Engr 2110 Introduction to Material Science --Ch1

8/17/2019 Engr 2110 Introduction to Material Science --Ch1

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Engr 2110 Introduction toMaterial Science (for Engineers)

Dr. Richard R. Lindeke, Ph.D.B Met. Eng. University of Minnesota, 1970Master’s Studies, Met Eng. Colorado School of

Mines, 1978-79 (Electro-Slag Welding ofHeavy Section 2¼ Cr 1 Mo Steels)

Ph.D., Ind. Eng. Penn State University, 1987(Foundry Engineering – CG AlloyDevelopment)


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Syllabus and Website:Review the Syllabus

Attendance is your job – come to class!Final is Common Time Monday or Tuesday

Or our regularly scheduled time (Tuesday May 12 8-10 AM)Pop Quizzes and homework/Chapter Reviews (Ch 17/18) –(20% of your grade!)Don’t copy from others; don’t plagiarize – its just the rightthing to do!!

Course Website:http://www.d.umn.edu/~rlindek1/ENGR2110/Cover_ Page.htm


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Materials Science and

EngineeringIt all about the raw materials and howthey are processed

That is why we call it materialsENGINEERING

M i n o r d if fe r e n c e s in Raw materials or

processing parameters can meanm a j o r c h a n g e s i n th e p e r fo r m a n c eof the final material or product


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Looking At CG Iron Alloy

Development (Processing):


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Development (Processing):


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Development (Structures)


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Development (Results)


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Our Text:Material Science and Engineering An Introduction

by William D. Callister, Jr

Seventh Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


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And Remember: Materials

“Drive” our Society! Ages of “Man” we survive based on the materials we control

Stone Age – naturally occurring materialsSpecial rocks, skins, wood

Bronze AgeCasting and forging

Iron AgeHigh Temperature furnaces

Steel AgeHigh Strength Alloys

Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) – aerospaceSilicon – InformationPlastics and Composites – food preservation, housing, aerospace and higherspeeds

Exotic Materials Age?Nano-Material and bio-Materials – they are coming and then …


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And Formula One – the future

of automotive is …http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/050701.html

http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/050701.htmlhttp://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/050701.html


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Doing Materials!Engineered Materials are a function of:

Raw Materials Elemental ControlProcessing History

Our Role in Engineering Materials then is tounderstand the application and specify theappropriate material to do the job as a function of:

Strength: yield and ultimateDuctility, flexibilityWeight/densityWorking EnvironmentCost: Lifecycle expenses, Environmental impact*

* Economic and Environmental Factors often are the

most important when making the final decision!


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Example of Materials Engineering

Work – Hip Implant

With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.Particularly those with large loads (such aship).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.


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Example – Hip Implant

Requirementsmechanical

strength (manycycles)good lubricitybiocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.


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Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.24,Callister 7e.


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Solution – Hip ImplantKey Problems toovercome:

fixation agent to holdacetabular cupcup lubrication materialfemoral stem – fixingagent ( “ glue ” )must avoid any debris incupMust hold up in bodychemistryMust be strong yetflexible

Acetabular Cup and

Liner

Ball

FemoralStem


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Introduction

List the Major Types of MATERIALSThat You Know:

METALSCERAMICSPOLYMERS

COMPOSITES ADVANCED MATERIALS


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Introduction, cont.Metals

Steel, Cast Iron, Aluminum, Copper,Titanium, manyothers

CeramicsGlass, Concrete,Brick, Alumina,Zirconia, SiN, SiC

PolymersPlastics, Wood,Cotton (rayon,nylon), “glue”

CompositesGlass Fiber-reinforced polymers,Carbon Fiber-reinforced polymers,Metal MatrixComposites, etc.


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Thoughts about these

“fundamental ” MaterialsMetals :

Strong, ductilehigh thermal & electrical conductivityopaque, reflective.

Polymers/plastics : Covalent bonding sharing of e ’sSoft, ductile, low strength, low densitythermal & electrical insulatorsOptically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics : ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds ofmetallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides,nitrides, sulfides)

Brittle, glassy, elastic

non-conducting (insulators)


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The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

3. Material Identify required ProcessingProcessing: changes structure and overall shapeex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping

forming, joining, annealing.

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

Material: structure, composition.


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But: Properties depend on Structure(strength or hardness)

H a r

d n e s s

( B H N )

Cooling Rate (ºC/s)

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

(d)

30 µ m

(c)

4 µ m

(b)

30 µ m

(a)

30 µ m

And: Processing can change structure! (seeabove structure vs Cooling Rate)


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Another Example: Rolling of Steel

At h 1 , L 1low UTSlow YShigh ductilityround grains

A t h 2 L 2high UTShigh YSlow ductilityelongated grains

Structure determines Properties but Processing determinesStructure !


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Optical Properties of Ceramic arecontrolled by “Grain Structure”

Grain Structure is a function of

“Solidification” processing!


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Electrical Properties (of Copper):

Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,

Ann Physik 5 , 219 (1932); andC.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,Physics of Solids , 2nd edition,

McGraw-Hill Company, New York,1970.)

T(°C)

-200 -100 0

1

2

34

5

6

R e s

i s t i v i t y ,

ρ

( 1 0 - 8 O h m - m

)

0

Electrical Resistivity of

Copper is affected by:• Contaminate level

• Degree of deformation

• Operating temperature


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THERMAL Properties• Space Shuttle Tiles:

--Silica fiber insulation

offers low heat conduction .

• Thermal Conductivityof Copper: --It decreases when

you add zinc!

Adapted fromFig. 19.4W, Callister6e. (Courtesy ofLockheed AerospaceCeramics Systems,Sunnyvale, CA)(Note: "W" denotes fig.is on CD-ROM.)

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.(Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys andPure Metals , Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,1979, p. 315.)

Composition (wt% Zinc)

T h e r m a l

C o n d u c

t i v i t y

( W / m - K

)

400

300

200

100

00 10 20 30 40

100 µ m


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MAGNETIC Properties

• Magnetic Permeabilityvs. Composition:--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a

better recording medium!

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials , Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,1973. Electronically reproducedby permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin ,Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)

• Magnetic Storage :--Recording medium

is magnetized by

recording head.

Magnetic Field M a g n e t

i z a t

i o n Fe+3%Si

Fe


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DETERIORATIVE Properties

• Stress & Saltwater...--causes cracks!

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,Chapter 17, Callister 7e.(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, andPrevention , John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)

4 µ m--material:7150-T651 Al

"alloy"(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.

Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company.)

• Heat treatment: slowscrack speed in salt water!

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics ofEngineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source:Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)

“held at

160ºC for 1 hrbefore testing”

increasing load c r a c

k s p e e

d ( m / s ) “as-is”

10-10

10-8

Alloy 7178 tested insaturated aqueous NaClsolution at 23ºC


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• Using the right material for the job.one that is most economical and

“Greenest” when life usage is considered

• Understanding the relation between

properties , structure , and processing .• Recognizing new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Course Goal is to make you aware of theimportance of Material Selection by:

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Engr 2110 Introduction to Material Science --Ch1