, if relevant, protection of I.P. by patent and/or licencing technologies. It will also add to the training of students in a discipline of direct relevance to the development of the smart economy.

Title Communicating Responsible Research and Innovation– steps towards future environmental science and public engagement

Supervisor Padraig Murphy, Dublin City University

Abstract There is a growing awareness at policy level, in the West particularly, of the gap between scientists and the rest of society regarding engagement with important matters of sustainability and resilience in what Ulrich Beck has called the ‘risk society’ of late modernity. There is also an awareness that scientists need to do more to engage. It has been a slow process of discovery for Ireland – while institutions such as UNESCO, the European Science Foundation, the OECD and the EC has put in place guidelines and steers for greater dialogue between scientists, we are now seeing greater policy engagement following debates on offshore resources, nuclear, GM foods, fracking etc. This PhD scholarship project will track the Government/stakeholder communication processes and interactions for science, technology and innovation and public engagement from the early 2000s during Ireland’s turn toward a ‘bioeconomy’. It will also assess best international practice of communication and dialogue internationally and develop an engagement toolkit for STRIVE scientists for targeted publics for current and future emerging biotechnologies, with particular emphasis on public conflict. Data and criteria will be assessed using contemporary science communication/ science studies methods.

Outputs A 2-page summary report, at the end of the project, for inclusion on the EPA website • Final thesis • Popular summary report for stakeholders • Papers in highest impact, peer reviewed journals in the area: Science Communication, Public Understanding of Science, as well as Irish Journal of Sociology for local impact • Book contract, chapters • International Environmental Communication Association (IECA), Uppsala, Sweden ,

June2013 • ECREA conference, Summer 2013 • PCST 2014 – panel session, chaired by DCU - Social media - 'Traditional' media