Energy Audit Basics and Principles

The Lebanese Center for EnergyConservation Project (LCECP)

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Energy Audit

Basics andprinciples

Presented by:

Mr. Hamadi SayahInternational Energy Expert

MAY 2010

CRA2E Etude, Contrôle et Pilotage

Centre Molka Escalier N°15 El Manar II – 2092 TUNIS Tél: 00 216 71 886 177 –Fax: 00 216 71 885 010 Site Web: www.cra2e.com– E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

The Lebanese Center for EnergyConservation Project (LCECP)CRA2E Etude, Contrôle et Pilotage

Hamadi Sayah

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OUTLINES1. Definition and Objectives of Energy Audit and Management2. Types of energy audit3. Methodology of energy audit4. Preliminary Consultation5. Measurement Campaigns and Equipment6. Approach to Energy Balance7. Definition of an Action Plan8. Presentation of the Audit Report9. Audit of Electric System10. Audit of Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning System11. Conclusion12. Study of case: Energy Audit of Establishment


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Definition and Objectivesof Energy Audit and Management


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WHAT IS AN ENERGY AUDIT?

Energy audits “periodic and mandatory” constitutes astrategic element to help companies REDUCE ENERGYCOSTS and MANAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION to the extentthat it will allow to examine THE STATE OF ENERGY-USINGEQUIPMENT and take necessary MEASURES to replace anyother repair or improvement and reduce energy losses.


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OBJECTIVE OF ENERGY AUDIT?

The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways tolower operating costs or to reduce energy consumption:- per unit of product output (industry)- ft² or person (commercial/building)Energy Audit provides a " bench-marking“ (Reference point) formanaging energy in the organization and also provides the basisfor planning a more effective use of energy.


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WHAT IS THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT?

- "The judicious and effective use of energy to maximizeprofits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions“- "The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, usingsystems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirementsper unit of output while holding constant or reducing totalcosts of producing the output from these systems"


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OBJECTIVE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT?

The objective of Energy Management is to achieve andmaintain optimum energy procurement and utilization,throughout the organization and:

• to optimize specific energy consumption•To minimize energy costs• To minimise environnemental effects.


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Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decisionmaking in the area of energy management.It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, andserves to identify all the energy streams in a facility.It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions.


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Methodology of Energy Audit


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BASIC AUDIT LEVELS


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The scope work of energy Audit :

ü Analysis of energy situation of buildingüCalculate specific consumption (BTU/sq ft or BTU/person orvisitor)ü Comparison with reference values (national and international)of similar facilitiesü Distribution of the energy consumption by custom (usage)ü Energy balances (electric and thermal) after measurementsü Calculate Energy Using IndexüIdentification of potential of energy conservationüDefinition of ECMs


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The energy audit can be divided into for tasks :

Level 1 .Task 1 . Preliminary audit

Level II.Task 2. Energy analyses by section

Level III.Task 3. Campaign of measurementTask 4. Energy balance of main energy consummerTask 5. Audit report and actions plan


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Preliminary analysis


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Task 1 - Preliminary audit


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- of the audit.-Collect of information about building- Visit of the facility-Evaluation of energy consumption data toanalyze energy use quantities andcomparison with similar facilities.-Preliminary estimate of savings potentialand provide a list of low-cost savingsopportunities through improvements inoperational and maintenance practices.


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Collect of information about building:

1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by section, by major items ofprocess equipment, by final - use

2. Areas/ Number of passengers, patients, clients, etc… COMMERCIAL

3. Analysis of energy invoice and energy cost

4. Process and material flow diagrams

5. Generation and distribution of compressed air, hot water, cookingwater.

6. Sources of energy supply

7. Potential for fuel substitution, process modifications, and the use ofco-generation systems and tri-generation.

8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness trainingprograms within the establishment


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Visit of the facility“ ONE DAY”

to visually inspect each of the energy using systems

to give the Energy Auditor/Engineer an opportunityto meet the personnel concernedto familiarize him with the site

to assess the procedures necessary to carry outthe energy audit


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During the visit, Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the followingactions:

• Analyze the major energy consumption data with the relevant personnel.• Obtain site drawings where available - building layout, steam distribution,compressed air distribution and electricity distribution etc.• visit of the sites of building accompanied with energy manager


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• To finalize Energy Audit team• To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be surveyedduring the audit.• To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.• To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the auditenergy (Electric meters, steam meters, oïl or gas meters.• To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.• To plan with time frame• To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consumingcenters• To create awareness through meetings / program

The main objectif of this visit are:


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The first visit for the establishment by experts to:- Discuss with the site's senior management the tasks of the energy audit.- Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations

– Obtain energy consumption data for the last 3 years (include water).– Obtain mechanical, architectural, heating, cooling, lighting and electrical drawings

specifications for the original building– Obtain a summary description of a building and its sections– Meeting and discuss aspects of the facility with responsible in establishment :

• Occupancy schedules• Operation and maintenance practices• Future plans that may have an impact on energy consumption

– Visual inspecting of equipments– Take pictures through the building. Including mechanical equipment, lighting, interior

workspaces, common areas and halls, and the exterior including the roof


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General data :

• Base year of audit : Year of reference• Annual hours of operation : 8 760 h/year(AHU, boilers, etc.)


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HeatingClimatisation

flow


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Electric planof AITC


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Electric installation of Establishment- Power transformer MT/BT:

Affectation Number oftransformer

Typenormal

Typesecours

Total KVA CompensationKVAR

Transf MT/MT 3 3 000 ----- 9 000 -----

STATION A 2 1 500 400 1900 90

STATION B 4 2 500 600 3 100 150

STATION STELLITE 4 1 800 400 2 200 240

STATIONSALLE OF MACHINES

4 2 930 2 930

TOTAL 17 1 400 19 130 480

Signed Power: 8000 kW


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• The climatisation (heating and cooling) of Establishment is assured by:– Air Handling Unit « AHU »– Schillers– Boilers– Cooling Tower

Climatisation of Establishment


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CONVERSION UNITS

• 1000 kWh = 0,086 TOE• 1 thermie = 103 Kcal• 1 TOE = 104 thermies• PCI of Natural gas = 9,00 Th/Nm3


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We note that the maximum power drawn does not exceed 7000 kW for every timeslot, while the power is reduced out of 8000 kW. It is recommended to revise theSTEG contract for the decline of the reduced power to 6700 kW divided as follows:

Subscribed power Value kWDaytime peak 6700Evening peak 6700Winter peak 6700Summer peak 6700Subscribed reduced power 6700

This decline of reduced power generate immediately a gain of 54 400TND per year without penalty calculated as follows:Gain = 3,5 X (actual reduced power – projected reduced power) x

month per year = 3,5 x(8000 – 6700) x 12 = 54 400 TND


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Distribution of energy consumption by form forthe base year of Audit :

§ Electricity : 32 004,694 MWh « 9 057 TOE »§ Natural Gas : 242 293 Nm3 « 218 TOE »


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Electricity79%

Natural Gas2%

Eau19%

Electricity79%

Annual Cost of Energy and Water 2 756 306 TND

2 187 110 TND40 621 TND

528 574 TND


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• Cost of TOE:

– Electricity TOE = 241,483 TND330 TND

- Natural Gas TOE = 172,126 TND230 TND


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Passenger number for the base year of audit :3 449 185 passengers

Specific Energy Consumption by passenger in year of reference :

Energy Value Unit

Electrical energy 9,279 kWh/passenger

Natural gas 0,684 Thermal/passenger

Global 10,074 kWh/passenger


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n Area : 57 448 m²n Volume : 293 356 m3

Energy Value Unit

Electrical energy 557 kWh/m²109 kWh/m3

Natural gas 37,959 Thermal/m²7,433 Thermal/m3

Specific Energy Consumption by area/volume in year of reference :


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Comparison with reference values:

Energy Value UnitElectrical energy 450 kWh/m²Natural gas 30 Thermal/m²

Potential energy saving:Energy Value UnitElectrical energy 107 kWh/m²Natural gas 8 Thermal/m²

Energy Value Unit

Electrical energy 557 kWh/m²

Natural gas 38 Thermal/m²

establishment values:


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Energy situation forthe 3 last years of audit


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• Evolution of passenger number :

Year 1st Years 2nd Years 3rd YearsNumber of passenger 3 194 742 3 049 183 3 449 185


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• Evolution of Global energy balance :

Energy Unit 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year

Electricalenergy

kWh 33 013 365 31 923 281 32 004 694TOE 9 343 9034 9 057

% TOE 97,8 97,91 97,46

Natural gasNm3 218 109 199 595 242 293TOE 210 193 218

% TOE 2,2 2,09 2,54

Global TOE 9 553 9 227 9 293


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• Evolution of specific consumption:

Energy kWh/m² Th/m²1st year 575 36,62nd year 556 33,63th year 557 37,9


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More Detailed Analysis « MONTHLY »

PEAK


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PEAK


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Bonifications

ACEPTABLE


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Energy Use Index by Building Type


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PRELEMINAY ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES

§ Revision of signed power with STEG: save an annual budget of54 400 Dinars.

§ Improving the power factor with an optimum of 0.99 wouldreceive an extra bonus from STEG.

§ The preliminary inspection of equipments shows anacceptable level of maintenance, but imbalance in the air-conditioning compared to racking requested


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Task 2 - Energy analyses bysection


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Preliminary analysis

Detailled analysis


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– For the reason of absence of energy metering in theEstablishment, the Level II analysis can not be developed withoutthe measurement campaign (3rd LEVEL)

– We recall that Establishment has only :• A electricity General meter as well as a set of divisional

meters accounting box and consumption of rented premises• A natural gas General counter• A general SONEDE meter and 5 divisional meters for

condensers


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– Establish the mass and energy balances of different areasof the establishment and determine their energyconsumption.

- The main areas of the establishment are :• Public "departure" on the 1st floor with easements of

checked baggage, cafes and shops• Public 'arrival in the DRC with the relevant areas and

shops• Bonded zone "start" with police control filter including

boarding rooms and satellite• Bonded zone arrivals area with the baggage, customs

and police control


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The thermal and electric balances can provide the Energyconsumption by energy using section :

• Building Operation• Lighting Systems• HVAC Systems• HVAC Distribution Systems• Energy Management Control Systems• Building Envelope• Power Systems• Water Heating Systems• Heat Recovery Opportunities


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Energy Use in OfficeBuildings


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Energy Use inSchools


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Energy Use inHospitals


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Energy Use inSupermarkets


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Energy Use inApartment Buildings


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Energy Use inHotels


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Energy Use inRestaurants


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IN COOLING MODE :

After the preliminary visit, we noted following points:

• The regulation of the shutters (volets) of recycled air and the new air isinefficient implying either an excess of new air (to cool) or an excess ofair recycled (partially polluted).

• During audited period, the outside climatic conditions were ratherfavorable for a march in 100 % of new air.

• The AHU N°2,3,7,8,11 et 15 were inable to satisfy the conditions of confortrequired.

• The networks of connection and distribution of Chillers are inefficient

RESULTS OF PRELEMINARY VISIT


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An important quantity of energy wasted by infiltrations of air générésby opening (15% eletric and frigorific consumption)

The water consumption of supplement of condenser is excessive (Needsof drainage of suffer contained (teneur en souffre)).

IN HEATING MODE :• The regulation of the shutters of new and recycle air is inefficient

implying either an excess of new air (for heating) OR an absence of newair (affected confort and sanitary conditions).

• The march of the ventilators of resumption(reprise) and blowing(soufflage) in mode 50 % and 100 % implies a rate of air renewal farfrom the optimum.

• The management of march of hot water generators is necessary.


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Task 3 – Campaign of measurement


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Proposal of improvementsolutions

Proposal of improvement solutions


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§ The capability of the energy auditor and the scope of an audit could beextended by the use of in place instrumentation and temporarymonitoring equipment.

§ In-place instrumentation refers to existing utility metering, air-conditioning control instrumentation and energy management systems(EMS).

§ These instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate andrelatively inexpensive.

Measurements

DO NOT ESTIMATE WHEN YOU CAN CALCULATEDO NOT CALCULATE WHEN YOU CAN MEASURE


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The parameters generally monitored during energy audit may include thefollowing:

Basic Electrical Parameters in AC and DC systems:-Voltage (V)- Current (I)- Power factor- Active power (kW)- apparent power (demand) (kVA)- Reactive power (kVAr)- Energy consumption (kWh)-Frequency (Hz)- Harmonics, etc.


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Power transformerDescription Measuring

instrument

Active power

Electric poweranalyzer

Reactive powerapparent powervoltageintensityEnergyPower factorVoltage harmonic 1-50Intensity harmonic 1-50


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These are instruments for measuring majorelectrical parameters such as kVA, kW, PF,Hertz, kVAr, Amps and Volts.In addition some of these instruments alsomeasure harmonics.These instruments are applied on-line onrunning motors without any need to stop themotor. Instant measurements can be takenwith hand-held meters, while more advancedones facilitates cumulative readings withprint outs at specified intervals.

Electrical Measuring Instruments:


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Parameters of importance other than electrical:

-Temperature and heat flow- Radiation- Air and gas flow, liquid flow- Revolutions per minute (RPM)- Air velocity, noise and vibration, dust concentration,-Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH- Moisture content- Relative humidity- Flue gas analysis - CO2, O2, CO, SOx, NOx, combustionefficiency etc.


