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EngineeringHistory
It helps you remember.
It gives you a way to review for the final.
You can use your notes on the quiz next class.
Why is it important to take notesduring this presentation?
When did engineering begin?
Who were the first engineers?
What were the first engineering designs?
We will discuss…
Your assignment will be to answer the following questions:
What is an Engineer?
Describe what you think might have been the greatest invention of all time (not including the last two hundred years).
Describe an instance when you have invented anything or found a solution that has been useful to others.
Pay attention…this presentation
will help you complete your assignment.
Your Assignment:
The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor
http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif
The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers)
They were becoming less nomadic and more what?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
The Agrarian Society (agriculture)
forms the basis of civilizationcultivate plants - the need for increased food productiondomesticate animals - for food and workbuild permanent houses in community group
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as:
Government: A Ruler makes laws that stabilize community life land ownership
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
The results of Government:
organize work force beginnings of a class society
supervisorsforemenworkers - artisans
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/images/p4_lesson3.gif
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Artisans are considered to be the first engineers
Why?
http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/03/050326101411.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this EraPeople discovered methods of producing fire at will
http://www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this EraStone Age 600,000-5000 B.C.People discovered how to use rocks as tools.
http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/collectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C.People learn how to shape soft metals into tools.
http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Bronze Age 3000-2000 B.C.
Mixing different kinds of metals could make better tools.
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this EraDevelopment of a system of symbols for written communications
http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
Irrigation systems to promote crop growth
http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines.
http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windmi_24788_md.gif
http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
The wheel and axle Plow Yoke
http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg
http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization”
Clay tile material used for permanent documentation
Clay tablets unearthed which show:maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and watercity plansirrigation systemswater supply systems
Mesopotamia
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Clay Tablet
Also called Cuneiform
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Outstanding contributions of mathematics Sexagesimal
system divided circle
into 360 degrees
hour into 60 minutes
minute into 60 seconds
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:Among the first scientific engineers
Familiar with basic math Could figure out areas and volumes of land excavations
Number system based on 60 instead of 10
Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used today
http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Primitive arches used in moving water (hydraulics)
Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers
http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used again until the nineteenth century
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg
http://www.hotmix.org/history.php
The first recorded use of asphalt (bitumen) as a road building material was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the reign of King Naboppolassar.
Map of Babylon
Gardens of Babylon
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Egyptian EngineersPyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years
2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu
Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout -transit and level
Irrigation systems
www.greatbuildings.com
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:Had its origin in EgyptBetter known for the intensive development of
borrowed ideas than for creativity and inventionFamous for outstanding philosophers:Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and
Archimedes (mathematics)
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Use of ideas was retarded because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.
http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Even so, greeks were able to come up with a few useful ideas:
Archimedes water screwCrossbowCatapult
Roman Engineering Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering
knowledge from the countries they conquered for use in warfare and in their public works
Superior in the application of ideas and techniques
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
http://www.the-romans.co.uk/g5/37.waterclock.gif
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/InventionsO.htm
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PuppetShow.html
http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/11/heros_steam_tur.html
Hero’s Inventions: Gear driven odometer
on chariot Steam turbine Hydraulic clock Fire engine
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
• All ideas stolen from Hero by the Romans•Who was Greek
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat
180,000 miles
http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering Aqueducts for Water supply Sanitary systemsEngineering principles applies
to military tactics
http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise”
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culture
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th CenturiesJohann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first
books printed on paperLeonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was
also an engineer, inventor and architect Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults
bridges and buildingsSketches of future engineering devices such as:
Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge
Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal Joint
Tanks
The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries
Galileo Discovers:Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weight
Earth moves around the sunTorricelli and Pascal Discovers:
hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometerBoyle Discovers:
expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure
The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries
Hooke Discovers:material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion
Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational acceleration
Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion
developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems
The Revival of Science:17th and 18th CenturiesThe Developing Industrial AgeJames Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron
furnaces, rolling mills and other industriesHargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the
spinning and weaving machineryPieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold
a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor
Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conductionAlessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery
Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics
Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field
Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later
Henry Cort develops a method of refining ironJames Watt refines and produces an efficient steam
engineAt last good iron for machines and power plants to
operate the machinery
20th Century Technology
Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges
Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks
Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor
Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraftWallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and
chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research
20th Century Technology
Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins.
John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.
20th Century TechnologyTexas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers
that the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”
Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet enginesBoeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707
capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mph
Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms
20th Century Technology
And the list goes ON AND
ON AND
ON
Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution