Endocrine System

Alterations

Homeostatic Controls

Endocrine Glands & Hormones

Endocrine Problem Overview

Hypothalamic Regulation Hyper- / Hypo- secretion

of hormones Antibodies against

hormone Receptor changes or

blockage Signal Transduction

problems

Cell Signaling

Signal Transduction Overview

Receptor LocationSummary

Cellular Actions

Synthesis Contraction and

Relaxation of muscles Secretion Cell permeability changes DNA transcription Phosphorylate to activate

enzymes Protein synthesis

Feed Back Loops

Ultra Short Short Long

Fate of Hormones

Deactivated Secreted

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Nuclei

Supraoptic Preoptic Paraventricular Ventromedial Dorsomedial Mammillary Arcuate (Infundibular)

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

Direct Neural Regulation of PP

StoreRelease

Hypophyseal Portal System

Hypothalamic Control over AP

Hypothalamic Control for AP

H-Hormone AP - H Target Effects

GHRH; IH GH M/Sk; cells Growth and repair

GnRH FSH Gonads Gamete

GnRH LH Gonads Hormone

TRH TSH Thyroid T3; T4

CRH ACTH Adrenal C Corticocoids

PRH

PIH

PRL Mammary Gland

Milk

production

? MRH MSH Melanocyte melanin

Pituitary Anatomy

Pituitary Hormones

Posterior Pituitary: ADH problems

DI Decrease ADH Central Diabetes

ISADH Increase ADH Tumor

Panhypopituitarism

Pituitary Adenoma

Pituitary Tumor View and Surgery

Pineal Gland Location

Brain Sand in Pineal Gland

Brain Sand:Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon

Melatonin Synthesis

Melatonin Stimulus

Melatonin Function

OTC Hormones

Hormone Integration

Pineal Gland Tumor

GH: Hypersecretion

DwarfismThree Types

Achondrodysplasia Autosomal dominant

(primarily from older men > 35 years old)

Two copies are fatal Gene 3 Fibroblast Growth

Factor point mutation Abnormal Cartilage

production Short Bones Skeletal radiograph to

confirm

MOPD: Primordial Dwarfism

Microcephalic Osteodysplasia Fetal Development Maximum: 3 ft tall Proportional dwarf Brain Aneurysms

occur

Thyroid and Parathyroid

Thyroid Gross Anatomy

Thyroid Hormone Control and Problems

Thyrotoxicosis Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Graves Disease Autoimmune Tumors

Carcinoma Adenoma

Thyroid Scans

Thyroid Histology

Thyroid Hormone Formation

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

Thyroid Hormone Target / Action

Thyroid Problems

Hypothyroidism

Iodine Deficiency

Cretinism

Myxedema

Secondary Hypothyroidism

Goiter

Testing for Hypothyroidism

Graves Disease

Auto AB: Graves Disease

Hashimoto’s Disease

Hashimoto’s Thyroditis

Graves vs. Hasimoto

Thyroid Hyperplasia

Thyroid Cancers

Thyroid “C” Cells

C cell carcinoma

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid Tumors

Thyroid Follicular Adenoma

Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma

Thyroid NoduleFlow Chart

Parathyroid Location

Parathyroid Gross Anatomy

Thyroid - Parathyroid

Parathyroid Histology

Calcium Regulation

Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism effects

Parathyroid Hyperplasia

Parathyroid Adenoma

Parathyroidectomy

Adrenal gland Location

Adrenal Gland Gross Anatomy

Adrenal Gland Specimens

Adrenal Gland Histology

Adrenal Gland Divisions (Histo)

Adrenal Hormones

Zona Glomerulosa

Hypoadrenocorticism

Addison’s Disease

Zona Fasiculata; Zona Reticularis

Cushings

Adrenal Gland Atrophy

Sympathetic NS: Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Medulla

Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Adenoma

Other Adrenal Tumorscarcinoma

paraganglioma

ALD

Decreased cholesterol conversion to steroidsMyelin DegenerationTreatment: Lorenzo’s Oil

Pancreas Gross Anatomy

Pancreas Histology: Islets

DM

Blood Sugar

DM: Type 1

DM: Type 2

DM Sequella

Gestational Diabetes

DM sequella

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Uncontrolled DM

Insulinoma

Acinar Pancreas

Pancreatic Tumors

Treatment

Questions?