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Luxmeter Manometer Power Electric Analyzer


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Hygrometer Combustion Analyzer


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ThermographyAnemometer


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Combustion Analyzer:This instrument has in-built chemical cells whichmeasure various gases such as O2, CO, NOX andSOX.

Fuel Efficiency Monitor:This measures oxygen and temperature of the fluegas. Calorific values of common fuels are fed intothe microprocessor which calculates thecombustion efficiency.

Fyrit:A hand bellow pump draws the flue gas sample intothe solution inside the fyrite. A chemical reactionchanges the liquid volume revealing the amount ofgas. A separate fyrite can be used for O2 and CO2measurement.


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Contact thermometer:These are thermocouples whichmeasures for example flue gas, hotair, hot water temperatures byinsertion of probe into the stream.For surface temperature, a leaf typeprobe is used with the sameinstrument.


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Infrared Thermometer:This is a non-contact type measurementwhich when directed at a heat sourcedirectly gives the temperature read out. Thisinstrument is useful for measuring hot spotsin furnaces, surface temperatures etc.


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Speed Measurements:In any audit exercise speed measurements are critical as thay may changewith frequency, belt slip and loading.A simple tachometer is a contact type instrument which can be used wheredirect access is possible.More sophisticated and safer ones are non contact instruments such asstroboscopes.

Tachometer Stroboscope


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Lux meters:Illumination levels are measured with a lux meter.It consists of a photo cell which senses the lightoutput, converts to electrical impulses which arecalibrated as lux.

Leak Detectors:Ultrasonic instruments are available which can be usedto detect leaks of compressed air and other gaseswhich are normally not possible to detect with humanabilities.


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Pitot tube

Pitot Tube and manometer:Air velocity in ducts can bemeasured using a pitot tube andinclined manometer for furthercalculation of flows.


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Water flow meter:This non-contact flow measuring device using Doppler effect / Ultra sonicprinciple. There is a transmitter and receiver which are positioned onopposite sides of the pipe. The meter directly gives the flow. Water andotherfluid flows can be easily measured with this meter.


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Main points of measureby Equipment


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Air Handling Unit

Fresh air

Air return

Air aftercoldbattery

Air afterhotbattery

Air blowing

Ambiance

MeasuresTemperature (T°)Relative humidity (RH%)Speed (m/s)Dimensions of the sheath (m)


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TscC

TsfC

TeccC

TefcC

Air de soufflage

Air neuf

Air de repriseT :°CRH :%V :m/s

T :°CRH :%V :m/s

T :°CRH :%V :m/s

COLDWATER

HOTWATER

Blowing(soufflage)

Resumption(reprise)

New air


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AIR HANDELING UNIT EFFICIENCYRETURN AIR

FRESH AIRAIR BLOWER

HO

T WA

TER

RETU

RN

WATE

R

(qab × hab – qfa × hfa – qra × hra)hAHU = ----------------------------------------------------------------------

[qhw × (Thw – Twr) × Cp]


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qab = air blower flowqfa = fresh air flowqra = return air flowqhw = hot water flow

hab = air blower enthalpiehfa = fresh air enthalpiehra = return air enthalpie

Thw = hot water tempertureTwr = water return temperture

Cp = specific heat of the hot water


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Chiller Description Value UnitMeasure (Evaporator)

Description Value UnitChilled water flow m3/hEvaporator entering water temperature °CEvaporator water temperature output °C

Measure (Condenser)Description Unit

Flow water cooling Tour m3/hEntering condenser water temperature °Ccondenser water temperature output °CElectric power compressor KWMeasured electric power KW


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THE EFFICIENCY OF THEREFRIGERATED PRODUCTION

(Q2 – W)COP cool = --------------------

W


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Q2 = Power condenser = S x v x 1,2 x (Ts - ta) [kW]

S = condenser surface m²v = air speed m/sTs = Air temperature at the exit of the condenser °CTa = Temperature of air inhaled) by the condenser °C1,2 = is the volume heat of the air kJ/(m3.°C)

W = The energy absorbed by the compressor only


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BOILERDescription Measuring instrument

Combustion gas

% CO2 Combustion analyser

% O2 Combustion analyser

CO ppm Combustion analyser

Temperature Combustion analyser

Flow Pitot tubeCombustion air

Flow AnemometerTemperature ThermometerRelative humidity HygrometerDimensions Meter

Boiler feed waterFlow FlowmeterTemperature Thermometer

Hot water boiler outputTemperature Thermometer


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BOILER EFFICIENCY

hComb = 100 - % losses due to dry flue gas (Lfg) - %Unbured losses (Lu) - % Losses by radiation and

convection (Lrc)

Lfg

Lu

Lrc

Qfuel


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(Lrc) % = 1 200 × S × (Tp – Ta) / Pb

S = surface of the boilerTp = average wall temperature of the boilerTa = ambient temperaturePb = Power rated boiler

(Lu) % = b × % CO / (%CO + % CO2)bfuel = 52bgas = 35bpropane = 43

(Lfg) % = k × (Tfg – Ta) / % CO2kfuel = 0,62kgas = 0,47Kpropane = 0,5


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– The campaign of measures is done in two periods:• Summer season : in hot season (use of cold for conditioning)• Wintry season : in cold season (use of hot water for heating)


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§The use of in-place utility metering and temporarymonitoring equipment in energy auditing can yieldvaluable information about the building systems such as:

§ Energy signature and end-use consumption analysis§ Discovery and identification of ECMs§ Quantification of energy use and misuse§ Establishing bounds for potential energy reduction, and Dataacquisition for further calculation and analysis


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Existing information

• Existing instrumentation such as utility meter readings, and energybillings could be used to establish energy consumption patterns for thebuilding.

• The regularity of consumption pattern is an indicator that no significantchange in consumption occurred prior to the audit.

• This can also be used to check the validity of projections based onextrapolated short-term monitored data.


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- Quantify energy uses and losses through a more detailed reviewand analysis of equipment, systems, and operationalcharacteristics.

- Measurement and testing to quantify energy use and efficiencyof various systems.

- Standard energy engineering calculations are used to analyzeefficiencies and calculate energy and costs savings based onimprovements and changes to each system.

By Measurements it’s possible to:


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Task 4 – Energy balance of mainenergy consumer


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An estimate for annual consumption is extrapolated from the typical weekconsumption profile.

Regularity of the weekly consumption profile means that the annualconsumption could be estimated with confidence and the value used tocross check with the annual energy bills.


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• Detail use of energy by function and a more comprehensive evaluation ofenergy use patterns.

• Develop a computer simulation of building systems that will account forweather and other variables and predict year-round energy use.

• Build a base for comparison that is consistent with the actual energyconsumption of the facility.

• Make changes to improve efficiency of various systems and measure theeffects compared to the baseline.

