Energy Generation Energy Generation via Existing Water via Existing Water

FlowFlow

By: Cathy Chwastek , John By: Cathy Chwastek , John Martino, Nikita Byalsky , and Martino, Nikita Byalsky , and

Henry Blum Henry Blum

What will be discussed:What will be discussed:

Problem BackgroundProblem Background Potential solutionsPotential solutions Our proposed solutionOur proposed solution Assumptions/ConcernsAssumptions/Concerns Recommendations for Future WorkRecommendations for Future Work ReferencesReferences Q & AQ & A

Growing Concerns:Growing Concerns:

Fossil fuels are depleting.Fossil fuels are depleting. 35.2% of world’s power derived from oil.35.2% of world’s power derived from oil.

Oil prices soaring.Oil prices soaring. Estimated $4.00 per gallon.Estimated $4.00 per gallon.

Need for renewable energy sources.Need for renewable energy sources. Another finite solution will eventually Another finite solution will eventually

lead to the same problem.lead to the same problem.

Industrial Ecology, Second Edition

Adapting New Ideas:Adapting New Ideas:

Earth-friendly energy sources.Earth-friendly energy sources. Environmental standpoint.Environmental standpoint.

Few solutions utilize resources Few solutions utilize resources naturally consumed every day.naturally consumed every day. ““From thin air”From thin air” InexpensiveInexpensive

Bringing it all together.Bringing it all together.

Current Sources:Current Sources:Fuel

SourceProblems

Oil Global warming; air pollution by vehicles; acid rain; oil spills; oil rig accidents

NaturalGas

Global warming; pipe leakage; methane explosions

CoalGlobal warming; environmental spoliation by open-cast mining; land subsidence due to deep

mining; spoil heaps; groundwater pollution; acid rain

NuclearPower

Global warming (despite what they say); radioactivity (routine release, risk of accident, waste disposal); misuse of fissile material by terrorists; spread of nuclear weapons

BiomassEffect of landscape of and biodiversity; groundwater pollution due to fertilizers; use of

scarce water; competition with food production

Hydro-Electric

Displacement of populations; effect on rivers and groundwater; dams (visual intrusion and risk of accident); seismic effects; downstream effects on agriculture

WindPower

Noise; visual intrusion in sensitive landscapes; bird strikes; TV interference

Tidal Power

Destruction of wildlife habitat; reduced dispersal of effluents

Geo-Thermal

Release of polluting gases (SO2, H2S, etc); groundwater pollution by chemicals including heavy metals; seismic effects

SolarEnergy

Sequestration of large land areas; use of toxic materials in manufacture of PV cells; visual intrusion in both rural and urban environments

http://wolf.readinglitho.co.uk/mainpages/altenergy.html

AlternativesAlternatives

Solar PanelsSolar Panels

WindmillsWindmills

Exercise BikesExercise Bikes

www.dbrooke.org.uk

www.newmediaexplorer.org

www.engadget.com

Hydro PowerHydro Power

Generate energy via turbines in Generate energy via turbines in water pipeswater pipes

Utilizing existing water flowUtilizing existing water flow Currently untapped resourceCurrently untapped resource Same concept as water dams Same concept as water dams

but on a smaller scalebut on a smaller scale

www.originenergy.com.au/?pageid=1710

www.waterwheelfactory.com/Turbine/

Pelton Turbine

High efficiency of 80-90%High efficiency of 80-90%

High water pressure from the High water pressure from the main water linemain water line

Turbine can act as a pressure Turbine can act as a pressure regulatorregulator

System DiagramSystem Diagram

Venturi Effect

Pressure will drop Pressure will drop significantly; Venturi effect significantly; Venturi effect will be implementedwill be implemented

Piping will narrow thus causing the Venturi Piping will narrow thus causing the Venturi effect which will cause a suction to occur and effect which will cause a suction to occur and pull the water through the pipespull the water through the pipes

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

EquationsEquations Power Power P= ½ ρQvP= ½ ρQv22

Density ρ = 1g/cmDensity ρ = 1g/cm33 = 1000kg/m = 1000kg/m33

Volume flow rate Q = A * v = πrVolume flow rate Q = A * v = πr22 * v * v

P = ½ ρAvP = ½ ρAv33 = ½ ρπr = ½ ρπr22vv33

Static pressure p = 50psi = 344.74kPaStatic pressure p = 50psi = 344.74kPa

Velocity v = Velocity v = √√(2*p / ρ)(2*p / ρ)

P = ½ ρπrP = ½ ρπr22(2p/ρ)(2p/ρ)3/23/2

ρ = 1000kg/mρ = 1000kg/m33, p = 344.74kPa, r = 2in = .0508m, p = 344.74kPa, r = 2in = .0508m

P =P = ½(1000kg/m½(1000kg/m33)π(.0508m))π(.0508m)22(2(344.74*10(2(344.74*1033Pa)/(1000kg/mPa)/(1000kg/m33))))3/23/2

P = 7.34*10P = 7.34*104 4 Watts = 7.34*10Watts = 7.34*104 4 Joules/secondJoules/second

80% efficiency = 58.72kW80% efficiency = 58.72kW

CostCost 20 floors * 10 apartments/floor * 300 gallons/apartment = 20 floors * 10 apartments/floor * 300 gallons/apartment =

60,000 gal60,000 gal

$1500-2000 per turbine$1500-2000 per turbine

$0.0986/kWh electricity$0.0986/kWh electricity

kWh is (1000 J/s)*(3600 s) = 3,600,000 JkWh is (1000 J/s)*(3600 s) = 3,600,000 J

Q = 56.237 gal/sQ = 56.237 gal/s 58,720 J/s / 56.237 gal/s = 1044 J/gal58,720 J/s / 56.237 gal/s = 1044 J/gal 1044 J/gal * 60,000 gal = 62,640,000 J in a day per apartment1044 J/gal * 60,000 gal = 62,640,000 J in a day per apartment

62,640,000 J /3,600,000 J = 17.4 kWh62,640,000 J /3,600,000 J = 17.4 kWh 17.4 kWh * $0.0986/kWh = $1.7217.4 kWh * $0.0986/kWh = $1.72 $2000 / $1.72/day = 1162 days$2000 / $1.72/day = 1162 days 1162 days / 365 days/year =1162 days / 365 days/year =3.2 years3.2 years

US average March 2006

AssumptionsAssumptions

Efficiency estimationEfficiency estimation Pressure lossPressure loss Pricing Estimation Pricing Estimation

(www.canyonhydro.com)(www.canyonhydro.com)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Water_Turbine_Chart.png

Ethical/Environmental Ethical/Environmental ConcernsConcerns

Infection of waterInfection of water Cleaning of turbine before useCleaning of turbine before use Using materials that will not affect the Using materials that will not affect the

waterwater Recycling the turbine after useRecycling the turbine after use

Recommendations for Recommendations for Future WorkFuture Work

Areas of Focus for ImprovementAreas of Focus for Improvement Individual parts:Individual parts:

AC electrical power generatorAC electrical power generator TurbineTurbine MaterialsMaterials

Adapting for Alternate ScenariosAdapting for Alternate Scenarios HousesHouses FactoriesFactories Office complexesOffice complexes StadiumsStadiums

Recommendations for Recommendations for Future WorkFuture Work

Areas of Focus for InvestigationAreas of Focus for Investigation Improved Design for MaintenanceImproved Design for Maintenance

Goal: Ability to perform maintenance without Goal: Ability to perform maintenance without turning off water or dismantle plumbingturning off water or dismantle plumbing

Backup Power InfrastructureBackup Power Infrastructure Inspiration: Although blackouts occur, the Inspiration: Although blackouts occur, the

water distribution system is able to continue water distribution system is able to continue to provide waterto provide water

Goal: During a blackout, provide electrical Goal: During a blackout, provide electrical power from water system, at least for critical power from water system, at least for critical power needs (e.g. elevators, security systems, power needs (e.g. elevators, security systems, etc.)etc.)

ReferencesReferences http://www.waterwheelfactory.com/Pelton.htmhttp://www.waterwheelfactory.com/Pelton.htm

http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/turbine.htmhttp://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/turbine.htm

http://www.aspe.org/xcart/product.php?productid=70http://www.aspe.org/xcart/product.php?productid=70

http://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~jkemmler/chapter2.htmhttp://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~jkemmler/chapter2.htm

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/bernouilli-equation-d_183.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/bernouilli-equation-d_183.html

http://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/cost.htmlhttp://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/cost.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/fluids/imgflu/venturi.gifhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/fluids/imgflu/venturi.gif

www.originenergy.com.au/?pageid=1710 www.originenergy.com.au/?pageid=1710

Thank You!Thank You!

This presentation made This presentation made possible by: Dr. Wan Y Shih, possible by: Dr. Wan Y Shih,

Dr. Todd Doehring, and Dr. Todd Doehring, and Richard Rajauski. Thank you Richard Rajauski. Thank you

for your aid and support.for your aid and support.

Q & AQ & A