Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
12/16/2011
1
Energy Efficiency Potential in Existing Building
JKR HQ, Block F, Jalan Sultan SalahuddinPresented by: CK Tang
BSEEP Consultant
Typical Cross Section
Building Energy Index (with Solar PV) – Measured
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Energy Efficiency Index (kWh/m2/year)
Cu
mu
lativ
e p
erc
en
tile
Malaysia(41 officebuildings)
Singapore(95 officebuildings)
ST Diamond (2010)55 kWh/m2 year
LEO (2004)100 kWh/m2 year
GEO (2007)30 kWh/m2 year
Source of chart: EAEF Project 64Project leader: Energy Sustainabilty Unit, Singapore, 2006
12/16/2011
2
How low can Existing Building go?
• 10 ~ 15% reduction?
• 20 ~ 30% reduction?
• 40 ~ 60% reduction?
• 70 ~ 100% reduction?
• Energy Simulation on an Existing Building was conducted to test the potential.
Measured Data in 2008
• Cofreth (M) Sdn Bhd conducted a Detailed Energy Audit on Block F, JKR building.
• MEASURED DATA used for Base Building Scenario.
12/16/2011
3
Measured BEI for this Building
GBI’s BEI: 122 kWh/m2/yearExcluding Data Center
Building Model vs. Actual Building
Floor Area Measured: 24,345Floor Area Model: 23,368Differences: ‐4.0%
12/16/2011
4
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0B0
C1
C3
C5
C7
C9
C11
C13
C15
C17
C19
C21
C23
C25
C27
C29
C31
C33
C35
C37
C39
C41
C43
C45
C47
C49
C51
kWh/m
2/year
Block F Simulated BEI Potential
‐10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
B0 C1 C3 C5 C7 C9 C11 C13 C15 C17 C19 C21 C23 C25 C27 C29 C31 C33 C35 C37 C39 C41 C43 C45 C47 C49 C51
% Accumulated Energy Reduction
Summary of Simulation Results
Comparison Between Measured and Simulations
Descriptions Measured (kWh/year) Simulated (kWh/year)% diff from Measured
Chilled Water Production System 1,188,724 1,188,216 0.0%
Air Handling Units 603,640 512,909 ‐15.0%
Air Handling Units, without weekend and nights 517,090 512,909 ‐0.8%
Lighting and Small Power 1,085,851 1,051,104 ‐3.2%
Domestic Pump 14,783 ‐ ‐100.0%
Vertical Transport 101,587 107,610 5.9%
Others (Essential Supply) 871,804 922,647 5.8%
Total (using AHU without weekends and nights) 3,779,839 3,782,486 0.1%
Simulation Results Matches Measured Values Well.
12/16/2011
5
Measured AHU Power Consumption
Simulated AHU Power Consumption
Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Pow
er (kW
)
Date: Sat 14/Jan to Fri 20/Jan
ApHVAC distr fans energy: (01base01_as_is.aps)
12/16/2011
6
Comparison Between Measured and Simulations
Descriptions
Measured
(kWh)
Simulated
(kWh)
% diff
from
Measure
d
AHU 603,640 512,909 ‐15.0%
AHU without weekends and nights 517,090 512,909 ‐0.8%
Chillers 858,977 863,176 0.5%
Heat Rejection (Cooling Tower & Condenser
Pump) 179,445 189,792 5.8%
Chilled Water Pumps 141,475 135,248 ‐4.4%
Others 8,827 ‐
‐
100.0%
Total (using AHU without weekends and
nights) 1,705,814 1,701,126 ‐0.3%
Simulation Results Matches Measured Values Well.
‐ 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000
0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%
Chilled
Water
Production
System
Air Handling Units
Lighting and Small
Power
Domestic Pump
Vertical Transport
Others (Essen
tial
Supply)
Simulated Base Case Energy Consumption of Different Systems
Simulated (kWh) %
‐ 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000
0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%
Chilled
Water
Production
System
Air Handling Units
Lighting and Small
Power
Domestic Pump
Vertical Transport
Others (Essen
tial
Supply)
Case 51 Energy Consumption of Different Systems
Simulated (kWh) %
Data Center ~ 22% of Base Load
EE Scenario. Data Center Load still unchanged!