Because of the time involved in collecting detailed equipment information,operational data, and setting up an accurate computer model, this is the mostexpensive level of energy audit but may be warranted if the facility or systemsare more complex in nature.

Computer Simulation


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Evaluation of energy consumption by equipmentin summer season


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N°

Air neuf Air reprise Air mélange % Airneuf

Air soufflage Air ambiant Bilan thermique Bilan thermique eau

m3/h T(°C) m3/h T(°C) m3/h T(°C) % m3//h T(°C) HR T(°C) HR % 1000Kg/h KW Debit T°'entrée T° sortieAC1 -- -- 21381 23 21381 23,0 0 21381 16,5 73 20,5 54 69,77 81 41,98 7 8,1

AC2 Bis 18144 22 13190 22,8 31334 22,5 57,9 31334 17,6 73 23,0 53 73,6 85,7 94,94 6,6 7,4AC2 33000 23,1 26030 24,6 59067 23,8 55,9 59067 18,5 74 24,9 58 114,24 133 57,48 6,9 8,9AC3 35510 22,5 36547 24,3 72058 23,4 49,3 72058 18,8 75 24,8 57 83,9 97 61,9 6,6 8,4AC4 19958 23,7 25402 23,8 45360 23,4 44,0 45360 20 68 23,8 55 60,23 70 61,79 7,3 8,3AC5 -- -- 49896 23,9 49896 23,9 0,0 49896 19,1 72 22,9 51 63,97 74 61,79 6,6 7,6AC6 -- -- 48190 23 48190 23,0 0,0 48190 18,5 72 22,7 64 76,41 89 93,99 7,6 8,4AC7 -- -- 40487 23,5 40487 18,3 0,0 40487 18,3 74 24,6 58 82,48 96 56,62 7,5 9AC8 -- -- 42915 23,2 42915 23,2 0,0 42915 19 74 24,4 59 56 66 74,25 7 7,8AC9 -- -- -- -- 15256 23,0 0,0 15256 17 72 20,4 61.0 44,02 51 42,39 7,5 8,5AC10 -- -- 34900 23,3 34900 23,3 0,0 34900 16,6 72 23,3 52.0 90,31 105 77,4 7,5 8,7AC11 15368 23 55457 23 70825 23 21,7 70825 17,1 74 24,9 56 155,23 180 77,4 7,5 10AC12 25920 23 6912 23 32832 23 78,9 32832 21 63 23,1 50.0 11 13 57 7,5 7,7AC13 -- -- 15552 23,5 15552 23,5 0,0 15552 17,3 70 22,3 51.0 50,22 58 34,5 7,5 9AC15 -- -- 22957 23,2 22957 23,2 0,0 22957 17,6 68 25,3 55 67,12 78 41,9 7,4 9AC16 22560 23,3 -- -- 22560 23,3 100,0 22560 16,5 70 20,8 58 81.41 95 41,98 7,5 9,4AC17 28464 23,5 -- -- 28464 23,5 100,0 28464 17,8 73 NR NR 70,79 82 41,9 7 8,7

q Air Handling unit


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N°Air neuf Air reprise Air mélange

% Airneuf Air soufflage Air ambiant Bilan thermique

Bilan thermique eaum3/h T(°C) m3/h T(°C) m3/h T(°C) % m3//h T(°C) HR T(°C) HR % 1000Kg/h KW Debit T°'entrée T° sortie

AC18 -- -- 14165 24,5 14165 24,5 0,0 14165 13,5 74 21,9 53 87,3 101 41,9 7,4 9,5AC19 -- -- 16740 23 16740 23,5 0,0 16740 19,1 71 NR NR 31,27 36 41,98 7,5 8,2AC22 8528 23,6 14026 23,4 22554 23,5 37,8 22554 17 73 22,2 52 68,63 80 53.22 7 8,3AC24 11250 26,2 18779 25,7 30029 25,9 37,5 30029 21,3 68 25,8 59 65,44 76 53,6 8 9,2AC25 A -- -- -- -- 38330 23,5 0,0 38330 17,5 74 23,1 58 99,93 116 65,41 7,5 9,3AC25 B -- -- -- -- 45000 23,5 0,0 45000 17,4 73 23,2 59 117,06 136 56.41 7,3 9,4AC25 C -- -- 31519 24.2 31519 24,2 0,0 31519 17,8 74 23,0 52 89,54 104 46,2 6 7,9AC26 -- -- 57879 23 57879 23 0,0 57879 18,5 70 22,7 57 99,14 115 54.6 7 8,8AC27 -- -- 38264 23,5 38260 23,5 0,0 38264 20 70 23,9 54 78,16 91 27,86 7,3 10,1AC28 -- -- 41250 23,5 41250 23,5 0,0 41250 20,9 71 24,1 61 16,4 19 35,38 7,5 8AC29 13323 21,7 17885 23,7 31208 22,8 42,7 31208 19,9 70 22,9 52 16,09 19 32,44 7 7,5AC30 39593 23,0 11775 23 51368 23 77,1 51368 19,2 75 22,9 54 36,51 42 31,54 7 8,2AC31 8482 22,5 15380 23,8 23860 23,3 35,5 23862 21 60 21,8 50 15,06 17 31,6 7 7,5AC32 43740 23,0 -- -- 43740 23 100,0 43740 19,5 72 22,0 59 43,01 50 34,6 7.5 8,7AC33 6420 22,6 18220 23,2 24640 23 26,1 24640 19,2 70 23,1 58 30,04 35 36.96 7.5 8,3AC34 70056 23,3 -- -- 70056 23,3 100,0 70056 20,3 70 23,0 55 49,91 58 36,9 7 8,4AC35 10289 22,8 14818 23,1 25107 23 41,0 25107 20,2 71 24,1 49 20,91 24 34,6 7 7,6AC36 12999 22,4 9078 23,5 22077 23 58,9 22077 18,9 76 23,3 56 35,81 42 36,38 7 8ACX -- -- -- -- 78000 23,5 0,0 78000 18 76 NR NR 150,74 175 79,98 7,5 9,7


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Global analysis flows between blown and needs

Comparison between measures of ambient air in different areas of theestablishment and conditions sought confort in September 2007 when theoutside is 22 ° C as follows:

Température = 22°CHygrométrie = 50 % HR

CTA shows that AC2, AC3, AC7, AC8, AC11 and AC15 are not currentlydeveloping the cooling power needed.


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This is due either :

• “Consigne” value• The location of temperature sensors• The lack of cooling capacity of CTA• On the importance of lighting (light intensity) with a warming of theatmosphere.


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Given that the audited period (end September 2007) is the end of thesummer and early fall, the outside air is at a temperature of days ofthe order of 22 ° C and 55% HR

The analysis of measured data shows respectively:

- The total absence of the provision of fresh air for 18 CTA yet itstemperature is generally lower than that of air again.- The fresh air enters partially into the mixture before the batterylevel remaining 18 CTA.

