Environment friendly compound feed production, Dust and noise pollution from feed mills The feed which is not polluting or harming the environment from any aspects is called environment friendly feed. Through this strategy, we formulate the feed knows as environment friendly feed production. For this purpose we convert the composition of different raw material. And we make a homogenous compound. During formulation of feed there are certain following precautions. y Particle size is of great importance. It should be have a specific size, because it influences the environment as well as digestion. y Raw material does produce any harmful volatile compound. y Raw material does not allow fungus growth. y Small size feed cause dust pollution in environment. y Feed should also be friendly with rumen environment. y Raw material should not loose any chemical or nutrient, which is harmful for ecosystem during handling, storage and processing. y Some liquid should also be added in feed to control dust pollution. y It should not be a better medium for bacterial production. y Some bactericidal or bacteriostatic also add in feed to control bacterial damage. Procedure: Following different steps are involves in the processing. Selection of raw material. Storage of raw material. Proper weighing. Quality assurance. Grinding of material. Proper mixing. Liquids addition. Mixture s pelleting Packing of bags.

1. Selection of raw material: Selection criterion is based on the composition of material. It should necessarily fulfill the requirement of the feed, which is desire to manufacture. Raw material should be enough for proper working of mill. Proper checking of material before processing will lower the risk of pollution created by final feed in the environment. Material cost is also considered an important factor during selection of raw materials, because too much high price feed will creates problems for customer as well as mill owner. 2. Storage of raw material: Proper storage makes sure the production of hygienic feed. Ventilation system and protection of material from water also effect on the composition of feed. Water induction will provide better production of yeast, mould and insect. These things lead the feed towards the environment pollution. Bag packed material require concrete floor for storage because it resist against water, or feed place on the pallet it restrict the water damage and allow the proper ventilation. 3. Weighing of raw material: It is important for good feed, because we add different ingredient in a specific ratios. So non weighed feed either have deficiencies of some ingredient or have some ingredient in excess amount. 4. Quality assurance: The manager should be so confident for quality of feed at any step of processing. Quality is the most desirable feature of customer. 5. Grinding of raw material: This process is done either by roller mill or hammer mill. Through this process we reduce the size of material. We fix the screen according to desired size of particle. Ingredient match with the screen size pass down others remain on surface. Hammer milling is mostly done in Pakistan. It is less expensive than roller mill. Size of feed particle varies from species to species eg; in poultry fine

size recommended, particle size is greater in case of dairy and monogastric species (equine). 6. Proper mixing: It is the step in which we mix the entire ingredient required for balanced feed. Requirement of animal are surely fulfilled if mixing method is good. Palatability of feed is also increases with mixing. There are two methods to mix the feed. We mix the feed vertically or horizontally. 7. Liquids addition: Some type of liquids is also mix in feed to make the feed more palatable or to fulfill the nutrient requirement. Water and molasses are generally mixed in feed. 8. Mixture s pelleting: Change the shape of feed by applying the pressure and steam. It have many advantages like increase palatability, low risk of damage during handling and processing, addition of less palatable ingredient.

9. Packing of bags: Packing of feed in bags of plastic is normally performed in the Pakistan. This is only for safe distribution of feed in different areas. Noise and dust pollution from feed mill Dust and noise both are polluting the environment. There are certain causes of noise and dust like cement industry crush industry, fertilizer, textile and feed mills. But here is our concern with feed mill. In feed milling the main cause of dust and noise pollution is the grinding of material. Two types of grinding are commonly used in Pakistan. Hammer mill Roller mill

Screen of hammer mill determine the size of particle. In very low particle size there is high risk of dust spreading in the environment. Roller mill is made up of two rollers, which rotates oppositely to each other the grain or material throw down between these roller, grinded feed is lay down on a sieve and a specific size particle is pass down. Too little particle creates problem like environment pollution. Hammer mill produce too much noise than roller mill, But both take part in noise pollution. Effect of noise and dust pollution: Different effects are seen due to dust and noise pollution. o Animal and human residing near the feed mills, are involve in respiratory distress and allergy. o Continuous disturbance by noise can lead to permanent deafness. o They decrease the efficiency of animals and humans to do work. o Stress is also an important effect. o Production of animals also reduces. o Noise pollution damage nervous system of animals.

References: y MILL DUST REMOVAL BY WETTED SCREEN BY UDOMDET ARSINGSAMANUNT AND SIRKALAYA SUVACHITTANONT y Small-scale Manufacture of Compound Animal Feed (NRI, 1988, 87 p.) y NOISE POLLUTION by Dr. (Miss) K.S.Vijayalakshmi, M.Sc., M.Ed., M.A, M.Phil ., Ph.D