12/16/2011
7
Summary of Results…
Descriptions Base Case 51 % Reduction
Chilled Water Production System 1,188,216 370,373 68.8%Air Handling Units 512,909 35,782 93.0%Lighting and Small Power 1,051,104 462,049 56.0%
Vertical Transport 107,610 92,100 14.4%Others (Essential Supply) 922,647 922,647 0.0%Total 3,782,486 1,882,951 50.2%
Energy Efficiency Strategies
Better Comfort, Lower Energy Use
LT = Life Time of Product (years)
Electricity tariff: RM 0.35/kWh
12/16/2011
8
C1. Fix Building Air Tightness• Measured Air Leakage: 1.65 ach
• Case 1
– Building ex‐filtrate 10% of air‐supply
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 3.5%% ↓: 3.5%
BEI: 156.1 kWh/m2/year
47k RM/year ↓LT: 10 yr, RM 470k for building
C2. Better Comfort• Existing Chiller unable to provide adequate cooling when building was leaky!
• Temp Set point: 22.5°C
– Duct leakages
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
3231302928272625242322
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 30/Jan
Air temperature: 17 rooms (c02_bettercomfort.aps)
Air temperature: 17 rooms (c01_airtight.aps)
Cumulative Energy Reduction: ‐1.5%% ↓: ‐5.0%
BEI: 164.3 kWh/m2/year
‐66.8k RM/year ↓LT: 0 yr, RM 0
12/16/2011
9
C3. Small power reduction at night
• 25% down to 10% at night
Measured Data W/m2 kW Building
Small Power (daytime) 4.06 83.49 Small Power nite (25% of daytime) 1.01 20.87
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 0.7%% ↓: 2.2%
BEI: 160.7 kWh/m2/year
30k RM/year ↓ LT: 3 yr, 40 timers/flr, RM 131/ timer
C4. Office Space Lighting• Lighting Power Density: 11.7 down to 9 W/m2
• 25% reduction
• Replace existing T8 with T5 using adapter
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 5.2%% ↓: 4.5%
BEI: 153.4 kWh/m2/year
60k RM/year ↓ LT: 3 yr, 5925 lamps , RM 30/lamp
12/16/2011
10
C5. Office Space Lighting Occupancy Sensor• 9 W/m2 down 20% to 7.2 W/m2
• Lighting switch
– Strategically placed
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 8.1%% ↓: 2.9%
BEI: 148.7 kWh/m2/year
38k RM/year ↓ LT: 5 yr, 20 units/flr, RM 566/ unit
C6. Occupancy Sensor in Toilet
• 50% Reduction in Toilet Lighting
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 8.3%% ↓: 0.1%
BEI: 148.5 kWh/m2/year
1,700 RM/year ↓ LT: 5 yr, RM 250/ toilet
12/16/2011
11
C7. Lift Efficiency
• Shut down 50% lifts after 7pm
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 8.7%% ↓: 0.4%
BEI: 147.8 kWh/m2/year
5k RM/year ↓ LT: 5 yr, RM 4,500/lift
C8. CO2 sensor
• Fresh air regulated
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 12.6%% ↓: 3.9%
BEI: 141.5 kWh/m2/year
51k RM/year ↓ LT: 5 yr, RM 7,600/ ahu
12/16/2011
12
C9. Better Comfort
• Temperature setpoint 22.5 deg
• Room temp is at 23.5 deg
– Due to duct leakages
– Calibrated to ~ 20% leakages
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
323130292827262524232221
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 16/Jan
Dry resultant temperature: 17 rooms (c08a_co2_tempdw.aps)
Dry resultant temperature: 17 rooms (c08_co2.aps)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
323130292827262524232221
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 16/Jan
Air temperature: 17 rooms (c08a_co2_tempdw.aps)
Air temperature: 17 rooms (c08_co2.aps)
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 10.5%% ↓: ‐2.0%
BEI: 144.8 kWh/m2/year
‐27k RM/year ↓
C10‐12: Chiller Water Flow Rate Optimisation
• Reduce Chill Water Flow (measured 24% ↑)