Analysis of fresh air


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N° CTA New Air : need (m3/h) Measure (m3/h) Measure/needsAC01 3500 0 0AC02 11975 33000 2,76AC02 BIS 19575 18144 0,93AC03 11000 35510 3,23AC12 20425 25920 1,27AC13 12075 0 0,00AC15 11950 0 0,00AC22 11775 8528 0.72AC24 5750 11250 1,96AC27 7850 0 0,00AC18 5000 0 0,00AC04 3100 19958 6,44AC05 1475 0 0,00AC06 10750 0 0,00AC07 10250 0 0,00AC08 2050 0 0,00AC10 2625 0 0,00AC11 8100 15368 1,90ACX 0 0 0

In another aspect, by comparing the flow of fresh air compared to the hygienic needs(25 m3/h/pax), we note the following:


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N° CTA New Air : need (m3/h) Measure (m3/h) Measure/needs

AC25A&B 26950 0 0,00

AC25C 9100 0 0,00

AC26 9250 0 0,00

AC9 650 0 0,00

AC17 1250 28464 22,77

AC19 5250 0 0,00

SATELLITE

AC28 2500 0 0,00

AC29 5250 13323 2,54

AC30 5250 39593 7,54

AC31 5250 8482 1,62

AC32 5250 43740 8,33

AC33 5250 6420 1,22

AC34 5400 70056 12.97

AC35 2500 10289 4,12

AC36 1000 13000 13,00

total 249 325 401 045 1,609


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The regulation of aspects of entry of fresh air must be improved.We recommend that:

• Implementation of probes % CO2 sensors in each service area, suchinformation come into the logic circuit controlling the phase of fresh air.• Levels for opening strands (volets) of fresh air and recirculated air willdepend on the respective rates of CO2, the temperature of fresh air and thetemperature and humidity of air recycled.• Setting vouchers of fresh air by ensuring a minimum flow of air regardlessof the occupation and season through mechanical stops which closed for aminimum of air (10 to 15% ).

Recommendation


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CALCULATION OF CHILLER


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Description Value unitCharacteristic

Cooling capacity 1938 KWCOP theory 5,34Evaporator exit temperature 30 °CElectrical power installed 373 KWElectrical power absorbed 363 KWChilled water flow 330 m3/hCooling water flow 334 m3/h

Thermal balance of EvaporatorDescription Value unit

Chilled water flow 334 m3/hEvaporator entering water temperature 9,3 °CEvaporator water temperature output 7 °C

Energy exchange766 th/h889 KW

Thermal balance of condenserDescription Value unit

Flow water cooling Tower 330 m3/hEntering condenser water temperature 27.9 °Ccondenser water temperature output 30,76 °C

Cooling Energy942 th/h1094 KW

Absorbed Power 205 KWMeasured electric power 217 KW


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We observe the following:

- The group was operating at only 45.1% of its capacity toweather external lenient evidenced by a low temperature gradientbetween the entry and exit of water ice.

- The call of the power is 217 kW or a load factor of 59.78%(nominal power of 363 kW) corresponding to a COP of 4.03.


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SECTION % Frigorific COP % Electyricity

SMA 45,1 4,03 59,78DES 50,3 3,42 72,4Satellite 43,3 2,78 46Average 47,94 3,49 64,46

We observe, during the audited period, that overall the groups of water iceare exploited to the tune of 47.94% have gone to 64.46% of the nominalpower.

Also, we observe that groups with (satellite) have a better ratio of powerconsumption during operation at about 50%.


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CALCULATION OF COOLING TOWER


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Désignation Valeur UnityUnit N°1 Unit N°2

OUTPUTHR 100 97 %

Output T° of Tower °C 26,7 26,7 °CH2O fraction input 22,24 21,55 g/Kg air secWet Air « humide » density 1,159 1,16 Kg/m3Wet Air « humide » Enthalpy 83,6 82,8 Kj/Kg

INPUTFlow 56757 59786 m3/hHR 52,1 51 %

Input T°of tower °C 27,2 27 °CH2O fraction input 11,74 11,35 g/Kg air secWet Air « humide » density 1,164 1,16 Kg/m3

Wet Air « humide » Enthalpy 57,32 56,1 Kj/KgMassic flow Dry Air « sec » 65348 68923 Kg/h


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Thermal balance and massique (applied to the air)Exchanged Thermal power 477 511 KW

Quantity of evaporated water 0,69 0,70 m3/h

Quantity of water purged of bottom 0,69 0,70 m3/h

Quantity of water of supplement 1,38 1,41 m3/h

Total supplement of the tower 2,78 m3/h

Total power Exchanged by the tower 988 KW


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Assessment of global climate establishment

We recall at this level the surfaces and volumes of spacesconstituting establishment and their assignments machinery room.

Machinery room Surfaces ( m²) Volumes (m3)S.M.A 26 175 130 875DSE 22 690 124 795Satellite 7 958 35 811Other 625 1 875

TOTAL 57 448 293 356


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The results of air conditioning consumption during the day audited are respectively:

SECTION Wf/m2 Frigories/m2 h W élec/m2 Wf/m3 Frigories/m3 h W/m3

SMA 33,4 28,76 8,29 6,68 5,75 1,66

DSE 84,4 72,69 24,68 15,34 13,21 4,49

Satellite 38,4 33,12 13,82 8,54 7,36 3,07

Autres - - - - - -

TOTAL 53,87 46,40 15,44 10,55 9,09 3,02

For an optimal ratio of 70 Wf/m² corresponding to local public attendance average for non-smokers, we observe that :

- The AHU provide standards of comfort above the needs.- The station “SMA”, expanding 45.1% of its capacity, has a ratio of 33.4 Wf/m², to below thelevel of comfort. This confirms the failure of CTA 2,3,7 and 8.


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Energy balance of power transformer


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Transformer Power KVACalled Power

KVARate %

Transformer terminal S/SB 400 140 35Transformer of secour S/SB 1000 450 45Transformer of air conditioning SAT 1000 214 21Transformer of secour SAT 400 38 9Transfo Normal 1&2 SAT 800 415 52Normal transformer S/SA 1500 1202 80Transformer of secour S/SA 400 236 59Transformer of air conditioningDSE 2000 1032 52Transformer of eclairageDSE 300 182 61

We note that a total of 7 800 KVA installed and the call in powerduring the days audited, processors are responsible for overallheight of only 50.11% for a nominal 65%.


