Enabling Courses: Human Biology Courses: Human Biology o Enabling subjects: • Introductory level of knowledge • Self-paced and flexible o Anatomy and physiology underpins all complementary

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Enabling Courses: Human Biology

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

G.J. Tortora & B. Derrickson

13th Edition, 2012

Copyright © 2012 by Biological Sciences Textbooks, Inc and Bryan Derrickson

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, NJ.

Module 1

Introduction to the Human Body


Enabling Courses: Human Biology

o Enabling subjects:

• Introductory level of knowledge

• Self-paced and flexible

o Anatomy and physiology underpins all complementary

medicines to some extent

o Aim: Develop a basic understanding of the human body

and knowledge of anatomical terminology

o Structure: 4 modules

• Best to complete in order

o Use activities, diagrams and quizzes to help you learn


Session Plan

o Introduction to anatomy and physiology

o Levels of organisation

o Basic life processes

o Homeostasis

• Positive and negative feedback

o Basic anatomical terminology

• Anatomical position

• Directional and regional terms

• Planes and sections

• Body cavities

• Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants


Key Words

o Bio = life, living

o -logy = study or science

o Cardi = heart

o Cerebro = brain

o Chondr = cartilage

o Crani = skull

o Derma = skin

o Epi = upon, on, above

o Endo = within, inside

o Hemi = half

o Micro = small

o Myo = muscle

o Osteo = bone

o Para = near

o Peri = around

o Pseudo = false

o Sub/Hypo = under,

beneath, below

o -itis = inflammation


Key Words Activity

List the meaning of the

following words:

1. Biology

2. Cardiology

3. Microbiology

4. Dermatology

5. Pericarditis

o Study of living things

o Study of the heart

o Study of microbes

o Study of the skin

o Inflammation of the

sack around the heart


Prokaryotes

o ~300 million years ago, in volcanic thermal springs, a

variety of chemical substances were in the process of

forming complex molecules (Attenborough, 1984)

Figure 1. Prokaryote (from

http://www.biology.about.com)

o After an immense period of

time, the first microscopic

living matter were produced:

bacteria, the first cells

o Bacterial cells are known as

prokaryotes

o Prokaryotes have a very basic

internal structure


Eukaryotes

o Over time, bacteria began to differentiate and specialise

into a variety of cells known as Eukaryotes

o Cells began to combine and form close relationships,

developing the first specialised tissues

o Tissues combined into complex

structures (organs) and allowed

growth, specialisation and

development of systems

o Eventually a very complex

collection of systems was formed:

The human body!

Figure 03.01 Tortora PAP 12/e

Copyright @ John Wiley & Sons Inc. All rights reserved


Anatomy & Physiology Defined

Human Biology

Science of human

anatomy and physiology

Physiology

How body systems function

Anatomy

Study of structure and

relation to other

structures

Anatomy and Physiology

Study of structure and

function


Levels of Organisation

1. Chemical

2. Cells

3. Tissues

4. Organs

5. Systems

6. Organism


Basic Life Processes

All living things have certain characteristics that set them apart from non-living things

Six important life processes of humans are:

1. Metabolism

2. Responsiveness

3. Movement

4. Growth

5. Differentiation

6. Reproduction


Homeostasis

o A process where the body’s internal environment remains steady even when there are changes in the external environment

• Homeo = sameness

• Stasis = standing still

o E.g. Internal body temperature maintained at 37º Celsius

o Feedback systems control homeostasis

• Continually monitoring, evaluating, changing, re-monitoring, re-evaluating, re-changing……


Negative Feedback Loops

o Negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition

• E.g. When your body becomes hotter, it tries to cool itself down

o Negative feedback systems tend to regulate conditions that are held fairly stable.


Positive Feedback Loops

o Positive feedback

systems strengthen a

change in controlled

conditions

o Used for conditions that

don’t occur very often,

(e.g. childbirth, ovulation,

blood clotting)


Anatomical Position

o Stand erect facing the observer

o Head and eyes facing forward

o Feet are flat on the floor; toes pointing forward

o Hands on side; palm facing forward.

o Other body positions:

• Prone – reclining position, body is lying face down

• Supine – reclining position, body is lying face up


Common Regional Names


Regional Names Activity

o Where are the following regions?

1. Cranial

2. Thoracic

3. Brachial

4. Patellar

5. Cephalic

6. Gluteal


Directional Terms

Superior - Inferior

Anterior - Posterior

Medial - Lateral

Proximal - Distal

Superficial - Deep

Ipsilateral - Contralateral


Planes and Sections

o Planes (imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the

body parts)

• Sagittal

• Mid-sagittal plane (median plane)

• Parasagittal plane

• Frontal or Coronal plane

• Transverse plane

• Oblique plane

o Sections (one flat surface of a three dimensional

structure or a cut along a plane)


Planes and Sections


Planes and Sections Activity

In the diagram, which letter is:

o Transverse plane

o Oblique plane

o Frontal/coronal plane

o Midsagittal plane

o Parasagittal plane


Body Cavities

o Spaces within the body that help protect,

separate, and support internal organs.

o Bones, muscles, ligaments and other structures

separate various body cavities from one another.

o 4 major body cavities:

• Dorsal: Cranial, Spinal

• Ventral: Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

(Abdominopelvic)


Body Cavities


Abdominopelvic

Regions and Quadrants

o Allows anatomists and medical clinicians to locate

organs for reference

Quadrants Regions

Left

upper

(LUQ)

Left

lower

(LLQ)

Right

lower

(RLQ)

Right

upper

(RUQ)

Umbilical

Epigastric

Hypogastric

L.

Lumbar

L.

Inguinal

R.

Lumbar

R.

Inguinal

L. Hypo-

chondriac

R. Hypo-

chondriac


Abdominopelvic Cavity


Regions and Quadrants Activity

If a patient presents with abdominal pain below their left

breast:

1. What is the quadrant called

2. What is the region called?

3. What organs are located there?


Summary

o Introduction to anatomy and physiology

o Levels of organisation

o Basic life processes

o Homeostasis

• Positive and negative feedback

o Basic anatomical terminology

• Anatomical position

• Directional and regional terms

• Planes and sections

• Body cavities

• Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants


References

o Attenborough, D, 1984. The Living Planet, British

Broadcasting Corporation, Britain.

o Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B., 2012. Principles of

Anatomy and Physiology, 13th edn, John Wiley & Sons,

Inc, USA.

o Winston, R, 2004. Human, DK Publishing, London.


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Enabling Courses: Human Biology Courses: Human Biology o Enabling subjects: • Introductory level of knowledge • Self-paced and flexible o Anatomy and physiology underpins all complementary