– Pump Affinity’s Law
• High Delta‐T Flow Rate
– Flow reduced to 50%
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 13.3%% ↓: 2.8%
BEI: 140.3 kWh/m2/year
37k RM/year ↓ LT: 8 yr, RM 148k/pump
12/16/2011
13
C13‐17. AHU Optimisation
• Fix Duct Leakages
• Reduce Flow Rates
• Low Pressure Loss Air Filters
• Improve Fan Efficiency
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 27.3%% ↓: 14.4%
BEI: 117.6 kWh/m2/year
186k RM/year ↓ LT: 8 yr, RM 44k /ahu
• Off coil temp: 14°C
• Off coil temp: 16°C
• Lift Lobby: 26.5°C
C18‐20. VAV
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 28.2%% ↓: 0.8%
BEI: 116.3 kWh/m2/year
11k RM/year ↓ LT: 5 yr, RM 1,600/ahu for VAV
12/16/2011
14
C21. Chiller Efficiency
• Screw chiller, COP 4.88
• Centrifugal Chiller, COP 6.3
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 33.8%% ↓: 5.6%
BEI: 107.2 kWh/m2/year
74k RM/year ↓ LT: 15 yr, 2 chillers, RM 556k /chiller
C22. VSD Chiller
• COP 6.3
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 35.6%% ↓: 1.8%
BEI: 104.3 kWh/m2/year
24k RM/year ↓ LT: 15 yr, 2 chillers, RM 178k /chiller
12/16/2011
15
C23‐24. Condenser Flow Rate Optimisation
• 3.0 gpm/ton
• 2.5 gpm/ton
• 2.0 gpm/ton
75.3
23.1
42.0
62.8
16.124.3
50.2
10.3 12.4
0
20
40
60
80
l/s head m kW
Condenser gpm/ton Options
3 gpm/ton 2.5 gpm/ton 2 gpm/ton
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 37.3%% ↓: 1.7%
BEI: 101.5 kWh/m2/year
22k RM/year ↓ LT: 8 yr, 2 pumps, RM 90k /pump
C25‐26. Variable Chilled Water Flow
• Primary/Secondary Flow
– No savings!
• Variable Primary Flow
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 37.3%% ↓: 0.1%
BEI: 101.4 kWh/m2/year
1 k RM/year ↓ LT: 8 yr, 2 pumps, RM 4,000/pump
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
11109876543210
Po
we
r (k
W)
Date: Tue 17/Jan
ApHVAC distr pumps energy: (c26_pri_var.aps)
ApHVAC distr pumps energy: (c25_pr_scd_flw.aps)
ApHVAC distr pumps energy: (c24_cond_flow_rd2gpm.aps)
12/16/2011
16
C27‐29. Pump Efficiency• Measured Pump Total Eff. 40%
• Motor Eff. assumed 80%
• Pump Eff. = 50%
– Pump Improved to 85%
– Motor Efficiency to 90%Minimum straight length of 5~6 times of pipe diameter before suction inlet is required for maximum efficiency.
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 38.1%% ↓: 0.8%
BEI: 100.1 kWh/m2/year
10.5k RM/year ↓ LT: 8 yr, 4 pumps, RM 21k / pump
C30‐36. Cooling Tower Efficiency• Efficient Fan
• VSD, 30.5°C
• VSD, 29.5°C
• VSD, 28.5°C
• VSD, 27.5°C
• VSD, 26.5°C
• No VSD, Oversized
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 39.1%% ↓: 1.0%
BEI: 98.6 kWh/m2/year
12.7k RM/year ↓ LT: 8 yr, 2 towers, RM 51k /tower
12/16/2011
17
C37‐39. Task Light, 200 lux general lighting• 19 W Task Light
• 11 W Task Light
• 5 W Task Light
• 80% Task Light – Assumed on.
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 43.9%% ↓: 4.8%
BEI: 90.8 kWh/m2/year
64k RM/year ↓ LT: 5 yr, 1000 ppl, RM 320/task lgt
19W 11W 5W
RM Budget 273 300 320
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
RM
RM Budget Available
C40. Daylight Sensor in Toilets
• 34 toilets
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 44.0%% ↓: 0.1%
BEI: 90.6 kWh/m2/year
1.2k RM/year ↓ LT: 5 yr, RM 172/toilet
12/16/2011
18
C41. Exfiltration 0.1 ach, wt Heat Recovery Wheel
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 45.6%% ↓: 1.5%
BEI: 88.1 kWh/m2/year
20k RM/year ↓
F.Air ~
0.7 ach
Toilet
Ex.Air ~
0.1 ach.