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Energy consumption By station

DésignationConsumption/hour

(Kwh)Consumption/day

(Kwh)%

Under station B 1 513 36 312 39Station SATELLITE 367 8 808 9Under station A 1 161 27 864 30Station room of machines 834 20 016 21

T O T A L 3 875 93 000 100


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Energy Consumption by use

ACTIVE POWER KW

AFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTAL %

AHU 79,7 96,4 108,4 284,5 7,3

LIGHTING 922 95,5 674 158 1849,5 47,7

CHILLERS 471,5 152,9 199,7 659,4 1483,5 38,3Batteries decompensation

5,6 19 2,6 27,2 0,7

BOILERS 17 17 0,4

OTHERS 34 3,1 176,4 213,5 5,5TOTAL 1512,8 366,9 1161,1 834,4 3875,2 100,0

We note that lighting accounts for 47.7% of the active power drawn with 1 followed by849.5 KW stations production of ice water with 38.3% and 1 483.5 KW.


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REACTIVE POWER (KVAR)AFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTAL %

AHU 57,9 84 89,6 231,5 8,4LIGHTING 322,8 69,3 410 89,5 891,6 32,3CHILLERS 198,1 102,4 409,3 536,7 1246,5 45,1Batteries decompensation

36,9 200,4 37,5 274,8 9,9

BOILERS 14,5 14,5 0,5OTHERS 23,3 8,9 73,1 105,3 3,8TOTAL 639 465 1019,5 640,7 2764,2 100,0

In against part, we observe that CHILLERS generate reactive power kVAR 1 246.5representing 45.1% of the total reagent indicating that electric motors are operated GEGlimited mode (rate infrequent use) involving assets of over a generation and a strong backcurrent (reactive) on the circuit.


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Tension and POWER FACTOR average

AFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTALCosinus 0,92 0,62 0,75 0,79 0,81Tension(Volt) 355,3 357,5 343,4 382,2 351,8

Lighting

AFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTALCosinus 0,94 0,81 0,85 0,87 0,90Tension (Volt) 360,6 359,9 376,0 389,7 366,6

Chillers

AFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTALCosinus 0,92 0,83 0,44 0,78 0,77Tension(Volt) 357,5 398,1 318,4 381,4 349,0


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AMPERAGEAFFECTATION S/S A SATEL S/SB SM TOTAL %AHU 156,6 184,4 211,5 552,5 7,1LIGHTING 1564,1 189,3 1211,5 269 3233,9 41,4CHILLERS 825,9 266,9 825,9 1287 3205,7 41,0Batteries de compensation 57,3 299,9 59,8 417 5,3

BOILERS 33 33 0,4OTHERS 65 16,1 288,9 370 4,7TOTAL 2668.9 956,6 2597,6 1589 7812,1 100

Again, we see that the lighting and CHILLERS appeal to 82.4% of theintensity.


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Compensation batteries

POSITIONTension

(V)Current (A)

ActivePower (KW)

Cos φ Power similar(KVA)

Réactive Power(KVAR)

S/S B 366 57,3 5,6 0,15 37,3 36,9

SATELLITE401 123 6,48 0,08 81,0 80,7391 57,9 3,5 0,09 38,4 38,3390 119 9,01 0,11 81,9 81,4

S/S A 388 59,8 2,63 0,07 37,6 37,5

We find that the batteries are inserted in good condition.However, the battery under the S / SB beginning to show signs ofdegradation whose cosine was around 0.15 against a 0.07 nominalpractice.


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The 2nd compaign of measurement took place in January, when theoutside temperature was about 16 ° C with relative humidity averaging30% (dry but cold atmosphere).

Wintry season


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Combustion efficiency generators HOT WATER


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The measurements in the boiler combustion are concerned, analysis ofsmoke, losses by convection and radiation, temperatures and natural gasconsumption.

HOT WATER GENERATORDESIGNATION Unity Value

Puissance Calorifique Heat capacity th/h 1500Temperature smokes °C 104Temperature air combustive °C 17,5Percentage O2 % 3,4Percentage CO2 % 9,9Percentage CO ppm 0Losses by heat

% 4,11Sensitive of smokes

Rendement de Combustion % 95,9

Losses by convection and brilliance % 1,0Thermal return % 94,9Coefficient of excess of air(sight 1,19


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Energy Conservation MeasuresECMs for Establishment


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ECM DESCRIPTION SAVINGTOE/YEAR

SAVINGTND/YEAR

INVESTMENTEN DT

PAYBACK

1 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENERGYMANAGEMENT SYSTEM 232 55700 120 000 2 Y 2 M

2INTER CONNECTION OF DISTRIBUTIONNETWORKS OF CHILLERS FOR THE AIRCONDITIONING

65,9 15 923 65 000 4 Y 1 M

3 IMPROVMENT OF FLOW ANDRETURN OF BLOWING 329,8 79 640 230 000 2 Y 11 M

4 IMPROVMENT OF THE FRESH AIR FLOW 183,4 36 000 100 000 2 Y 9 M

5 REDUCING INFILTRATIONAND AIR CURRENTS 302,6 96 235 270 000 2 Y 11 M

6 IMPROVEMENT OF THE ELECTRICALNETWORK LIGHTING CONSUMPTION 458 110 721 200 000 1Y 10 M

7ASSISTANCE TECHNIQUE ETACCOMPAGNEMENT POUR LA MISE ENPLACE DES ACTIONS RETENUES

- - 40 000 -

TOTAL 1 571 ,7 394 219 1 025 000 2 Y 7 M


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Audit of Electrical System


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The electrical consumption in most commercialfacilities can easily account for 50 to 75% of the totalutility costs. Because of this, special attention must bepaid to evaluating electrical consuming equipment andsystems within the facility


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At a minimum, several weeks of data in 15-minuteintervals should be taken with a recording meter. Themeasurements may have to be taken both in the coolingand heating season.

Most electric utilities either have this data available fortheir customers or can provide this service at a nominalcharge.


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Electrical system audit

1

2

3


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LIGHTING SYSTEM AUDIT1

To perform the lighting audit, the following steps arerequired:

1. Assess what you have2. Evaluate Lighting Levels and Lighting Quality3. Estimate Electrical Consumption4. Calculate Energy Savings


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1. Assess what you have:

• Room Classification—office, warehouse, storage, etc.• Room Characteristics—height, width, length, color and condition ofsurfaces.• Fixture Characteristics—lamp type, number of fixtures, condition ofluminaries, methods of control, fixture mounting height, ballast andlamp wattage.


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2. Evaluate Lighting Levels and Lighting Quality

• Measure foot-candles using light meter.• Sketch luminaire types and layout in room or area.• Check for excessive glare and contrast.• Talk to users about lighting levels, controls, and quality.• Compare foot-candle measurements torecommendations for the task performed.


