English 4: Unit 1 (The Communication Process)

Lesson 1: Models of Communication

The nature of the communication process

Communication a process by which a speaker conveys his/her message to a listener

or a group of listeners

- It uses both words and symbols to send

a message to the listener

David Berlos Model of Communication

Sender (S) one who conveys a message, oral or written, stirred by his/her own ideas and

feelings

Message (M) the information received by the listener from the speaker.

- May be verbal, non verbal or graphic

Channel (C) the mediusm by which the message is communicated

- May be send out orally or in written form

Oral message sent through sound waves Written message sent through light waves

Receiver (R) one who listens and receives the conveyed message

a. Proficient in the language

b. Enough background knowledge about

the matter

c. Openness to other peoples thoughts and feelings

Noise anything that obstructs the understanding of a message; may be external

or internal

External physical in nature; causes distraction Internal interference caused by the speaker or the listener; may be physiological,

psychological or cultural

Lesson 2: Oral Communication: Communicatrs

and Context in Focus

Types of Communication

Intrapersonal communication communication we engage in when we talk to

ourselves; takes place subconsciously

Interpersonal communication most common type of communication; we want to convey a

message to another person

a. Dyadic exchange two persons communicate directly with each other

b. Small group communication consists of three or more persons

Public communication a speaker delivers a message before an audience

a. Public speaking - formal presentation

by the speaker to an audience;

prepared speech

b. Mass communication type of public communication to an extremely large

audience mediated by audio and/or

visual means

Formality Levels of Communication

1. Frozen style highest rank in Joos classification

o Used in a very formal setting such

as in rituals, church rites,

speeches for state ceremonies

and some other occassions

2. Formal style used in extended one-way communication

Channel

- Oral

- Written

- Graphic

Decoder (Reciever)

- Language Proficiency

-Shared background knowledge

-Ideas, feelings

Encoder(sender)

- Language Proficiency

- Background Knowledge

- Ideas, Feelings

-Ideas, Feelings

- Language

- Organization/

Development

- Information mapping

Message

- Verbal

- Non verbal

- Graphic

o Speeches in formal situations

such as in a graduation

ceremony

o Sentence structure are complex

and the words chosen are not

those used in casual

conversation

Two features:

1. Modulated intonation

2. Cohesion and organization

3. Consultative style used in semi-formal communication situations

Two features:

1. One speaker supplies background

information and he/she does not

assume that she/he will be easily

understood

2. The adressee participates continuously;

both parties are active

4. Casual style used among friends and acquaintances in informal situations

Two features:

1. Ellipsis

2. Slang

5. Intimate style private language used within the family and with very close

friends.

Speech Act Theory

Three (3) things to be considered

1. What is said locutionary force of the speech act (the words in the message)

2. What we actually do when we say it illocutionary force

3. What the expected response or reaction

to what was said

Lesson 3: Symbol Systems in Communication:

Focus on the Code

Verbal Symbols the use of spoken or written language

Types of Meaning

- Based on the distinctive signals that

indicate how the words used and

sentences formed differ in meaning

form the other words and sentences in

the language

1. Phonological meaning are distinctive sounds that are put together to form a

meaningful item

2. Semantic Meaning

Homonyms words that have the same sound, but different spellings

Heteronyms have the same spelling but are pronounced differently

Morphemes words that can stand by themselves or affixes that are attached to

words to signal another meaning

3. Syntactic Meaning refers to your knowledge of grammatical rules;

- the use of correct word order and the

difference in meaning that results from

the change in the structure of a

sentence

4. Pragmatic Meaning considers the context of the situation and the relationship of the

communicators to arrive at the meaning of

the utterance

Non-verbal symbols

1. Chronemics noting time in communication conveys certain messages

2. Proxemics the use of space by interlocutors in communication situations

3. Tactile/touch, non verbal communication

4. Kinesics these are body movements such as movements of eyes, head, feet, hands or

arms

5. Artifacts simply objects which people may use in communication

6. Silence

7. Paralanguage how a person says a message; how a person delivers a message