Ex‐
filtration
~ 0.6 ach
LT: 10 yr, 2 FA ducts, RM 102k/duct
C42. Change Glazing to Clear• SC 0.95 from 0.43
• No Daylight Sensor
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 44.9%% ↓: ‐0.7%
BEI: 89.3 kWh/m2/year
‐9k RM/year ↓
12/16/2011
19
C43‐44. Daylight Harvesting• 3.5 m depth
• 4.5 m depth
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 47.7%% ↓: 2.9%
BEI: 84.6kWh/m2/year
38k RM/year ↓ LT: 10 yr, RM 114/glz m2
C45. Glazing Films
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 48.3%% ↓: 0.6%
BEI: 83.7 kWh/m2/year
8k RM/year ↓ LT: 10 yr, RM 32/glz m2
12/16/2011
20
C46. Double Glazing High Performance
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 48.9%% ↓: 0.6%
BEI: 82.7 kWh/m2/year
8k RM/year ↓ LT: 10 yr, RM 64/glz m2
C47‐49. Roof Insulations
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 49.1%% ↓: 0.4%
BEI: 82.3 kWh/m2/year
5.1k RM/year ↓ LT: 10 yr, RM 32/roof m2
Cases Thickness U‐Value
(W/m²K)
% Savings from
Previous step
47 50mm 0.51 0.2%
48 100mm 0.28 0.2%
49 150mm 0.19 ‐0.2%
12/16/2011
21
C50. Increase Air Temperature• Temperature Setpoint: 24.5 deg
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 49.9%% ↓: 0.8%
BEI: 81.1 kWh/m2/year
10k RM/year ↓
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
3130292827262524232221
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Tue 17/Jan
Air temperature: OFFICE1_F05 (c50_otemp25.aps)
Air temperature: OFFICE1_F05 (c49_rf_in150.aps)
Air temperature: OFFICE1_F05 (c14_tsetpt_higher.aps)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Tue 17/Jan
Dry resultant temperature: OFFICE1_F05 (c50_otemp25.aps)
Dry resultant temperature: OFFICE1_F05 (c49_rf_in150.aps)
Dry resultant temperature: OFFICE1_F05 (c14_tsetpt_higher.aps)
Operative Temperatures
C51‐52. Resize HVAC system
• Chiller Cost ~ RM 3,500/ton
• 600 ton savings= 2.1 mil Saved/chiller!
• RM 4.2 million saved for 2 chillers!
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 50.1%% ↓: 0.3%
BEI: 80.7 kWh/m2/year
3.3k RM/year ↓
12/16/2011
22
C53. Small Power = Base Case (As Is)• 4.1 W/m2 peak load
• 10% up to 25% night load
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 47.8%% ↓: ‐2.3%
BEI: 84.6 kWh/m2/year
‐30k RM/year ↓
GBI’s BEI: 42 kWh/m2/yearExcluding Data Center
C54. Small Power at 12 W/m2
• 12 W/m2 peak load
• 25% night load
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 27.6%% ↓: ‐20.2%
BEI: 117.2 kWh/m2/year
‐267k RM/year ↓
12/16/2011
23
C55. Energy Efficient Server Room
• 25% Energy Reduction
• Server Virtualisation
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 33.7%% ↓: 6.1%
BEI: 107.3kWh/m2/year
81k RM/year ↓ LT: 3 yr, RM 242k/data center
C56. Energy Efficient Server Room
• 50% Energy Reduction
• Hot/Cold Rack
• Many other technologies
Cumulative Energy Reduction: 39.8%% ↓: 6.1%
BEI: 97.4 kWh/m2/year
81k RM/year ↓ LT: 3 yr, RM 242k/data center
12/16/2011
24
Summary of Results…
Descriptions Base Case 51 % Reduction
Chilled Water Production System 1,188,216 370,373 68.8%Air Handling Units 512,909 35,782 93.0%Lighting and Small Power 1,051,104 462,049 56.0%
Vertical Transport 107,610 92,100 14.4%Others (Essential Supply) 922,647 922,647 0.0%Total 3,782,486 1,882,951 50.2%
Data Center
Summary
> 60% Savings on this Page Alone
12/16/2011
25
Summary• Potential Energy Reduction: 50%
• Savings per year: RM 664,000 /year
– RM 2.30 /m2/month
• Accumulated Life‐Time Budget Available:
– RM 6.5 million
• How much to refurbish a 24,000 m2 building?
– 24,000 m2 x 2,500 RM/m2 = 60 million (new buiding)
– 6.5 mil = 11% of typical new building cost.
Items that is likely not be implemented due to poor return on investment. • VAV system.• Variable Chill Water Flow.• Variable Fan Speed on Cooling Tower.• Light shelves for better daylight harvesting.• Double Glazing. • Air Foil Fan for AHU. • However, RM 4.2 million is saved due to a smaller chiller capacity after the building is optimized for energy efficiency.
12/16/2011
26
Thank you!