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3. Estimate Electrical Consumption

• Calculate Total Watts (watts/fixture × number offixtures/1000 = Existing kW)• Calculate Power Density (kW × 1000/square foot = watts/square foot)• Compare Existing Power Density to Code of DesignGuidelines• Estimate of Annual Hours of Use• Estimate Annual Lighting Energy Cost (Existing kW × annualhours × $/kWh = $/year)


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4. Calculate Energy Savings

• Determine new total kW after retrofit.• Determine change in annual operating hours if lightingcontrols are changed.• Calculate energy savings (kW before—kW after) × hours ofoperation = kWh• Calculate energy cost savings (kWh × $/kWh = annual costsavings)


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The inefficient operation of electrical distribution systems stemsmainly from a low power factor. Power factor correction is cost-effective when utility penalties are imposed.

Low power factors can be improved with power factor correctiondevices, harmonic filters and high-efficiency motors.

Additional energy can be saved by installing energy-efficienttransformers and replacing existing motors with small and/or higherefficiency motors, or by installing variable-speed motor drives.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION AUDIT2


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To compute the total volt ampere load it is necessary to analyze thepower triangle indicated below:


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The standard power rating of a motor is referred to as a horsepower.In order to relate the motor horsepower to a kilowatt (kW) multiply thehorsepower by Conversion Factor and divide by the motor efficiency.Motor efficiencies and power factors vary with load.


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A second method to improve the plant or building power factor is to useenergy efficient motors.

Energy efficient motors are available from manufacturers such asMagnetic.

Energy efficient motors are approximately 30 percent more expensivethan their standard counterpart.

Based on the energy cost it can be determined if the added investment isjustified

Motor inventory and loads3


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The Heating, Ventilation andAir-conditioning Audit


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THE VENTILATION AUDIT

Two savings are derived from this change, namely:• Brake horsepower of fan motor is reduced.• Reduced heat loss during heating season.


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THE TEMPERATURE AUDIT


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• Desired relative humidity requirements are achieved by vaporizing water intothe dry ventilating air.

• Approximately 1000 Btus are required to vaporize each pound of water.• To save energy, humidification systems should not be used during unoccupied

hours.• Most humidification systems are used to maintain the comfort and health of

occupants, to prevent cracking of wood, and to preserve materials. In lieu ofspecific standards it is suggested that 20% relative humidity be maintained inall spaces occupied more than four hours per day

• If static shocks or complaints arise, increase the humidity levels in 5%increments until the appropriate level for each area is determined.

THE THUMIDITY AUDIT


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The HVAC Energy Audit should analyze opportunities for recoveringenergy.To recover heat from exhausts, several devices can be usedincluding the heat wheel, air-to-air heat exchanger, heat pipe andcoil run-around cycle.

ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS


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Heat WheelsHeat wheels are motor-driven devices packed with heat-absorbingmaterial such as a ceramic. As the device turns by means of amotor, heat is transferred from one duct to another.


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Air-to-air Heat Exchanger

The air-to-air heat exchanger consists of an open-ended steel boxwhich is compartmentalized into multiple narrow channels. Eachpassage carries exhaust air alternating with make-up air. Energy istransmitted by means of conduction through the walls.


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Heat PipesA heat pipe is installed through adjacent walls of inlet and outlet ducts; itconsists of a short length of copper tubing sealed at both ends.Inside is a porous cylindrical wick and a charge of refrigerant. Itsoperation is based on a temperature difference between the ends of thepipe, which causes the liquid in the wick to migrate to the warmer end toevaporate and absorb heat. When the refrigerant vapor returns throughthe hollow center of the wick to the cooler end, it gives up heat,condenses, and the cycle is repeated.


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Task 4 – Audit reportand actions plan


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The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and productoutputs by major department or by major processing function, and willevaluate the efficiency of each step of the manufacturing process.

Means of improving these efficiencies will be listed, and at least apreliminary assessment of the cost of the improvements will be made toindicate the expected payback on any capital investment needed. The auditreport should conclude with specific recommendations for detailedengineering studies and feasibility analyses, which must then be performedto justify the implementation of those conservation measures that requireinvestments.


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Executive Summary• Energy audit options and recommendations

I. Building Information• General plant details and descriptions• Energy audit team• Component of production cost (Energy, manpower, others)• Major energy use and areas

II. Energy Situation• Energy Accounting information for the last 3 years• Charts and graphs (developed analysis)• Consumption patterns of the facility• Facility benchmarks, energy use indices, and comparisons with similar

building

CONTENT OF DETAILED ENERGY REPORTCONTENT OF DETAILED ENERGY REPORT


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III. Production Process Description (industry)•Brief description of manufacturing process•Process flow diagram and major unit operations•Major raw material inputs, quantity and costs

IV. Energy and utility system description•List of utilities•Brief description of each utility

• Electricity• Hot water/steam• Compressed air• Chilled water• Cooling water


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V. Energy Efficiency•Specific energy consumption•Boiler efficiency assessment•Cooling water system performance assessment•Heating system performance•Refrigeration system performance•Compressed air system performance•Electric motor load analysis•Lighting system

VI. Energy Conservation Options and Recommendations•List of options in items of No cost,Medium cost and High investment cost, annualenergy and cost saving, and payback•Implementation plan for Energy saving measures/Projects


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VII. Operation and Maintenance Measures (O&Ms)•Operational and maintenance issues observed during the site visit.•Description of specific low-cost operational and maintenance items that requireattention.•Items that will reduce energy consumption and costs, address existing problems,or improve practices that will help prolong equipment life of systems not beingretrofit.•Cost and savings estimates of O&M recommendations.

IV. ANNEXURE•List of energy audit worksheets•List of instrumentations•List of vendors and other technical details


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Typical energyauditing measures


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No- cost measuresLow –

cost measuresHigh – costmeasures

Lighting

Switch off lights in unoccupiedareas and where naturaldaylight is sufficient.Keep light fittings and diffusersclean.On expiry replace 38 mmfluorescent tubes with 26 mm.Maintain existing lightingcontrols, e.g. photocells.

Replace tungstenlamps with compactfluorescents.Improve switchingoflights to gain moreflexibility and control.Replace tungstenhalogen withdischarge lamps.Fit simple controls.

Upgrade lightingsystem(eg to high-frequencyfluorescent).Fit reflectors tofluorescents.Microprocessor-based lightingcontrols.


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Heating

Avoid use of portable electricheaters.Check controls of any electricalheating.

Fit simple controls toelectrical heatingsystems for spaceheating or hot water(eg timers onimmersion heaters).

Replace electricspace heating withfossil fuel ifappropriate/possible.Replace on-peakconvectors with off-peak storage heaters.


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Ventilationand air

Conditioning

Set controls so that airconditioning and heatingare not fighting each other.Keep doors and windowsclosed when air-conditioning is used.Use blinds to reduce loadon air-conditioning.Keep system clean and wellmaintained (e.g. filters).

Fit tamper-proofcontrols.Fit time controls.Use of free cooling.Speed control ofpumps and fans.

Variable-speed drivesfor larger fan andpump motors withvariable loads.Upgrade controls (egbetter zoning).Heat recovery.


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Motors/drives

Switch on only whenneeded.Switch off when notneeded.Check existing controls.

Fit two-speed motorcontrol.Automatic controls onmotors/drives.

Fit high-efficiencymotors.Fit variable speeddrives whereappropriate.


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Cateringequipment

Avoid use of cookers forspace heating.Use appliances appropriateto task.Switch on only whennecessary.Switch off after use.

Repairbroken/damagedhinges or seals oncookers,refrigerators, coldstores.Keep equipment cleanand well maintained.

Where possible selectgas in preference toelectricity for newequipment.Choose energy-efficient models.


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Officeequipment

Switch on equipment onlywhen needed.Switch off after use.Activate auto-shut down onPCs, copy machines, etc.

Fit simple timecontrols. (e.g. timerson drinks machines,copiers)

Choose energy-efficient versions atreplacement.Link equipment toBEMS control.


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Compressedair

Appropriate usage.Reduce delivery pressure.Isolate areas not in use.

Identify and mendleaks.Simple controls toreflect time use.Upgrade existingcontrols.

Upgradecompressors andcontrols.Heat recovery.Appropriate airquality treatment.Rationalise system.


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Definition of an Action Plan


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Classification of Energy Conservation Measures

Based on energy audit and analyses of the plant, a number of potentialenergy saving projects may be identified. These may be classified intothree categories:

1. Low cost - high return;2. Medium cost - medium return;3. High cost - high return


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-Normally the low cost - high return projects receive priority.

-Other projects have to be analyzed, engineered and budgeted forimplementation in a phased manner.

-Projects relating to energy cascading and process changes almost alwaysinvolve high costs coupled with high returns, and may require careful scrutinybefore funds can be committed.

- These projects are generally complex and may require long lead timesbefore they can be implemented.


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Table of priority of ECM


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Example of ECM classified by PAYBACK :

More than 20% energysaving10 to 20% energy

saving5 to 10% energy

saving

Insulation (Walls, facades)

Replace boilers

Renewable energy

Cogeneration

Regulation system

VEV

Lighting

Energy recuperation

Wasting

Behavior

Simple regulation

Long Term

Investment > 3 years

Short term

Investment < 3 years

Immediate


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1. Install double glazing2. Infill glazing3. Solar film for glazing4. Weatherstrip/caulk windows5. Install insulated doors6. Weatherstrip doors7. Insulate roof (rigid)8. Insulate ceiling (batt/blow)9. Insulate wall10. Insulate floor11. Lower ceiling12. Vestibule entry

Building Envelope


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A. Boilers

1. Replace Boilers2. Upgrade existing boiler3. Replace Burners4. Fuel switch5. Reduce steam distribution Pressure6. Tune up boiler7. Insulate shell and piping8. Replace/repair condensate system

HVAC


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9. Replace/repair steam traps

10. Install boiler flue damper

11. Preheat boiler feed water

12. Preheat combustion air

13. Time clock w/low temperature override

14. Zone controller

15. Boiler reset control


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B. Furnace/U.V./Roof Top

1. Install high efficiency Unit2. Recondition units3. Replace inefficient burners4. Install electronic ignition5. Install auto flue damper6. Fuel switch

C. Heat Pumps

1. Repair2. Replace3. Install economizer cycle


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D. Cooling Systems

1. Upgrade inefficient chillers

2. Install variable speed chiller motor

3. Add head pressure Control

4. Install strainer cycle to chillers

5. Utilize evap. Cooling

6. Install cooling tower stage control

7. Upgrade cooling tower

8. Install local air conditioners

9. Install economizer cycles


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E. Controls

1. Install an EMCS2. Install optimum start/stop3. Install night setback4. Install load shedding5. Install system optimizing Capture6. Install warm up cycle7. Install deck temperature reset


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F. Vent/Dist/Term. Equipment

1. Convert to VAV2. Reduce outside air %3. Adjust ventilation rates4. Install auto. Dampers5. Reduce air stratification6. Insulate pipes and/or ducts7. Modify zoning8. Reduce/eliminate Heat to h-ways9. Reduce/eliminate Air to unoccuped Areas10. Rebuild/replace steam traps


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G. Domestic Hot Water

1. Install flow restrictors2. Install auto-off faucets3. Decentralize hot water heating4. Insulate piping and tank5. Install summer heater6. Lower temp. and install boosters7. Install instant Domestic Hot Water heaters8. Domestic Hot Water pump/tank timers

175


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1. Incandescence To Fluorescent/High Intensity Discharge2. Convert Mercury to Metal Halide /High Pressure Sodium3. Install efficient Ballasts and lamps4. Lower fixtures5. Delamp and disconnect Ballasts6. Install occupation Sensors7. Install local switches8. Exit light replacement9. Install photocell exterior10. Timer control exterior

Lighting


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Electric Equipment

1. De-energize equipment not used2. Reduce loads when not required3. Improve power factor4. Convert to efficient Motors5. Install variable speed motors6. Replace oversized motors

Meters Numbered

1. Gas2. Electric


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Following picture shows by using modern lighting system up to 85%energy saving can be achieve.


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Installation of Thermostatic valves:Energy saving available depends on how well the radiators are balanced atpresent.Installing thermostatic radiator valves provides good control for individualradiators in a room.

Up to 20% savings can be achieved by adding radiatorthermostats to your existing heating system.


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Building Energy Management System(BEMS)


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Using Variable Speed Drive(VSD): the goal of a variable-speed drive (VSD)is to modulate motor speed to reduce power demand and generate energysavings. Drive options constantly change, and how you match motor anddrive affects system efficiency.

The payback period of a VSD averages 18–24 months


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Installation of energy efficient windows:

Windows provide views, daylights, ventilation, and solar heating in the winter.Unfortunately, they can also account for 10% to 25% of your heating bill.Selecting windows that are gas filled with low emissivity (low-e) coatings onthe glass can significantly reduce heat loss.


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Insulation of the envelope: A good insulating system includes a combinationof products and construction techniques that protect a building from outsidehot or cold temperatures, protect it against air leaks, and control moisture..


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CONCLUSION


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The implementation of a structured energy audit offers numerousbenefits to the enterprises including:

• Improved energetic efficiency;• Reduced energy bills;• Reduced environmental impact;• Reduced maintenance costs;• Improvement of working conditions and safety;• Greater organizational involvement and competency concerningenergy issues.


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The main condition for the success of the energy audit is thecommitment of the top management.

In addition to the evident and immediate benefits of the energy audit,there are also other success factors which can motivate the topmanagement to implement energy efficiency measures:

• the need to gain competitiveness by reducing production costs;• the increase of energy prices;• the opportunity represented by the diffusion of new and moreefficient technologies;• new legislation and regulations that incentive energy savinginterventions.


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Documents

Energy Audit Basics and Principles